Nepal experiences frequent earthquakes due to its location along the convergent boundary between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Major earthquakes have been documented in Nepal since 1255, with some of the largest occurring in 1344, 1408, 1505, 1681, 1833, and 2015. Earthquakes in Nepal are measured using seismometers, which detect seismic P and S waves to determine the epicenter and magnitude. Analysis of seismograph data from Nepal shows correlations between earthquake magnitude and the number of foreshocks and aftershocks, though the relationship between temperature and seismic activity requires more research. Significant geographical changes and damage to infrastructure resulted from Nepal's 2015 earthquake.

1. EARTHQUAKE IN NEPAL
Presented by: Dikshant Ghimire
Matriculation Number: 24905 (First semester)
Information Engineering and Computer Science(Msc.)

2. Contents
 Introduction
 History of earthquake in Nepal
 Why earth quake occurs in Nepal
 Measuring earth quake
 Data Analysis
 Temperature and earthquake
 Geographical Change after Earthquake
 Before and After Images after earthquake

3. Earthquake
Image: Road in kathmandu after 2015 earthquake | Source:
https://www.indiatoday.in/earthquake-today/photo/earthquake-today-quake-
earthquake-in-nepal-earthquake-in-delhi-375129-2015-04-25
Image: A girl looking at her devasted surrounding after 2015 earth quake nepal |
Source : http://www.newsweek.com/nepal-quake-relief-blocked-customs-327844
Image: A small town in Kathmandu after 2015 earthquake | Source :https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nepal-earthquake/nepal-earthquake-rescuers-struggle-reach-
villages-toll-hits-3-200-n348776

4. Introduction
 An earthquake happens when two
blocks(tectonic plates) of the
earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they
slip is called the fault line.
 The location below the earth’s
surface where the earthquake
starts is called the
hypocenter(focus), and the
location directly above it on the
surface of the earth is called the
epicenter.
Figure: Illustrating fault line, Epicenter and Focus. Source
http://www.geologicresources.com/earthquake_seismic_waves.html
Figure: Illustrating fault line, Epicenter and Focus. Source http://www.sms-
tsunami-warning.com/pages/fault-lines#.WyUBCxx9jew

5. History of earth quake in
Nepal
 Lying in one of the most seismically active
regions of the world, Nepal has a long history of
earthquakes. The first documented earthquake
event in the country dates back to 7 June 1255,
during the reign of King Abhaya Malla.
Image: Durbar Square After 1934 earth quake | Source :
http://www.mikeldunham.blogs.com/mikeldunham/2012/11/tragedy-in-
waiting-un-assessment-of-nepals-vulnerability-to-natural-disasters.html
Image: Durbar High School aftter 1934 earth quake | Source: http://tourist-
nepal.blogspot.com/2012/02/earthquake-pictures-nepal-pictures-from.html
Image: Kathmandu after 2015 earth quake | Source :
https://globalnews.ca/news/1995703/why-the-major-earthquakes-in-nepal-are-unlikely-to-
stop-any-time-soon/

6. History of earth quakes in Nepal
Date Place Magnitude(Richt
er Scale)
1255, 7
June
Kathmandu 7.8
1260 Sagarmatha 7.1
1344 Mechi 7.9
1408
August
Bagmati zone 8.2
1505, 6
June
Mustang 8.7
1681
January
Koshi Zone 8.0
1767 July Bagmati Zone 7.9
1833, 26
August
Near border of
Bihar
8.0
Date Place Magnitude(Richt
er Scale)
1869, 7 July kathmandu 6.5
1916, 28
August
Near border of
Tibet
7.7
1934, 15
January
Near border of
Bihar
8.0
1966, 27
June
Bajhang 6.3
1980, 29
July
Near border of
Pithoragarh
6.5
1988, 20
August
Near border of
Bihar
6.6
2011, 18
September
Near border of
Sikkim
6.9
2015, 25
April
Gorkha 7.8
2015, 12
May
Dolakha and
Sindhupalchowk
7.3
Table: Major earthquakes in Nepal | Source : https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/

7. Why Earthquake Occurs in
Nepal
Image: Fault line in world map. | Source:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/esp_ciencia_tsunami62.htm
 The Earth's crust is made of large tectonic plates. These land masses,
which sometimes include whole continents, are constantly moving and
bumping into each other.

8. Reasons for earthquakes in
Nepal
 Plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to
friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an
earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the Earth's crust
and cause the shaking that we feel.
Image: Fault line across Nepal. | Source :https://irishsevensummits.com/nepal-shakes-debates-dilemmas/

9. Reasons for earthquakes in
Nepal
Image: Indian plate and Eurasian plate converging in fault line of Nepal. | Source :
https://earthquakenepal2015.weebly.com/what-caused-the-earthquake.html
 Nepal straddles the fault line
between two of these plates; the
Indian and the Eurasian plates.
The India plate is converging with
Eurasia, at a rate of about 5cm
each year.

10. Reasons for earthquakes in
Nepal
 Divergent
 Pushes two plates together and
can spread apart.

 Convergent
 The Nepal Earthquake was
Convergent. A Convergent Plate
movement is when pressure can
cause two plates to push together.
The pushing may create
mountains.

 Transform
 The plates slide past in different
directions. They can also go the
same way but at different speeds.
Image: Types of plate movement. | Source :https://earthquakenepal2015.weebly.com/what-caused-
the-earthquake.html

11. Measuring Earthquake
 Earthquakes are measured using a
network of seismometers, instruments
that record the motion of the Earth as it
vibrates or shakes.
 The more shallow the hypocentre of the
earthquake, the greater the shaking at
the Earth's surface. Seismic waves that
are generated deeper below the Earth's
surface have further to travel and thus
lose their power along the way.
 Scientists then use a method called triangulation to
determine exactly where the earthquake was .
 If you draw a circle on a map around three different
seismographs where the radius of each is the
distance from that station to the earthquake, the
intersection of those three circles is the epicenter!
Image: Triangular and Circle Technique for epicenter | Source :
:www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/locating.html

12. Devices
Image: Sesimograph | Source : https://inhabitat.com/earthquake-
detecting-program-turns-your-laptop-into-a-seismometer/
Image: Sesimometer working | Source :https://www.faulhaber.com/en/markets/precision-
monitoring-measuring/broadband-seismometers/

13. Measuring Earthquake
 P-waves (P stands for primary) arrive at the detector first. The P wave can
move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth.
 S-waves (S stands for secondary) arrive at the detector of a seismometer
second. An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid
rock, not through any liquid medium.
 Both types of seismic wave can be detected near the earthquake centre but
only P-waves can be detected on the other side of the Earth.
Image: seismometer stations working procedure | Source :http://www.usarray.org/public/about/how

14. Measuring in Nepal
Image : Typical Sesimometer Station in nepal | Source
:https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-to-set-up-18-more-seismic-stations/
Image : Sesimometer in a vault ,Nepal | Source
:https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/net/shiva/update/18_Nepal_2013S.pdf

15. Seismograph Data

16. Seismograph Data

17. Seismograph Data

18. High magnitude of earthquake means more fore shocks and after
shocks??????

19. Analysis of seismic data
Source : http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/

20. Temperature and
Earthquake Related???????

21. Temperature and
Earthquake
Source : www.wunderground.com | http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/

22. Temperature and
Earthquake
Source : www.wunderground.com | http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/

23. Geographical change after
earth quake
Image: Change in land structure after 2015 Nepal Earthquake | Source : https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85871

24. Before and After images
Image : Before and after earthquake nepal 2015 | Source :https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2015/apr/29/nepal-earthquake-kathmandu-before-and-after-in-pictures

25. Before and After images
Image : Before and after earthquake nepal 2015 | Source :https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2015/apr/29/nepal-earthquake-kathmandu-before-and-after-in-pictures

26. Before and After images
Image : Before and after earthquake nepal 2015 | Source :https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2015/apr/29/nepal-earthquake-kathmandu-before-and-after-in-pictures

27. Thank you all for your
attention