This document discusses concepts related to health, disease causation, homeostasis, stress, adaptation, and illness behavior. It defines key terms like health, health status, and the health belief model. It describes physiologic and psychologic manifestations of stress on the body as well as adaptation responses to maintain homeostasis. Finally, it outlines stages of adaptation, illness behavior, and health behavior change.

1. Patho - physiologic
&
Psychodynamics
of
disease causation

2. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
• Health
• Health status
• Health belief
• Health behavior

3. Health - Belief Model
Individual
perceptions
Modifying
factors
• Perceived
susceptibility
• Perceived
seriousness
• Perceived
threat
• Demographic
variables
• Structural
variables
• Cues to
action
Likelihood of
action
• Perceived
benefits to
action –
Perceived
barriers to
action

4. Concepts ( contd…)
• Patho-physiologic
• Psychodynamics

6. Homeostasis
Constancy
Stress
Adaptation
Body- A
balanced
state

7. Homeostasis
 Physiologic homeostasis
 Psycho logic homeostasis

9. Physical environment
Psychological
environment
Psycho logic
homeostasis
Social environment
Life experiences

10. Stress
Types of stressors
• Physical
• Physiologic
• Psycho-social

11. Physiologic Manifestations of
Stress
•`
Interpretation of stressful stimuli by brain
•Sympathetic nervous system Response
•Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary response
•Hypothalamic Pituitary response

12. Physiologic Manifestations of Stress
(Contd.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dilation of pupils
Diaphoresis
Increases heart rate
Paleness of the skin
Increased blood pressure
Increased cardiac output
Increased rate & depth of respiration
Decreased urine output

13. Physiologic Manifestations of Stress
(Contd.)
•
•
•
•
•
Dry mouth
Increased peristalsis of the intestines
Increased muscle tension
Increased blood sugar
Lethargy, Mental lassitude, inactivity

14. Psycho logic Manifestations of
Stress
• Anxiety- mild, moderate, sever anxiety
• Fear
• Anger- Hostility, Aggression, Violence
• Depression

15. Cognitive Manifestations of Stress
•
•
•
•
•
•
Problem-solving
Structuring
Self-control
Suppression
Fantasy or day-dreaming
Prayer

16. Verbal & Motor Manifestations of
Stress
•Crying
•Verbal abuse
•Laughing
•Screaming
•Hitting or Kicking
•Holding & touching

17. Unconscious ego defense
mechanisms

18. Stress at cellular level
Cellular injury
Causes• Hypoxia
• Physical Agents – Extremes of
temperature, Radiation & electrical
shock, Mechanical trauma
• Chemical agents
• Disordered immune response
• Genetic disorders

19. Adaptation
Modes of Adaptation
•Physiologic Mode/ Biologic adaptation
•Psycho logic adaptation
•Socio-cultural Adaptation

20. Characteristics of Adaptive responses
•All adaptive responses are attempts to maintain
homeostasis.
•Adaptation is a whole body or total body responses.
•Adaptive responses have limits.
•Adaptation requires time.
•Adaptability varies from person to person.
•Adaptive responses may be inadequate or excessive.
•Adaptive responses are ego-centric and tiring.

21. Dimensions of Adaptation






Physical
Developmental
Emotional
Intellectual
Social
Spiritual

22. Stages of Adaptation to response
1. An Alarm reaction
Shock Phase
Counter shock phase
2. Stage of resistance
3. Stage of exhaustion

23. General Adaptation response
ALARM REACTION
1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior pituitary
Increased ADH – increased water absorption
Decreased urine output

24. General Adaptation response
3. Anterior pituitary
Increased ADH- Adrenal cortexIncreased Aldosterone
4. SNS & Adrenal medulla
Increased epinephrine
Increased nor epinephrine
5. Fight or Flight

25. General Adaptation response
RESISTANCE
Sterilization
Hormonal levels return to normal
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Adaptation to stress

26. General Adaptation response
EXHAUSTION
Increased physiological response as in alarm
reaction
Decreased energy levels
Decreasing physiological adaptation
Death

27. Local Adaptation Syndrome
•Reflex pain response
•Inflammatory response

28. Inflammatory response
Vascular &
Exudative Reparative
cellular
response
stage
response

29. Illness
Stages-
1. Transition from health to illness
2. Period of accepted illness
3. Convalescent stage

30. Illness behavior
IGUN’s 11 stages of illness behavior
1. Symptom experience
2. Self-treatment or medication
3. Communication to others
4. Assessment of symptoms
5. Sick-role assumption
6. Concern

31. Illness behavior ( Contd.)
7. Efficacy of treatment
8. Selection of treatment
9. Treatment
10. Assessment of effectiveness of treatment
11. Recovery & Rehabilitation

32. Nursing Implications
•Promoting healthy Life-style
•Enhancing Coping strategies
•Teaching relaxation exercises
•Educating
•Enhancing social support
•Recommending support & therapy Group
•Crises intervention

33. Stages of health behavior change
•Pre-contemplation
•Contemplation
•Preparation
•Action
•Maintenance