In MANET communication between two mobile nodes are carried out by routing protocol. In MANET each mobile node can directly communicate with other mobile node if both mobile nodes are within transmission range. Otherwise the nodes present in between have to forward the packets for them on network. dynamic and cooperative nature of ad hoc networks presents substantial challenges in securing and detecting attacks in these networks. In this paper we proposed a novel Intrusion Detection and Prevention Scheme (IDPS) for protecting network against Blackhole attack. During the attack, a malicious node captures the data after the positive reply of route existence. Routing in Ad hoc networks has been a challenging task ever since the wireless networks came into existence. In multicasting the sender and communicated with multiple receivers. The routing misbehavior in multicast ODMRP is secured by proposed scheme. The proposed IDPS scheme first to detect the malicious nodes and after that block the activities of malicious nodes. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through performance metrics that shows the attacker routing misbehavior and proposed security scheme is provides secure and
vigorous performance in presence blackhole attacker.
Enhance the Throughput of Wireless Network Using Multicast RoutingIOSR Journals
Wireless Mesh Network is designed static or limited mobility environment .In multicast routing for
wireless mesh networks has focused on metrics that estimate link quality to maximize throughput
andtoprovide secure communication. Nodes must collaborate in order to compute the path metric and
forward data.Node identify the novel attacks against high- throughput multicast protocols in wireless
mesh network.. The attacks exploit the local estimation and global aggregation of the metric to allow
attackers to attract a large amount of traffic These attacks are very effective b a s e d on high
throughput metrics. The aggressive path selection is a double-edged sword: It is maximizes throughput,
it also increases attack effectiveness. so Rate guard mechanism will be used.Rate guard mechanism
means combines Measurement-based detection and accusation-based reaction techniques.The attacks
and the defense using ODMRP, a representative multicast protocol for wireless mesh networks, and
SPP, an adaptation of the well-known ETX unicast metric to the multicast setting
A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for ...graphhoc
This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanisms.
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Link Reliability based Detection and Predecessor base Route Establishment for...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is consists of mobile hosts or sensor nodes proficient of functioning in
absence of infrastructure. Such networks should be capable of self forming, self organizing, self managing, self
recovering, and able to operate under dynamic conditions. The multi-hop communication phenomenon is used
to sending information to receiver. To attain this, each mobile node depends on its neighbor or range node to
forward the data packet to the destination. In fact, most of previous studies on MANET have implicitly assumed
that nodes are cooperative such as node cooperation becomes a very important issue in MANET. The attacker in
dynamic network are easily affected the routing performance and data receiving ratio is affected as compared to
normal performance of network as well as dropping of data is enhanced. The packets percentage is degrades is
the confirmation of attacker misbehavior. The characteristics of wormhole attack is to making the tunnel and
reply the positive acknowledgement of destination at time of route request and drop all the data deliver through
tunnel. The attacker is identified by the past and current data receiving and forwarding in MANET. The
proposed IPS (Intrusion Detection and Prevention System) provides the security on the basis of link reliability.
In this work, we proposed new link reliability based security through Predecessor based Route Establishment of
detecting routing misbehavior of wormhole attack for prevention in MANET. The attacker is blocked through
the broadcasting scheme used by proposed prevention scheme from their actual identification to neighbors. The
security provider nodes are blocking the communication of attacker and provide the secure communication
among the mobile nodes. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through performance metrics like
PDR and throughput.
Hexagonal based Clustering for Reducing Rebroadcasts in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Abstract— In mobile ad hoc networks multihop routing is performed in order to communicate the packets from the source to destination. The nodes within these networks are dynamic due which frequent path change occurs which can cause frequent link breakages and induces route discoveries. These route discoveries can introduce overhead in terms of contention, collision and rebroadcasts which are non-negligible. Here, the paper discusses a hexagonal based clustering for reducing rebroadcasts thus maximizing the lifetime of the networks and providing coverage area thus reducing the end – end delays.
Enhance the Throughput of Wireless Network Using Multicast RoutingIOSR Journals
Wireless Mesh Network is designed static or limited mobility environment .In multicast routing for
wireless mesh networks has focused on metrics that estimate link quality to maximize throughput
andtoprovide secure communication. Nodes must collaborate in order to compute the path metric and
forward data.Node identify the novel attacks against high- throughput multicast protocols in wireless
mesh network.. The attacks exploit the local estimation and global aggregation of the metric to allow
attackers to attract a large amount of traffic These attacks are very effective b a s e d on high
throughput metrics. The aggressive path selection is a double-edged sword: It is maximizes throughput,
it also increases attack effectiveness. so Rate guard mechanism will be used.Rate guard mechanism
means combines Measurement-based detection and accusation-based reaction techniques.The attacks
and the defense using ODMRP, a representative multicast protocol for wireless mesh networks, and
SPP, an adaptation of the well-known ETX unicast metric to the multicast setting
A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for ...graphhoc
This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanisms.
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Link Reliability based Detection and Predecessor base Route Establishment for...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is consists of mobile hosts or sensor nodes proficient of functioning in
absence of infrastructure. Such networks should be capable of self forming, self organizing, self managing, self
recovering, and able to operate under dynamic conditions. The multi-hop communication phenomenon is used
to sending information to receiver. To attain this, each mobile node depends on its neighbor or range node to
forward the data packet to the destination. In fact, most of previous studies on MANET have implicitly assumed
that nodes are cooperative such as node cooperation becomes a very important issue in MANET. The attacker in
dynamic network are easily affected the routing performance and data receiving ratio is affected as compared to
normal performance of network as well as dropping of data is enhanced. The packets percentage is degrades is
the confirmation of attacker misbehavior. The characteristics of wormhole attack is to making the tunnel and
reply the positive acknowledgement of destination at time of route request and drop all the data deliver through
tunnel. The attacker is identified by the past and current data receiving and forwarding in MANET. The
proposed IPS (Intrusion Detection and Prevention System) provides the security on the basis of link reliability.
In this work, we proposed new link reliability based security through Predecessor based Route Establishment of
detecting routing misbehavior of wormhole attack for prevention in MANET. The attacker is blocked through
the broadcasting scheme used by proposed prevention scheme from their actual identification to neighbors. The
security provider nodes are blocking the communication of attacker and provide the secure communication
among the mobile nodes. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through performance metrics like
PDR and throughput.
Hexagonal based Clustering for Reducing Rebroadcasts in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Abstract— In mobile ad hoc networks multihop routing is performed in order to communicate the packets from the source to destination. The nodes within these networks are dynamic due which frequent path change occurs which can cause frequent link breakages and induces route discoveries. These route discoveries can introduce overhead in terms of contention, collision and rebroadcasts which are non-negligible. Here, the paper discusses a hexagonal based clustering for reducing rebroadcasts thus maximizing the lifetime of the networks and providing coverage area thus reducing the end – end delays.
One of the most popular areas of research is wireless communication. Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a network with wireless mobile nodes, infrastructure less and self organizing. With its wireless and distributed nature it is exposed to several security threats. One of the threats in MANET is the wormhole attack. In this attack a pair of attacker forms a virtual link thereby recording and replaying the wireless transmission. This paper presents types of wormhole attack and also includes different technique for detecting wormhole attack in MANET..
A Study of Routing Techniques in Intermittently Connected MANETsIJORCS
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. These are a kind of wireless Ad hoc Networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer Ad hoc Network. The routing approach in MANET includes mainly three categories viz., Reactive Protocols, Proactive Protocols and Hybrid Protocols. These traditional routing schemes are not pertinent to the so called Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc Network (ICMANET). ICMANET is a form of Delay Tolerant Network, where there never exists a complete end – to – end path between two nodes wishing to communicate. The intermittent connectivity araise when network is sparse or highly mobile. Routing in such a spasmodic environment is arduous. In this paper, we put forward the indication of prevailing routing approaches for ICMANET with their benefits and detriments
Cooperative Black Hole Attack Prevention by Particle Swarm Optimization with ...IJARIIT
MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) is a type of ad hoc network that can change locations and configure
itself, because of moving of nodes. As MANETs are mobile in nature, they use wireless connections to connect various
networks without infrastructure or any centralized administration. Open medium, dynamic topology, distributed
cooperation are the characteristics of MANET and hence ad hoc networks are open to different types of security
attacks. A Grey hole is a node that selectively drops and forwards data packets after advertises itself as having the
shortest path to the destination node in response to a route request message. Our mechanism helps to protect the
network by detecting and reacting to malicious activities of any node. The results enable us to minimize the attacks on
integrated MANET-Internet communication efficiently. Simulation will be carried out by using network simulator
tool so as to address the problem of detection & prevention of grey hole attack in mobile ad-hoc network. In this thesis
uses Particle swarm optimization(PSO).Which monitors by changing its values because of adhoc nature ,if node
converge then it change its value infinite and prevent the node to send packet.
Delay Tolerant Networks(DTN) are a class of emerg- ing networks which experience intermittent connectivity and lack end-to-end paths due to absence of well-defined infrastructure. In this paper we explore the nuances of multicasting in DTNs. Multicasting enables efficient distribution of messages to a group of users, a paradigm that can be applicable in the context of DTNs. While multicasting in internet and ad-hoc networks has been studied extensively, realizing the same in DTNs is non- trivial given that many factors have to be considered. This paper, presents an implementation of multicast routing for various protocols in DTNs using ONE simulator. It also provides the analysis and performance results for the various protocols studies against the different movement models.
IMPROVING THE PERFORMACE OF DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKEditor IJMTER
In this paper data aggregation using multipath routing is proposed. In existing system, under hybrid scheme, it each sensor nodes generates information by sensing its physical environment and transmit to sink by multi hop communication. In network aggregation computation intermediate forwarding nodes can substantially increase the network life time but amount of data contained in single packet and make the system vulnerability to packet loss. Instead of retransmission it takes the additional time. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing protocol is used to improving the performance of data aggregation due to avoiding these problems.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing fo...IJSRD
Delay Tolerant Network shows many issues that are exist in traditional network. Opportunistic network emerge as interesting evolution in MANET. Mobile nodes in the opportunistic network communicate with each other even in case of no route connection. In this paper a kiosk (or hub station) that is connected to villages to establish internet connection. Such kiosk is placed where traffic frequency is high. We will use high frequency sensor in vehicles. When passing through kiosk, high frequency sensor will establish connection to kiosk & kiosk will connect villages to internet. This system is very useful in crime information sharing services. As an example, if there are a person who is victim of any crime or in a trouble condition. He/she have mobile devices connect to internet. They send a trouble message which is passed to near kiosk and passed on to vehicles and forward their information to police station. This system is helpful in villages, where network communication is not proper.
Black-Hole and Wormhole Attack in Routing Protocol AODV in MANETIJCSEA Journal
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically via wireless links by a collection of mobile nodes without the help of a fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes allow communication among the nodes outside the wireless transmission range by hop to hop and the forward packets to each other. Due to dynamic infrastructure-less nature and lack of centralized monitoring points, the ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks. The network performance and reliability is break by attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols. AODV is a important on-demand reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. There is no any security provision against a “BlackvHole” and “Wormhole” attacks in existing AODV protocol. Black hole nodes are those malicious nodes that conform to forward packet to destination. But they do not forward packet intentionally to the destination node. The black hole nodes degrade the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. The propose watchdog mechanism detect the black hole nodes in a MANET. This method first detects a black hole attack in the network and then provide a new route to this node. In this, the performance of original AODV and modified AODV in the presence of multiple black hole nodes is find
out on the basis of throughput and packet delivery ratio. In a wormhole attack, intruders tunnel the data from one end of the network to the other, leading distant network nodes to trust they are neighbors’ and making them communicate through the wormhole link.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Ad hoc networks are the special networks formed for specific applications. Operating in ad-hoc mode
allows all wireless devices within range of each other to discover and communicate in a peer-to-peer
fashion without involving central access points. Many routing protocols like AODV, DSR etc have been
proposed for these networks to find an end to end path between the nodes. These routing protocols are
prone to attacks by the malicious nodes. There is a need to detect and prevent these attacks in a timely
manner before destruction of network services.
A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK ijiert bestjournal
There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing schemes with number of variations are proposed. Sti ll there were some drawbacks in single path routing . Single path routing was unable to provide the reliability and h igh throughput. Also security level was not conside red while routing. Recently,to remove the drawbacks of the s ingle path routing new routing technique is propose d called as multipath routing. In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initiall y multipath routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There are other protocols which are proposed for the reli ability,energy saving,security and high throughpu t. Some multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Neighbor Knowledge Based Bcast Protocol Performance For Multihop ...pijans
Reliable group communication is a challenging issue for most Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) due to
dynamic nature of wireless mobile nodes, group key establishment and management, ensuring secure
information exchange and Quality of Service (QoS) in data transfer. Recently multicast and broadcast
routing protocols are emerging for supporting QoS aware group communication. In MANETs QoS
requirements can be quantified by a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet loss probability, network control overhead, throughput,
bandwidth, power consumption, service coverage area etc. In this paper, the performance of a neighbor
knowledge based broadcast protocol is analyzed using different QoS metrics (packet delivery ratio, end-toend delay, packet loss probability and network control overhead). BCAST is used as broadcast protocol.
The performance differentials are analyzed using NS-2 network simulator for varying number of data
senders (multicast group size) and data sending rate (offered traffic to the network) over QoS aware group
communication. Simulation results show that BCAST performs well in most cases and provides robust
performance even with high traffic environments.
Analysis of Neighbor Knowledge Based Bcast Protocol Performance For Multihop ...pijans
Reliable group communication is a challenging issue for most Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) due to
dynamic nature of wireless mobile nodes, group key establishment and management, ensuring secure
information exchange and Quality of Service (QoS) in data transfer. Recently multicast and broadcast
routing protocols are emerging for supporting QoS aware group communication. In MANETs QoS
requirements can be quantified by a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet loss probability, network control overhead, throughput,
bandwidth, power consumption, service coverage area etc. In this paper, the performance of a neighbor
knowledge based broadcast protocol is analyzed using different QoS metrics (packet delivery ratio, end-toend delay, packet loss probability and network control overhead). BCAST is used as broadcast protocol.
The performance differentials are analyzed using NS-2 network simulator for varying number of data
senders (multicast group size) and data sending rate (offered traffic to the network) over QoS aware group
communication. Simulation results show that BCAST performs well in most cases and provides robust
performance even with high traffic environments.
One of the most popular areas of research is wireless communication. Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a network with wireless mobile nodes, infrastructure less and self organizing. With its wireless and distributed nature it is exposed to several security threats. One of the threats in MANET is the wormhole attack. In this attack a pair of attacker forms a virtual link thereby recording and replaying the wireless transmission. This paper presents types of wormhole attack and also includes different technique for detecting wormhole attack in MANET..
A Study of Routing Techniques in Intermittently Connected MANETsIJORCS
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. These are a kind of wireless Ad hoc Networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer Ad hoc Network. The routing approach in MANET includes mainly three categories viz., Reactive Protocols, Proactive Protocols and Hybrid Protocols. These traditional routing schemes are not pertinent to the so called Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc Network (ICMANET). ICMANET is a form of Delay Tolerant Network, where there never exists a complete end – to – end path between two nodes wishing to communicate. The intermittent connectivity araise when network is sparse or highly mobile. Routing in such a spasmodic environment is arduous. In this paper, we put forward the indication of prevailing routing approaches for ICMANET with their benefits and detriments
Cooperative Black Hole Attack Prevention by Particle Swarm Optimization with ...IJARIIT
MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) is a type of ad hoc network that can change locations and configure
itself, because of moving of nodes. As MANETs are mobile in nature, they use wireless connections to connect various
networks without infrastructure or any centralized administration. Open medium, dynamic topology, distributed
cooperation are the characteristics of MANET and hence ad hoc networks are open to different types of security
attacks. A Grey hole is a node that selectively drops and forwards data packets after advertises itself as having the
shortest path to the destination node in response to a route request message. Our mechanism helps to protect the
network by detecting and reacting to malicious activities of any node. The results enable us to minimize the attacks on
integrated MANET-Internet communication efficiently. Simulation will be carried out by using network simulator
tool so as to address the problem of detection & prevention of grey hole attack in mobile ad-hoc network. In this thesis
uses Particle swarm optimization(PSO).Which monitors by changing its values because of adhoc nature ,if node
converge then it change its value infinite and prevent the node to send packet.
Delay Tolerant Networks(DTN) are a class of emerg- ing networks which experience intermittent connectivity and lack end-to-end paths due to absence of well-defined infrastructure. In this paper we explore the nuances of multicasting in DTNs. Multicasting enables efficient distribution of messages to a group of users, a paradigm that can be applicable in the context of DTNs. While multicasting in internet and ad-hoc networks has been studied extensively, realizing the same in DTNs is non- trivial given that many factors have to be considered. This paper, presents an implementation of multicast routing for various protocols in DTNs using ONE simulator. It also provides the analysis and performance results for the various protocols studies against the different movement models.
IMPROVING THE PERFORMACE OF DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKEditor IJMTER
In this paper data aggregation using multipath routing is proposed. In existing system, under hybrid scheme, it each sensor nodes generates information by sensing its physical environment and transmit to sink by multi hop communication. In network aggregation computation intermediate forwarding nodes can substantially increase the network life time but amount of data contained in single packet and make the system vulnerability to packet loss. Instead of retransmission it takes the additional time. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing protocol is used to improving the performance of data aggregation due to avoiding these problems.
EFFICIENT MULTI-PATH PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are quite different from their wired counterpart and are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. Multiple-path transmission is one of the methods for ensuring QoS routing in both wired and wireless environment. Directed diffusion, a well known wireless sensor network protocol, only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. This algorithm retains the merits of the original directed diffusion algorithms, including its energy efficiency and scalability. A hybrid metric of link quality and latency is used as the criterion for path selection. In order to select disjoint paths, we propose a scheme for reinforced nodes to respond negatively to multiple reinforcement messages. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by Multiple Description Coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance, i.e higher video quality, than standard directed diffusion that transmits over a single path, with low overheads and energy consumption.
An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing fo...IJSRD
Delay Tolerant Network shows many issues that are exist in traditional network. Opportunistic network emerge as interesting evolution in MANET. Mobile nodes in the opportunistic network communicate with each other even in case of no route connection. In this paper a kiosk (or hub station) that is connected to villages to establish internet connection. Such kiosk is placed where traffic frequency is high. We will use high frequency sensor in vehicles. When passing through kiosk, high frequency sensor will establish connection to kiosk & kiosk will connect villages to internet. This system is very useful in crime information sharing services. As an example, if there are a person who is victim of any crime or in a trouble condition. He/she have mobile devices connect to internet. They send a trouble message which is passed to near kiosk and passed on to vehicles and forward their information to police station. This system is helpful in villages, where network communication is not proper.
Black-Hole and Wormhole Attack in Routing Protocol AODV in MANETIJCSEA Journal
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically via wireless links by a collection of mobile nodes without the help of a fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes allow communication among the nodes outside the wireless transmission range by hop to hop and the forward packets to each other. Due to dynamic infrastructure-less nature and lack of centralized monitoring points, the ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks. The network performance and reliability is break by attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols. AODV is a important on-demand reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. There is no any security provision against a “BlackvHole” and “Wormhole” attacks in existing AODV protocol. Black hole nodes are those malicious nodes that conform to forward packet to destination. But they do not forward packet intentionally to the destination node. The black hole nodes degrade the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. The propose watchdog mechanism detect the black hole nodes in a MANET. This method first detects a black hole attack in the network and then provide a new route to this node. In this, the performance of original AODV and modified AODV in the presence of multiple black hole nodes is find
out on the basis of throughput and packet delivery ratio. In a wormhole attack, intruders tunnel the data from one end of the network to the other, leading distant network nodes to trust they are neighbors’ and making them communicate through the wormhole link.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Ad hoc networks are the special networks formed for specific applications. Operating in ad-hoc mode
allows all wireless devices within range of each other to discover and communicate in a peer-to-peer
fashion without involving central access points. Many routing protocols like AODV, DSR etc have been
proposed for these networks to find an end to end path between the nodes. These routing protocols are
prone to attacks by the malicious nodes. There is a need to detect and prevent these attacks in a timely
manner before destruction of network services.
A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK ijiert bestjournal
There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing schemes with number of variations are proposed. Sti ll there were some drawbacks in single path routing . Single path routing was unable to provide the reliability and h igh throughput. Also security level was not conside red while routing. Recently,to remove the drawbacks of the s ingle path routing new routing technique is propose d called as multipath routing. In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initiall y multipath routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There are other protocols which are proposed for the reli ability,energy saving,security and high throughpu t. Some multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Neighbor Knowledge Based Bcast Protocol Performance For Multihop ...pijans
Reliable group communication is a challenging issue for most Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) due to
dynamic nature of wireless mobile nodes, group key establishment and management, ensuring secure
information exchange and Quality of Service (QoS) in data transfer. Recently multicast and broadcast
routing protocols are emerging for supporting QoS aware group communication. In MANETs QoS
requirements can be quantified by a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet loss probability, network control overhead, throughput,
bandwidth, power consumption, service coverage area etc. In this paper, the performance of a neighbor
knowledge based broadcast protocol is analyzed using different QoS metrics (packet delivery ratio, end-toend delay, packet loss probability and network control overhead). BCAST is used as broadcast protocol.
The performance differentials are analyzed using NS-2 network simulator for varying number of data
senders (multicast group size) and data sending rate (offered traffic to the network) over QoS aware group
communication. Simulation results show that BCAST performs well in most cases and provides robust
performance even with high traffic environments.
Analysis of Neighbor Knowledge Based Bcast Protocol Performance For Multihop ...pijans
Reliable group communication is a challenging issue for most Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) due to
dynamic nature of wireless mobile nodes, group key establishment and management, ensuring secure
information exchange and Quality of Service (QoS) in data transfer. Recently multicast and broadcast
routing protocols are emerging for supporting QoS aware group communication. In MANETs QoS
requirements can be quantified by a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet loss probability, network control overhead, throughput,
bandwidth, power consumption, service coverage area etc. In this paper, the performance of a neighbor
knowledge based broadcast protocol is analyzed using different QoS metrics (packet delivery ratio, end-toend delay, packet loss probability and network control overhead). BCAST is used as broadcast protocol.
The performance differentials are analyzed using NS-2 network simulator for varying number of data
senders (multicast group size) and data sending rate (offered traffic to the network) over QoS aware group
communication. Simulation results show that BCAST performs well in most cases and provides robust
performance even with high traffic environments.
Analyzing the Impact of Blackhole Attacks on AODV and DSR Routing Protocols’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections. However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput, acket delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput. Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF BLACKHOLE ATTACKS ON AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed
infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish
virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections.
However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a
malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and
assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput,
packet delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy
efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput.
Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF BLACKHOLE ATTACKS ON AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed
infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish
virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections.
However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a
malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and
assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput,
packet delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy
efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput.
Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET UNDER MALICIOUS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
MANETs routing protocols are vulnerable to various types of security attacks such as selfish nodes, grey-hole and black-hole attacks. These routing protocols are unprotected and subsequently result in various kinds of malicious mobile nodes being injected into the networks. In this paper, three types of attacks such as selfish, grey-hole and black-hole attacks have been applied to two important MANET routing protocols; Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (OADV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in order to analyse and compare the impact of these attacks on the network performance based on throughput, average delay, packet loss and consumption of energy.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING ROTOCOLS IN MANET UNDER MALICIOUS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
MANETs routing protocols are vulnerable to various
hole and black-hole attacks. These routing protocols are unprotected and subsequently result in various
kinds of malicious mobile nodes being injected into the networks. In this paper, three types of a
as selfish, grey-hole and black-hole attacks have been applied to two important MANET routing protocols;
Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (OADV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in order to analyse and
compare the impact of these attacks on the
packet loss and consumption of energy.
Secure dynamic source routing protocol for defending black hole attacks in mo...nooriasukmaningtyas
Wireless Ad Hoc Network is a dynamically organized network on emergency
situations, in which a group of wireless devices send data among themselves
without requiring any base stations for forwarding data. Here the nodes itself
perform the functions of routing. This important characteristic of mobile ad
hoc networks allows the hassle free set up of the network for
communications in different crisis such as battlefield and natural disaster
zones. Multi hop communication in MANET is achieved by the cooperation
of nodes in forwarding data packets. This feature of MANET is largely
exploited to launch a security attack called black hole attack. A light weight
solution called SEC-DSR is proposed to defend the network from black hole
attack and enables communication among nodes even in the presence of
attackers. In this scheme, by analyzing only the control packets used for
routing in the network, the compromised nodes launching the attack are
identified. From the collective judgment by the participating nodes in the
routing path, a secure route free of black hole nodes is selected for
communication by the host. Simulation results validate and ensure the
effectiveness of the proposed solution tested on an ad hoc network with
compromised black hole nodes.
Design and Implementation of TARF: A Trust-Aware Routing Framework for WSNsijsrd.com
The multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offers little protection against identity deception through replaying routing information. An adversary can exploit this defect to launch various harmful or even devastating attacks against the routing protocols, including sinkhole attacks, wormhole attacks and Sybil attacks. The situation is further aggravated by mobile and harsh network conditions. Traditional cryptographic techniques or efforts at developing trust-aware routing protocols do not effectively address this severe problem. To secure the WSNs against adversaries misdirecting the multi-hop routing, we have designed and implemented TARF, a robust trust-aware routing framework for dynamic WSNs. Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information, TARF provides trustworthy and energy-efficient route. Most importantly, TARF proves effective against those harmful attacks developed out of identity deception; the resilience of TARF is verified through extensive evaluation with both simulation and empirical experiments on large-scale WSNs under various scenarios including mobile and RF-shielding network conditions. Further, we have implemented a low-overhead TARF module in Tiny OS; as demonstrated, this implementation can be incorporated into existing routing protocols with the least effort. Based on TARF, we also demonstrated a proof-of-concept mobile target detection application that functions well against an anti-detection mechanism.
AN EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK FOR SECURED COMMUNICA...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of
network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable
communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP
(secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and
route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The
power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified
the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path
discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and
sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and
compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and
throughput of network.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
Security Enhancement in AODV Routing Protocol for MANETsidescitation
Adhoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks with absence of infrastructure
centralized support. Routing in MANETs is challenging task due to mobility of nodes.
Several routing protocols have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. This paper
describes concept of security enhancement in AODV routing protocol by detection and
tolerance of attacks using secure message transmission (SMT) protocol. Present AODV
routing protocol is not secure by malicious nodes. One main challenge in design of these
networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper we study how to make node
malicious and at same we will detect malicious node in AODV protocol using Network
Simulator-2(NS-2) tool.
A Secure message exchange and anti-jamming mechanism in manetIJSRD
Secure neighbor discovery is the fundamental process in the MANET deployed in aggressive environment. It refers to the process that nodes exchange messages to discover and authenticate each other. It is defenseless to the jamming attack in which the adversary intentionally transmits signals to prevent neighboring nodes from exchanging messages. Existing anti-jamming communications depends on JR-SND. The JR-SND, a jamming-resilient secure neighbor discovery scheme for MANETs based on Random spread-code pre-distribution and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). In Existing, they prevent the jamming and introduce the anti-jamming mechanism using DSSS introduce the secure message exchange mechanism and prevent the collisions during packet transmission. But in this we lack of introducing to detect the selfish and malicious nodes in the network. For this, in the Future Work we will enhance the work by detecting the selfish nodes using Watchdog and Neighbor Coverage-based Probabilistic Rebroadcast Protocol (NCPR).
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EAVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents
sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face
between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless
devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET
is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as
router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The
nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The
main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret
information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in
identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper,
we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol
in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found
that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper, we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Similar to Secure Multicast Communication using Behavioural Measurement Technique in MANET (20)
Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK ...Editor Jacotech
Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is
currently the subject of much research as it is a promising
multiple access capability for third and fourth generations
mobile communication systems. The synchronous DS-CDMA
system is well known for eliminating the effects of multiple
access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and
degrades the BER performance of the system. In this paper,
we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a
synchronous DS-CDMA system over a wideband mobile
radio channel. The BER performance is affected by the
difference in path length ΔL and the number of arriving
signals N. Furthermore, the effect of these parameters is
examined on the synchronous DS-CDMA system for different
users’ number as well as different processing gain Gp. In this
environment and under the above conditions the performances
of the BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and the QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulations are compared.
The promising simulation results showed the possibility of
applying this system to the wideband mobile radio channel.
MOVIE RATING PREDICTION BASED ON TWITTER SENTIMENT ANALYSISEditor Jacotech
With microblogging platforms such as Twitter generating
huge amounts of textual data every day, the possibilities of
knowledge discovery through Twitter data becomes
increasingly relevant. Similar to the public voting mechanism
on websites such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) that
aggregates movies ratings, Twitter content contains
reflections of public opinion about movies. This study aims to
explore the use of Twitter content as textual data for
predicting the movie rating. In this study, we extract number
of tweets and compiled to predict the rating scores of newly
released movies. Predictions were done with the algorithms,
exploring the tweet polarity. In addition, this study explores
the use of several different kinds of tweet classification
Algorithm and movie rating algorithm. Results show that
movie rating developed by our application is compared to
IMDB and Rotten Tomatoes.
Non integer order controller based robust performance analysis of a conical t...Editor Jacotech
The design of robust controller for any non linear process is a
challenging task because of the presence of various types of
uncertainties. In this paper, various design methods of robust
PID controller for the level control of conical tank are
discussed. Uncertainties are of different types, among that
structured uncertainty of 30% is introduced to the nominal
plant for analysing the robustness. As a first step, the control
of level is done by using conventional integer order controller
for both nominal and uncertain system. Then, the control is
done by means of Fractional Order Proportional Integral
Derivative (FOPID) controller for achieving robustness. With
the help of time series parameters, a comparison is made
between conventional PID and FOPID with respect to the
simulated output using MATLAB and also analyzed the
robustness.
FACTORS CAUSING STRESS AMONG FEMALE DOCTORS (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SELE...Editor Jacotech
It is an important task of working women to handle two
important tasks. Balancing these two roles at home and
work is very challenging task and causes stress at different
levels. Different dimension of working women’s life
involves in evolving the stress in working women’s life.
These stresses cause the imbalance at the front of and
handling family responsibility. In the current scenario,
doctors face many stressors that are peculiar to the medical
profession and doctors are required to have more
competencies than before in diagnosis ongoing
management of medical conditions. This means increased
responsibilities which may contribute to stress. Stress
experienced at work can have adverse outcomes for the
well-being of individual employees and organization as
whole. My study is focusing on identifying the factors
causing stress among female doctors working for public
and private hospitals and their stress levels associations
with respect to sector. A sample of 300 female doctors
from urban area participated in this study. Out of this, 150
each are from public and private hospitals respectively. A
self-made standardized tool was administered based on five
point scale. Results indicates that the values were found to
be 0.000 in all the cases except, psychosomatic problems
(0.004) which is lesser than (0.05) p-value resulting into
rejection of null hypotheses , consequently revealing an
association between sector of female doctors and stress due
to workload, working condition, physical exertion,
emotional exhaustion, job security, organizational support,
work family conflict, family adjustment, task demands,
psychosomatic problems, patient’s expectation and working
hours.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTIPLE WATERMARKING IN A VIDEO FOR AUTHENTICATION AN...Editor Jacotech
Watermarking technique be employ instance & for a second time for
validation and protection of digital data (images, video and audio
files, digital repositories and libraries, web publishing). It is helpful
to copyright protection and illegal copying of digital data like video
frames and making digital data more robust and imperceptible. With
the advent of internet, creation and delivery of digital data has grown
many fold. In that Scenario has to need a technique for transferring
digital data securely without changing their originality and
robustness. In this paper proposed a plan of latest watermarking
method which involves inserting and adding two or more digital data
or pictures in a single video frame for the principle of protection and
replicate the similar procedure for N no video frames for
authentication of entire digital video. After that digital video is
encrypted and decrypted by using motion vector bit-xor encryption
and decryption technique.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Security Strength Evaluation of Some Chaos Based Substitution-BoxesEditor Jacotech
Recently, handful amount of S-boxes, using the various
methods such as affine transformations, gray coding,
optimization, chaotic systems, etc, have been suggested. It is
prudent to use cryptographically strong S-boxes for the design
of powerful ciphers. In this paper, we sampled some widely
used 8×8 S-boxes which are recently synthesized and security
analysis and evaluation is executed to uncover the best
candidate(s). The performance analysis is exercised against
the crucial measures like nonlinearity, linear approximation
probability, algebraic immunity, algebraic complexity,
differential uniformity. These parameters are custom selected
because their scores decide the security strength against
cryptographic assaults like linear cryptanalysis, algebraic
attacks, and differential cryptanalysis. The anticipated
analysis in this work facilitates the cryptographers, designers,
researchers to choose suitable candidate decided over many
parameters and can be engaged in modern block encryption
systems that solely rely on 8×8 S-box. Moreover, the analysis
assists in articulating efficient S-boxes and to evaluate the
attacks resistivity of their S-boxes.
Traffic Detection System is an Android application that aims at determining the behavior of traffic in a particular location. It calculates the speed of the vehicle and the level of congestion or the amount of traffic is determined on the basis of the values of sensors. If any such obstruct found, then the driver is provided an option to send messages regarding high traffic to his/her friends. After a distinct number of repeated low speed and breaks, the location of the vehicle (latitude and longitude) send to a pre-specified contact (selected in case of traffic congestion) through an SMS. This application uses the features of the Global positioning system. The Latitude, as well as the longitude of the location where traffic jams are formed, is sent to the friends of the user. The Goggle map of the location also sends to the friends. It uses the SMS Manager a functionality of Android. The friends receiving the messages will thereby avoid taking the congested route and hence the level of traffic on the congested road will decrease, and the friends will reach the destination in comparatively less time.
Performance analysis of aodv with the constraints of varying terrain area and...Editor Jacotech
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks,
where there is no requirement for any infrastructure support to
transfer data packets between mobile nodes. These nodes
communicate in a multi-hop mode; each mobile node acts
both as a host and router. The main job of Quality of Service
(QoS)[1][2] routing in MANETs is to search and establish
routes among different mobile nodes for satisfying QoS
requirements of wireless sensor networks as PDR, Average
end-to-end delay, Average Throughput. The QoS routing
protocols efficient for commercial, real-time and multimedia
applications are in demand for day to day activities[2].
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
License plate recognition an insight to the proposed approach for plate local...Editor Jacotech
License Plate Recognition (LPR) system for vehicles is an innovative and a very challenging area for research due to the innumerous plate formats and the nonuniform outdoor illumination conditions during which images are acquired. Thus, most approaches developed, work under certain restrictions such as fixed illumination, stationary background and limited speed. Algorithms developed for LPR systems are generally composed of three significant stages: 1] localization of the license plate from an entire scene image; 2] segmentation of the characters on the plate; 3] recognition of each of the segmented characters. A simple approach for preprocessing of the images, localization and extraction phase has been described in this paper. Numerous procedures have been developed for LPR systems and are assessed in this paper taking into consideration issues like processing time, computational power and recognition rate wherever available.
Design of airfoil using backpropagation training with mixed approachEditor Jacotech
Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation training method has some limitations associated with over fitting and local optimum problems. Here, we proposed a new algorithm to increase the convergence speed of Backpropagation learning to design the airfoil. The aerodynamic force coefficients corresponding to series of airfoil are stored in a database along with the airfoil coordinates. A feedforward neural network is created with aerodynamic coefficient as input to produce the airfoil coordinates as output. In the proposed algorithm, for output layer, we used the cost function having linear & nonlinear error terms then for the hidden layer, we used steepest descent cost function. Results indicate that this mixed approach greatly enhances the training of artificial neural network and may accurately predict airfoil profile.
Ant colony optimization based routing algorithm in various wireless sensor ne...Editor Jacotech
Wireless Sensor Network has several issues and challenges due to limited battery backup, limited computation capability, and limited computation capability. These issues and challenges must be taken care while designing the algorithms to increase the Network lifetime of WSN. Routing, the act of moving information across an internet world from a source to a destination is one of the vital issue associated with Wireless Sensor Network. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems that can be used to find optimal paths through graphs. The short route will be increasingly enhanced therefore become more attractive. The foraging behavior and optimal route finding capability of ants can be the inspiration for ACO based algorithm in WSN. The nature of ants is to wander randomly in search of food from their nest. While moving, ants lay down a pheromone trail on the ground. This chemical pheromone has the ability to evaporate with the time. Ants have the ability to smell pheromone. When selecting their path, they tend to select, probably the paths that has strong pheromone concentrations. As soon as an ant finds a food source, carries some of it back to the nest. While returning, the quantity of chemical pheromone that an ant lay down on the ground may depend on the quantity and quality of the food. The pheromone trails will lead other ants towards the food source. The path which has the strongest pheromone concentration is followed by the ant which is the shortest paths between their nest and food source. This paper surveys the ACO based routing in various Networking domains like Wireless Sensor Networks and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
An efficient ant optimized multipath routing in wireless sensor networkEditor Jacotech
Today, the Wireless Sensor Network is increasingly gaining popularity and importance. It is the more interesting and stimulating area of research. Now, the WSN is applied in object tracking and environmental monitoring applications. This paper presents the self-optimized model of multipath routing algorithm for WSN which considers definite parameters like delay, throughput level and loss and generates the outcomes that maximizes data throughput rate and minimizes delay and loss. This algorithm is based on ANT optimization technique that will bring out an optimal and organized route for WSN and is also to avoid congestion in WSN, the algorithm incorporate multipath capability..
A mobile monitoring and alert sms system with remote configuration – a case s...Editor Jacotech
One of the parent´s main concerns nowadays it to know their children´s whereabouts. Some applications exist to address this issue and most of them rely on internet connection which makes the solution expensive. In this paper we present a low cost solution, based on SMS, and with the ability to remotely configure the child monitoring process. We also present the architecture and the full flowchart of the child application whenever a SMS is received. This case study uses Android and the more recent location API – the Fused Location Provider. For obvious reasons, the security issue has been a concern, which resulted in a configuration module in the child application to specify authorized senders
Leader Election Approach: A Comparison and SurveyEditor Jacotech
In distributed system, the coordinator is needed to manage the use of the resources in the shared environment. Many algorithms have been proposed for the same. They have various positive and negative parts. Here we will discuss those issues which ensure the efficiency of the algorithm for election leader. Here a comparison will be provided to show the advantages and disadvantages of different election algorithms. The comparison would be based on the number of messages passing and the order of time complexity.
Leader election approach a comparison and surveyEditor Jacotech
In distributed system, the coordinator is needed to manage the use of the resources in the shared environment. Many algorithms have been proposed for the same. They have various positive and negative parts. Here we will discuss those issues which ensure the efficiency of the algorithm for election leader. Here a comparison will be provided to show the advantages and disadvantages of different election algorithms. The comparison would be based on the number of messages passing and the order of time complexity
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Traffic Detection System is an Android application that aims at determining the behavior of traffic in a particular location. It calculates the speed of the vehicle and the level of congestion or the amount of traffic is determined on the basis of the values of sensors. If any such obstruct found, then the driver is provided an option to send messages regarding high traffic to his/her friends. After a distinct number of repeated low speed and breaks, the location of the vehicle (latitude and longitude) send to a pre-specified contact (selected in case of traffic congestion) through an SMS. This application uses the features of the Global positioning system. The Latitude, as well as the longitude of the location where traffic jams are formed, is sent to the friends of the user. The Goggle map of the location also sends to the friends. It uses the SMS Manager a functionality of Android. The friends receiving the messages will thereby avoid taking the congested route and hence the level of traffic on the congested road will decrease, and the friends will reach the destination in comparatively less time.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Secure Multicast Communication using Behavioural Measurement Technique in MANET
1. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
1
Secure Multicast Communication using Behavioural
Measurement Technique in MANET
By
Kanchan malviya
Dept. of C.S.E,
Millennium Institute of Science & Technology
Bhopal, India
Kanchanmalviya.km@gmail.com
Prof.S.R.Yadav
Dept. of C.S.E,
Millennium Institute of Science & Technology
Bhopal, India
Tech Millennium k.yadav @gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In MANET communication between two mobile
nodes are carried out by routing protocol. In
MANET each mobile node can directly
communicate with other mobile node if both
mobile nodes are within transmission range.
Otherwise the nodes present in between have to
forward the packets for them on network.
dynamic and cooperative nature of ad hoc
networks presents substantial challenges in
securing and detecting attacks in these networks.
In this paper we proposed a novel Intrusion
Detection and Prevention Scheme (IDPS) for
protecting network against Blackhole attack.
During the attack, a malicious node captures the
data after the positive reply of route existence.
Routing in Ad hoc networks has been a
challenging task ever since the wireless networks
came into existence. In multicasting the sender
and communicated with multiple receivers. The
routing misbehavior in multicast ODMRP is
secured by proposed scheme. The proposed IDPS
scheme first to detect the malicious nodes and
after that block the activities of malicious nodes.
The performance of proposed scheme is
evaluated through performance metrics that
shows the attacker routing misbehavior and
proposed security scheme is provides secure and
vigorous performance in presence blackhole
attacker.
Keywords
Multicast routing, attack, IDPS, MANET, ODMRP
1. INTRODUCTION
The Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) [1] is a
collection of mobile nodes sharing a wireless
channel without any centralized control or
established communication backbone. MANET
has dynamic topology and each mobile node has
limited resources such as battery, processing
power and on-board memory. This kind of
infrastructure-less network is very useful in
situation in which ordinary wired networks is not
feasible like battlefields, natural disasters etc. The
nodes which are in the transmission range of each
other communicate directly otherwise
communication is done through intermediate
nodes which are willing to forward packet hence
these networks are also called as multi-hop
networks. The Mobile Ad hoc network is
supporting mobility in MANET. The mobility of
nodes in MANETs increases the complexity of the
routing protocols and the degree of connections
2. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
2
flexibility. However, the flexibility of allowing
nodes to join, leave, and transfer data to the
network pose security challenges [2]. Several ad
hoc routing protocols have been proposed in
literature and can be classified [3] into proactive,
reactive and hybrids protocols.
The security issue of MANET in group
communication is even more challenging because
of multiple senders and multiple receivers. The
Attacker Blackhole in MANET [4] is a serious
security problem to be solved. In this problem, a
malicious node uses the routing protocol to
advertise itself as having the shortest path to the
node whose packets it wants to intercept. In
flooding based protocol, if the malicious reply
reaches the requesting node before the reply
from the actual node, a forged route has been
created.
On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol is a
multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) designed for
ad hoc networks with mobile hosts [5]. ODMRP is
mesh based, and uses a forwarding group concept
(only a subset of nodes forwards the multicast
packets). A soft state approach is taken in ODMRP
to maintain multicast group members. No explicit
control message is required to leave the group. In
ODMRP, group membership and multicast routes
are established and updated by the source on
demand. When a multicast source has packets to
send, but no route to the multicast group, it
broadcasts a Join-Query control packet to the
entire network. This Join- Query packet is
periodically broadcast to refresh the membership
information and update Routes. Multicast is
nothing but communication between a single
sender and multiple receivers on a network and it
transmits a single message to a select group of
recipients [6]. Multicast is commonly used in
streaming video, in which many megabytes of
data are sent over the network. The major
advantage of multicast is that it saves bandwidth
and resources [7]. Moreover multicast data can
still be delivered to the destination on alternative
paths even when the route breaks.
2. Related Work
In this paper [8], has to develop a secured
multicast network, which will be tolerant to the
attacks that are currently present in the multicast
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and for that studying the
various vulnerabilities present in E-ODMRP, a
mesh based multicast routing protocol and
simulate the suitable attacks like flooding attack,
black hole attack and put forth a defense
mechanism to network performance against
attack. The security scheme is applied on black
hole attack and flooding attack. The Enhanced-On
Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (E-ODMRP), a
mesh based multicast routing protocol which
retains all of the advantages of the On-Demand
Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) such as high
packet delivery ratio under high mobility and high
throughput.
In this paper [9] has presents simulation based
study of the impact of neighbor attack on mesh-
based Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). And also
we study the number of attackers and position
affects the performance metrics such as packet
delivery ratio and throughput. The study enables
us to propose a secure neighbor detection
mechanism (SNDM). Security issues of MANETs in
group (multicast) communications are even more
challenging because of the involvement of
multiple senders and multiple receivers.
In this paper [10] different Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) scheme is discussed. IDS can also be
categorized as network-based IDS and host based
IDS in the network based IDS, the individual
packets flowing in the entire network is analyzed.
It detects malicious packets by overlooking the
firewall’s filtering rules. In a host based system,
the IDS examine the Intrusion activity by traffic
analysis on each individual mobile host.
In this paper [11] represents the analysis of
existing these three algorithms- message-centric,
query-centric, and hybrid strategies—
implementing specifically the LMA abstraction
The first, message-centric, strategy uses
geographically scoped gossiping to propagate
3. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
3
messages within a defined geographical range
around the sender (i.e., the message space),
leaving the matching process to receivers. The
second, query centric, strategy uses a basic
multicast algorithm that relies on directed acyclic
graphs (DAGs), directed to each receiver, and
senders performing message matching. The third
strategy is hybrid and tailored to the specific
properties of LMA. This strategy divides the range
of the respective spaces up between message
dissemination and query propagation, with
typically half of the range for each.
In this paper [12], they consider the effects of
mobility and infrastructure in multicast capacity of
a wireless mobile ad hoc network. We divide
mobility into three regimes, and present
reachable upper bounds and lower bounds for
each regime. We assume that bandwidth is W for
wireless channel, and WB for wired connections.
In cellular routing, we further divide wireless
frequency resource W into uplink bandwidth WA
and downlink bandwidth WC. Hybrid routing
schemes are proposed to achieve reachable upper
and lower bounds in each of the regimes.
In this paper [13], the authors describe the
reliability of the On-Demand Multicast Routing
Protocol (ODMRP) in terms of the delivery of data
packets in response to the important role that
multicasting plays in wireless mobile multi hop ad
hoc networks. Using GloMoSim 2.0, the
simulation results have shown that using ODMRP,
the average miss ratio does not always increase
with increasing the speeds of mobility of the
mobile hosts in the ad hoc network. Instead, there
is a "sweet spot" of values of the mobility speeds
of the mobile hosts.
In this article [14] the performance of prominent
on-demand routing protocols for mobile adhoc
networks such as ODMRP (On Demand Multicast
Routing Protocol), AODV (Adhoc on Demand
Distance Vector) and FSR (Fisheye State Routing
protocol) was studied. The parameters viz.,
average throughput, packet delivery ration and
end-to-end delay were evaluated. The ODMRP
protocol performance is remarkably superior as
compared with AODV and FSR routing protocols.
3. Problem Statement
MANET work without centralized control unit,
that work mutual cooperation amongst the
participating entity forms the basis for
determining the route to the destination. That
aspect MANET nodes are often constraint energy,
computational resource, resource availability in
execution time, make MANETs vulnerable against
various communication security attacks, therefore
we study number of literature about routing
behaviour but we identifies that no any MANET
routing are secure, however design secure
multicast routing against routing attack and
detect malicious nodes on its record history
analysis base and message authentication base
protection system in MANET.
I. Proposed Methodology
Proposed secure multicast communication using
trust identification technique in MANET is simple
and economical for fulfil the security requirement.
Here divide our proposal into sub part name as
multicast management part, attack detection,
prevention named Intrusion Detection and
Prevention Scheme (IDP. All the part in jointly
handle attacker behaviour and provide secure
communication, initially apply ODMRP (on-
demand multicast routing protocol) that module
responsible for group leader selection for handle
group member as well as provide authorization
for joining and leaving of member but that
management is very crucial in mobile ad-hoc
environment.
That module inbuilt ion under ns-2 is also
challenging task because internal file connectivity
with ODMRP is very complex. After that we send
data from source to group members but any
attacker present in between them so our data
captured by the attacker node, here we take
blackhole attack scenario and measure its effect
in the network and detect their behaviour as well
as lightweight protection mechanism. blackhole
4. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
4
attack is a type of routing attack its take route
packet from source node and set higher sequence
number of reply packet and send them reply to
source node, where that packet receives by the
source node than without checking their
authorization certainly source start sending data
toward the attacker node, and that data where
attacker receives so simply drop it and decrease
the overall performance of the network. But in
our module we take next step to detect blackhole
node in any MANET environment, for attack
detection design profile table and generated
output file, if generated profile deviated from
normal profile and match with blackhole
symptoms than record the attack time, node
number for future protection by that type of
attack and after the detection process conclude
their inference and if identified node is attacker,
than we generate the message by the detector
node and send to attacker for normalize their
behaviour but attacker not cooperate by that
message than detector broadcast attacker node
information and its behaviour for future
communication decision to the all group member
and if multiple node give the same response as a
detector, than block that node so future no any
node communicate by that attacker node and
prevent our network by the un-authorized
activity. In the next section deploy the algorithm
for detection and prevention (IDPS) against
routing attack in multicast environment.
A. Proposed Algorithm:
In that section we design algorithm for provide
secure communication in multicast environment.
Here elaborate key parameter of multicast group
management and abnormal activity detection as
well as prevention. The proposed algorithm is
lightweight protection mechanism and handles
the routing mis-activity in MANET multicasting
situation. The main feature of the proposed
system is its ability to discover malicious nodes
which can partition the network by falsely
reporting other nodes as misbehaving and then
proceeds to protect the network.
Uses: ODMRP,
Initialize M: Mobile Nodes
Ant Omni Antenna
S є m: sender nodes
mr(m≥ mr ≥1) є M: multicast receiver nodes
gr(n≥ gr ≥1) : number of group its 1 to n group
Task: select group manager gm
gm responsible for mr join and leave
while (path s to mr != true)
{ s flood route msg to next-hop }
gm provide communication s to mr
send(data, s, mr)
attack-module: am
{
If (am in route)
{
Every ∆t // periodic time
predecessor rx-pkt
reply-pkt-seqmax-seq-no
reply-pkt to sender
send (data, s, mr)
{
am-idmr-id
am receives data
drop-data
} } }
IDPS-module : ipg
{
Init: execute detection process
check history info for all m є pre-record
create profile
if (profile == mr-id update || data is drop)
{
5. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
5
identify symptoms every ∆t
count data drop
dropper node identify
Call IPS module
}else
{
network is normal }
IPS(ipg ,s, i-node, behaviour)
{
watch neighbour by ipg
check s and mr field
if(detect neighbour)
{
i-node-update r-id
data drop
send record behaviour to i-node
if (i-node behaviour != normal)
{
block the i-node
broadcast i-node info for all m
new route established s to mr
}
else
{
not block
watch every ∆t by ipg node
}
}}
We detect nodes that misbehave by launching
attacks on either a single node or more number of
nodes by inducing significant delay in the packet
or by dropping the packets or by routing the
packet to a destined node but drop the actual
data. The approach can also be called highly
secured in the sense that, the algorithm is capable
of identifying routing misbehavior launched by
malicious nodes.
II. Simulation Environment
The entire simulations were carried out using ns
2.31[15] network simulator which is a discrete
event driven simulator developed at UC Berkeley
as a part of the VINT project. The goal of NS2 is to
support research and education in networking.
NS2 is built using object oriented language C++
and OTcl (object oriented variant of Tool
Command Language). NS2 interprets the
simulation scripts written in OTcl. The user writes
his simulation as an OTcl script.
A. Simulation Parameters
The simulation of normal AODV, Wormhole attack
and IPS scheme are done the basis of following
simulation parameters that has shown in table1.
Table 1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Number of nodes 50
IPS node 1
Black hole Attacker 5
Simulation Area (meters) 800 × 600
Routing Protocol ODMRP
Simulation time 100 sec.
Traffic type (TCP & UDP) FTP & CBR
Packet size 512 bytes
Number of traffic connections 3 TCP, 2 UDP
Node movement at maximum Speed random & 20 m/s
Transmission range 250m
B.Performance Metrics
The performance of normal ODMRP routing,
attack and proposed IPS scheme is evaluated on
the basis of following metrics.
1) Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):
The ratio of the number of data packets received
by the receivers verses the number of data
packets supposed to be received. This number
presents the effectiveness of a protocol.
6. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
6
2) Control Packets Overhead
Number of control packets transmitted in network
for finding destination: This measure shows the
efficiency overhead in control packets expended
in delivering a data packet to an intended
receiver.
3) Throughput:
The throughput is defined as the total amount of
data a receiver actually receives from the sender
divided by the time between receiving the first
packet and last packet.
III. Result analysis
Simulation results are evaluated on the basis of
performance parameters like overhead,
throughput etc.
A. Packet Delivery Ratio Analysis
Graph shows percentage of data receiving by the
receiver, that result taken in all three cases
normal multicasting, attack and prevention of
routing attack and we conclude that if any node
diverts from the routing strategies than genuine
receiver cannot receives data and that data
capture by the attacker node, the attacker time
result shows by green line and packet delivery
ratio performance is degrade from 30 to 0
percentage, but if we apply protector node in
network than our performance is excellent and
protector node also identifies the attacker node
from the network. On-demand multicast routing
protocol provide group communication that
ODMRP behaviour analyze attack, prevention and
normal case.
Fig. 1 Packets Percentage Analysis
B.Throughput Analysis
In this graph shows throughput under group
communication with normal, attack and
protection time, throughput is a data receiving
per unit time here if attacker in the network than
throughput is very poor but normal and
prevention case that performance is excellent. In
our simulation network we use fifty mobile nodes
and apply ODMRP form multicast group
management and in that scenario 4 are created
each group maintain thirteen mobile nodes.
Fig. 2 Packets per unit Time Receiving Analysis
C. Routing Load Analysis
Here we shows routing load graph, that is also
search packet for identifying path between the
sender to receiver, in our simulation approach we
apply on-demand multicast routing protocol that
7. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
7
provide the one-to-many communication
establishing method, that is useful for
multicasting so very first coordinator node
manage the all group member and if any node
want to communicate with group member than
sender sends route message to coordinator and
coordinator responsible to provide
communication link between group member to
sender, but any attacker present in between
communication than attacker gives false route
information to sender node and in future capture
data from sender node and degrade the
performance of the network but if preventer node
exist in network than our route packet is correct
and data genuinely receives by the receiver and
that time overhead of routing is greater.
Fig. 3 Control Packets Analysis
D. Infection Analysis
The result represent attack percentage in network
at any particular time, where x-axis shows time in
seconds and y-axis shows percentage of infection,
that retrieve from inference engine where we
create normal and abnormal behaviour table and
if any node treat as abnormal than we analyze
activity of node and measure the percentage of
infection of network that is provide attacker node
information and it helps to process of prevention
the network from abnormal activity.
Fig.3 Drop Percentage due to Attack
E.Data Receiving Analysis
The UDP data receiving is shows the better
performance of network because this is the end
to end unreliable protocol for MANET. The
proposed scheme is improves the routing
performance of ODMRP protocol as equal to
normal routing performance without presence of
attacker. The blackhole attacker complexly dumps
the performance of UDP receiving in presence of
blackhole attacker but the proposed IPDS is
improves it in presence of them to block their
misbehavior activities.
Fig.3 UDP Receiving Analysis
8. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
8
F.Data Gathering and its Analysis
In this section we summarize our proposed work
and compare the individual result with the help of
network parameter, in table 1 represent result on
the bases of data sends, data receives, routing
packet, packet delivery ratio, normal routing load
and data drop, after that get normal and
prevention case excellent behaviour of the
network in all parameter but attacker case only
four data packet receives by the genuine receiver
out of 5494 packet that time 5400 packets drop
by the attacker node, that data drop analysis
gather from behaviour analysis module and pass
to attack analysis module and get result in table 2,
its provide the information of attacker node and
number of packet drop by the each independent
attacker node that module is detection module
and on the bases of detected feature we protect
our network through abnormal behaviour and
send safely data to genuine group member’s in
MANET environment.
Table 2 Summarized Performance Analysis
Parameter
Normal Attack Prevention
Data Send 5494 5494 5494
Data Receive 5459 4 5385
ROUTINGPKTS 2835 1664 6130
PDF 99.36 0.07 98.02
Normal
Routing Load 0.52 416 1.14
No. of
dropped data 35 5490 109
G. Misbehave Node Analysis
The attacker nodes that drop packets are
identified by security scheme is mentioned in
table 3. The packets quantity that drops by five
malicious nodes is evaluated, that degrades the
routing performance of multicast protocol in
MANET.
Table 3 Attacker Drop Analysis
Attacker
Node
Total Non-Authentic Packets
4 1718
13 1056
28 595
29 1291
30 769
IV. Conclusion
In Mobile Ad hoc network there is difficult to
design routing protocols and secure
communication is unable to handle rapid node
mobility and network topology changes. Due to
the dynamic nature of Ad hoc networks, designing
communications and networking protocols for
these networks is a challenging process. The
multicasting ODMRP protocol are mesh based
routing technique is used and efficient for
communication in MANET. The proposed IDPS
scheme in this paper provides the security against
blabkhole attack and prevent from routing
misbehavior. The only blackhole attacker is
completely degrades the network performance.
The performance of IPDS improves the
performance of ODMRP protocol in presence of
attacker. The infection through attacker is about
50% in network that means that the attacker is
affected the 50% drop and by that dropping rest
of the packets receiving performance is also
affected because rest of the data is not a
complete data. The performance metrics is
showing the performance improvement with
ZERO infection n network.
REFERENCES
[1] C. S. R. Murthy and B. S. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless
Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall
PTR, 2004.
[2] HaoYang, Haiyun & Fan Ye, "Security in Mobile Ad-
Hoc Networks: Challenges and solutions", Vol. 11, Issue
1, pp. 38-47, Feb 2004.
9. Journal of Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ISSN: 2347 - 2804)
Volume No. 2 Issue No.5, December 2014
9
[3] Luo Junhai, Xue Liu, Ye Danxia, "Research on Multicast
Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks",
Journal of Computer Network, Elsevier, Science Direct,
pp988-997, 2008.
[4] H. Deng, W. Li, and Dharma P. Agrawal, "Routing
Security in Ad Hoc Networks,"IEEE Communications
Magazine, Special Topics on Security in
Telecommunication Networks, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 70-
75, October 2002.
[5] M.Gerla et al., “On-demand multicast routing protocol
(ODMRP) for ad hoc networks”. Internet draft, draft-
ietfmanet- odmrp-04.txt, 2000.
[6] Shapour Joudi Begdillo, Mehdi Asadi and
Haghighat.A.T. “Improving Packet Delivery Ratio in
ODMRP with Route Discovery”, International Jour. Of
Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.7 No.12
Dec 2007.
[7] Gu Jian and Zhang Yi, “A Multi-Constrained multicast
Routing Algorithm based on Mobile Agent for Ad Hoc
network” International Conference on Communications
and Mobile Computing, IEEE 2010.
[8] Aishwarya .K, Kannaiah Raju .N and Senthamarai
Selvan .A “Counter Measures Against Multicast Attacks
on Enhanced-On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol In
Mobile AD-HOC Networks” International Journal of
Technology And Engineering System(IJTES), Jan –
March 2011.
[9] S. Parthiban, A. Amuthan, N.Shanmugam, K.Suresh
Joseph, “Neighbor Attack And Detection Mechanism In
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, Advanced Computing: An
International Journal ( ACIJ ), Vol.3, No.2, pp. 57-67,
March 2012.
[10] T. Prasanna venkatesan, P. Rajakumar, A. Pitchaikkannu
“An Effective Intrusion Detection System for MANETs”
International Conference on Advances in Computer
Engineering & Applications (ICACEA-2014), 185-190,
2014.
[11] Adrian Holzer, Patrick Eugster, and Benoıˆt Garbinato,
“Evaluating Implementation Strategies for Location-
Based Multicast Addressing” IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON Mobile Computing, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 856-867,
May 2013.
[12] Zhenzhi Qian, Xiaohua Tian, Xi Chen, Wentao Huang,
and Xinbing Wang, “Multicast Capacity in MANET with
Infrastructure Support” IEEE Transactions On Parallel
And Distributed Systems, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 1808-1818,
July 2014
[13] Nagendra Sah, “Impact of Mobility and Node Speed on
Multicast Routing In Wireless MANETs” International
Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT) Volume-2, Issue-1, pp. 20-24, October 2012.
[14] Rajendiran. M and Srivatsa S. K “On-Demand
Multicasting in Ad-hoc Networks: Performance
Evaluation of AODV, ODMRP and FSR” IJCSI International
Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 3, No.
1, pp. 478-482, May 2011.
[15] Network Simulator Official Site for Package
Distribution, web reference,
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns.