1.4.1temperature
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The document discusses resistance and temperature relationships for applied electricity. It references resistance values R1 and R2 that are related to initial and end temperatures T1 and T2. It also notes that copper has a resistance of 0 at 234.5 degrees temperature.
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Experiment Joule Report by. Fildia Putri
1. This document summarizes an experiment on determining the heat of reaction using a calorimeter. Electrical energy was passed through a coil in the calorimeter, heating the water and increasing its temperature.
2. The experiment aimed to determine the equivalence between electrical/mechanical energy and heat energy. Measurements of voltage, current, water mass, and temperature changes were recorded over multiple trials.
3. The results showed that a larger voltage and current produced a greater increase in temperature over time. This supported the conclusion that a larger amount of electrical energy input leads to a larger amount of heat energy generated.
thermocouple
A thermocouple uses the Seebeck effect to convert temperature differences into voltage. It consists of two dissimilar conductors that produce a voltage when their junctions are at different temperatures. The voltage change is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples are commonly used to measure temperature in various applications like steel manufacturing due to advantages like rugged construction, wide temperature range, low cost, and good accuracy. However, they require cold junction compensation for accurate readings and have some non-linearity in their temperature-voltage characteristics.
Sheeba singh
Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect, where the junction of two different conductors generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient. The voltage is generated along the portion of the conductors experiencing a temperature change, not at the junction itself. The voltage can be approximated based on the Seebeck coefficients of the two materials and the temperatures of the hot and cold junctions. Thermocouples are suitable for temperature measurement over a large range up to 2300°C and are commonly used for industrial processes, though other sensors are better for small temperature changes.
Electricity heating effect of electric current Priya Jha
When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the conductor becomes hot after some time and produce heat. This happens due to the conversion of some electric energy passing through the conductor into heat energy. This effect of electric current is called heating effect of current.The heating effect of current was studied experimentally by Joule in 1941. After doing his experiments Joule came to the conclusion that the heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to the product of square of current (I2), resistance of the conductor (R) and the time (t) for which current is passed. Thus,
H I2Rt
Derivation of Formula
To calculate the heat produced in a conductor, consider current I is flowing through a conductor AB of resistance R for time t. also consider that the potential difference applied across its two ends is V.
Now, total amount of work done in moving a charge q from point A to B is given by:
W = q X V (1)
Now, we know that charge = current × time
or q = I X t
and V = I X R (Ohm’s law)
Putting the values of q and V in equation (1), we get
W = (I X t) X (I X R)
Or W = I2Rt
Now, assuming that all the work done is converted into heat energy we can replace symbol of ‘work done’ with that of ‘heat produced’. So,
H = I2RT
Applications of Heating Effect of Current
The heating effect of current is used in various electrical heating appliances such as electric bulb, electric iron, room heaters, geysers, electric fuse etc.
Working of thermocouples
A thermocouple measures temperature by using the Seebeck effect produced between two different metals that are joined together at two points. One junction is placed at the body being measured (hot junction) while the other is placed at a reference body of known temperature (cold junction). This generates a voltage based on the temperature difference between the two junctions. The thermocouple works by using the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects - where a voltage is produced due to the temperature difference across the two junctions of dissimilar metals. The voltage produced can then be measured to determine the temperature of the hot junction relative to the cold junction.
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PROBLEMS & BENEFITS
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1. This document summarizes an experiment on determining the heat of reaction using a calorimeter. Electrical energy was passed through a coil in the calorimeter, heating the water and increasing its temperature.
2. The experiment aimed to determine the equivalence between electrical/mechanical energy and heat energy. Measurements of voltage, current, water mass, and temperature changes were recorded over multiple trials.
3. The results showed that a larger voltage and current produced a greater increase in temperature over time. This supported the conclusion that a larger amount of electrical energy input leads to a larger amount of heat energy generated.
thermocouple
A thermocouple uses the Seebeck effect to convert temperature differences into voltage. It consists of two dissimilar conductors that produce a voltage when their junctions are at different temperatures. The voltage change is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples are commonly used to measure temperature in various applications like steel manufacturing due to advantages like rugged construction, wide temperature range, low cost, and good accuracy. However, they require cold junction compensation for accurate readings and have some non-linearity in their temperature-voltage characteristics.
Sheeba singh
Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect, where the junction of two different conductors generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient. The voltage is generated along the portion of the conductors experiencing a temperature change, not at the junction itself. The voltage can be approximated based on the Seebeck coefficients of the two materials and the temperatures of the hot and cold junctions. Thermocouples are suitable for temperature measurement over a large range up to 2300°C and are commonly used for industrial processes, though other sensors are better for small temperature changes.
Electricity heating effect of electric current Priya Jha
When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the conductor becomes hot after some time and produce heat. This happens due to the conversion of some electric energy passing through the conductor into heat energy. This effect of electric current is called heating effect of current.The heating effect of current was studied experimentally by Joule in 1941. After doing his experiments Joule came to the conclusion that the heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to the product of square of current (I2), resistance of the conductor (R) and the time (t) for which current is passed. Thus,
H I2Rt
Derivation of Formula
To calculate the heat produced in a conductor, consider current I is flowing through a conductor AB of resistance R for time t. also consider that the potential difference applied across its two ends is V.
Now, total amount of work done in moving a charge q from point A to B is given by:
W = q X V (1)
Now, we know that charge = current × time
or q = I X t
and V = I X R (Ohm’s law)
Putting the values of q and V in equation (1), we get
W = (I X t) X (I X R)
Or W = I2Rt
Now, assuming that all the work done is converted into heat energy we can replace symbol of ‘work done’ with that of ‘heat produced’. So,
H = I2RT
Applications of Heating Effect of Current
The heating effect of current is used in various electrical heating appliances such as electric bulb, electric iron, room heaters, geysers, electric fuse etc.
Working of thermocouples
A thermocouple measures temperature by using the Seebeck effect produced between two different metals that are joined together at two points. One junction is placed at the body being measured (hot junction) while the other is placed at a reference body of known temperature (cold junction). This generates a voltage based on the temperature difference between the two junctions. The thermocouple works by using the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects - where a voltage is produced due to the temperature difference across the two junctions of dissimilar metals. The voltage produced can then be measured to determine the temperature of the hot junction relative to the cold junction.
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THIS IS A PPT ON "CONVERSION OF THERMAL ENERGY INTO VOLTAGE USING THERMOELECTRIC MODULES".
IT INCLUDES:
A SHORT INTRO
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EXPERIMENT PART
PROBLEMS & BENEFITS
CURRENT USES
FUTURE SCOPES
HOPE YOU FRIENDS LIKE MY WORK.
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This document describes an experiment on thermocouples. It explains the principle of thermocouples, how they work, different types of thermocouples, and their construction. It then provides the procedure to set up and conduct the experiment, which involves taking readings from a thermocouple and PT-100 sensor as temperature is varied and plotting the results. The aim is to understand thermocouple characteristics and determine sensitivity and linearity.
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Thermocouples are transducers that convert heat directly into electricity according to the Seebeck effect. They consist of two conductors welded together at one end to form a junction, with the voltage difference between the junctions proportional to the temperature difference. The main types are K, J, T, E, N, S, B, and R, which differ in temperature range and sensitivity. Thermocouples are used to measure temperature and generate power due to their ruggedness, low cost, and ability to function over a wide range of temperatures. However, they also have low accuracy and can be vulnerable to corrosion.
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This certificate from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services certifies that Mary Vasquez successfully completed a 70-minute continuing education program on Medicare Billing: 837I and Form CMS-1450 in February 2016. CMS is an accredited provider through IACET to offer 0.1 continuing education units for this program.
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7.4.6 slip
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4.2.1 Better Load
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4.1.13 Light Demand 3
This short document does not provide any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only notes that an explanation is not contained in a workbook, but provides no other context or details.
4.1.12 Light Demand 2 Table Part2
The document outlines the demand calculations for 19 different circuit load groups across 3 phases. It lists the load description, current allowance calculation method, and resulting demand current for each phase. The total demand current per phase is calculated at the bottom, with values of 143.8 amps for phase 1, 153.25 amps for phase 2, and 145.05 amps for phase 3.
4.1.11 Light Demand 2 Table
The document contains a table that calculates the current demand per phase for various circuit load groups in an electrical system. It lists 19 load groups categorized by letters A through D, describing each load. It shows the current allowance calculation method and resulting demand in amps for each phase. The total demand current calculated per phase is 143.8 amps for L1, 153.25 amps for L2, and 145.05 amps for L3.
4.1.10 Light Demand 2
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4.1.9 Light Demand 1
The document describes the functions of 19 electrical circuits in a building. It lists the types of equipment connected to each circuit such as fluorescent lighting, outlets, motors, and appliances. It also indicates which of the 3 electrical phases (L1, L2, L3) each circuit is connected to.
4.1.7 Example Domestic 3
The document calculates the electrical load of communal services in an apartment building. It shows that 24 lighting points will draw 240 watts and 6 10A sockets will draw up to 12A, for a total demand of 18A per phase. The total demand current per phase for communal services is 18A.
4.1.6 Example Domestic 2
The document calculates the electrical load and demand for 6 living units per phase. It lists the types of loads in each unit, the quantity and allowance per unit, and uses this to calculate the total demand current for phases L1, L2 and L3, which is 154.4 amps for each phase. The key loads included are lighting, power outlets, cooking ranges, air conditioners and hot water systems.
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4.1.4 Step 2
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4.1.3 Example Solution Three
The document calculates the electrical load and demand current for 11 circuits in a home. It groups the loads into categories like lighting, outlets, appliances, and assigns each a description, allowance, and demand calculation. The total demand current per phase is summarized at the bottom, with the highest draw of 46.5 amps on phase L3.
4.1.2 Example Three
The document outlines the functions and ratings of 12 electrical circuits. Circuit 1 provides power for 13 indoor lighting points. Circuit 10 powers an air conditioner rated at 23.6 amps per phase and can draw power from circuits L1, L2, and L3. Circuits 11a and 11b each power a controlled load hot water unit rated at 3.6 kW.
4.1.1 Example Single
This document calculates the total demand current for an electrical installation consisting of:
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14.5.4 Example 1 Part 1
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14.5.8 Example 1 Part 5
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