Understanding the stress response
Hormonal response to stress
The two-waves response
Concentrating on Glucocorticoids (GCs)
GCs into the brain
Mood and depression
Reproduction
Understanding the stress response
Hormonal response to stress
The two-waves response
Concentrating on Glucocorticoids (GCs)
GCs into the brain
Mood and depression
Reproduction
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
Stress and Physical Activity was the first in the Ingear Fitness seminar series. It covers basic definitions of stress and how physical activity my help the body cope with the negative physiological responses to stress.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
Concept of stress and Stress Adaptation Model and Crisis and Crisis Intervention. These topic should be clear for healt service providers like Psychiatric nurces, Psychiatric social workers. Withoung knowing and understanding about it we can't help our clients.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
Stress and Physical Activity was the first in the Ingear Fitness seminar series. It covers basic definitions of stress and how physical activity my help the body cope with the negative physiological responses to stress.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
Concept of stress and Stress Adaptation Model and Crisis and Crisis Intervention. These topic should be clear for healt service providers like Psychiatric nurces, Psychiatric social workers. Withoung knowing and understanding about it we can't help our clients.
THE EFFECT OF FRUSTRATION,
CONFLICT AND STRESS.
For a common person, distinction between motivation and emotional states (or feelings) is not important.
However, for a student of behavioral sciences or a researcher on human motivation, it is important to understand this distinction
Understand stress on time and save yourself---its your life and its in your own hands--make and keep it healthy & happy forever! Save this presentation for yourself and study & practice it when you are stressed! All the best!
Stress has been traditionally defined as an a specific response of the organism to any kind of exogenous or endogenous stimulus that is able, due to its duration or intensity, to activate adaptation mechanisms to face the stimulus and reestablish homeostasis.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
This presentation gives a complete brief about stress adaptation and management of stress.This describes the definition of stress, pathophysiology of stress adaptation, clinical signs of stress, phases of stress , common type of stressors and the nursing interventions for stress management.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Stress
Provides stimulus for change and growth
– Some positive, necessary
– Too much
• Poor judgment, physical illness, inability to cope
• Affects all dimensions of person’s life
– Changes in internal and external environments
• Essential to adapt for survival
– “Fight or Flight”
3. Define the Concept of Stress
Hans Selye -General Adaptation Syndrome
– Describes physiological events during stress response
• STRESSORS – internal or external stimuli that cause stress
– Physiological, psychological, social, environmental, developmental,
spiritual or cultural
– Internal or external
• STRESS – any situation where nonspecific demand requires
an individual to respond or take action
• Perception may initiate the stress response
4. Physiological Adaptation
Body’s ability to maintain homeostasis
– Controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
• Unconscious responses – automatic
• Negative feedback system
– Adjust heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, temperature,
fluid and electrolyte balances, hormone secretions, level of
consciousness
• Medulla oblongata
• Reticular formation
• Pituitary gland
6. Reticular Formation
Small cluster of neurons in brain stem and
spinal cord
Controls vital functions, continuously
monitoring physiological status of body
through connections with sensory and
motor tracts
7. Pituitary Gland
Pituitary gland, attached to hypothalamus
– Produces hormones necessary for adaptation
to stress
• Secretions of thyroid, gonadal and parathyroid
hormones
– Hormone levels fall, secretions increase
– Hormone levels rise, secretions decrease
8. Limitations of Homeostatic
Control
Healthy-meet day to day needs
– Only short term control over body’s equilibrium
• Cannot adapt to long-term changes in hormones or vital
functions
– Illness, injury or prolonged stress decreases adaptive
capacity
• Results in inadequate homeostatic control or breakdown of
feedback system
– Leads to further illness or death
– Severe stress
• Hormones insufficient in quantity to provide physiological
energy needed for coping
– Condition deteriorates, functioning declines
9. Models of Stress Related to
Nursing Practice
Selye’s GAS model
– Stress- nonspecific response of body to any
demand made on it
• Physiological response of the whole body
– No individual responses
– Useful determining physiological responses
10. Adaptation Model
People experience anxiety and increased stress
when unprepared to cope with stressful
situations
4 factors determine if situation is stressful
– Person’s experience with similar stressors, support
systems and overall perception of the stressor
– Practices and norms of peer group
• Can they talk about it?
– Impact of social environment in assisting
individual to adapt to stressor
– Resources available
11. Stimulus-based Model
Focuses on disturbing or disruptive events
in the environment
– Change is normal
– Perceptions are irrelevant
– All have common threshold
12. Transaction-based Model
Views person and environment in
dynamic, reciprocal, interactive
relationship
– Stress originates from relationship between the
person and the environment
13. Factors Influencing Response to
Stressors
Physiological functioning
Personality
Behavioral characteristics
Nature of stressor
– Perception of intensity or magnitude
– Scope
– Duration
– Other stressors
– Predictability
– Resources available
– Support group
14. Adaptation
Processes physiological or psychosocial
dimensions change in response to stress
– An attempt to maintain optimal functioning
– Requires active response from whole person
15. Dimensions of Adaptation
Physical
– Local adaptation and general adaptation syndrome
Developmental
– Success in past, more likely to succeed now
Emotional
– Physiological defense mechanisms, personality strengths
Intellectual
– Education, problem solving, communication skills, realistic
perception
Social
– Social network
Spiritual
16. Local Physiological Adaptation
Response of body tissue, organ or part to
the stress of trauma, illness or other
physiological change
– Blood clotting, wound healing,
accommodation to light, response to pressure
• Localized
• Adaptive, needs stressor to stimulate it
• Short term
• Restorative
17. Localized Adaptation Syndrome
Reflex pain response
– CNS responds
• Protects from further tissue damage
– Sensory receptor, sensory nerve to spinal cord,
connector neuron in spinal cord, motor nerve from spinal
cord, effector muscle
• Pull hand from hot surface
18. Localized Adaptation Syndrome
Inflammatory Response
– Stimulated by trauma or infection
• Localizes infection, prevents spread, promotes healing
– Local pain, swelling, heat, redness, change in functioning
• First phase – changes in cells and circulatory system
– Vasoconstriction, histamine release, increased blood flow,
increasing WBC’s, capillary permeability increased
• Second phase – release or exudate
• Third phase – repair of tissue by regeneration or scar
formation
19. 3 Phases of General Adaptation
Syndrome
Physiological response of whole body to
stress
– Involves many body systems
• Primarily autonomic nervous system and endocrine
system
20. Alarm Reaction
Mobilizes defense mechanisms of body and mind to
cope with stressor
– Hormone levels rise to increase blood volume
– Increase blood glucose levels to make energy available
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase
• “fight or flight”
– Increased heart rate, blood flow to muscles, oxygen intake, greater
mental alertness
– Pupils dilate for greater visual field
• May last a minute to many hours
– Extreme or long term
• May threaten life
– If stressor still present after initial alarm reaction, progresses to next
phase
21. Resistance Phase
Body stabilizes
– Hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressures and
cardiac output return to normal
– Attempting to adapt
• If stress can be resolved, body repairs damage
• If stressor remains present and adaptation fails, enters
third phase
22. Exhaustion Phase
When body can no longer resist stress and
energy is depleted
– Physiological response is intensified
• Energy is compromised
• Adaptation diminishes
– Body cannot defend itself
• Physiological regulation diminishes
– If stress continues, death may result
23. Behavioral Responses to Stress
Psychological adaptive behaviors
(Coping Mechanisms)
– Constructive
• Help accept challenge to resolve conflict
– Destructive
• Do not help cope with stressor
– Affect reality orientation, problem-solving abilities, personality and
in severe cases, ability to function
– Task oriented
• Use problem solving skills to cope with threat
– Ego-defense mechanisms
• Regulate emotional distress, protecting from anxiety and stress
24. Task-oriented Behaviors
Use cognitive abilities to reduce stress, solve
problems, resolve conflicts
– Enable one to cope realistically with demands of
stressor
• Attack behavior – act to remove or overcome a stressor
or satisfy a need
• Withdrawal behavior – removing the self physically or
emotionally from the stressor
• Compromise behavior – changing the usual method of
operating, substituting goals, or omitting the satisfaction
of needs to meet other needs or to avoid stress
25. Ego-defense Mechanisms used as
Stress Responses
Unconscious behaviors that offer psychological
protection from a stressful event
– Help protect against feelings of worthlessness and anxiety
• Can become distorted, becomes destructive
– Compensation
• Make up for deficiency by exaggerating strength
– Conversion
• Transfer conflict into nonorganic symptom
– Denial
• Refuse to consciously acknowledge
– Displacement
• Transfer emotions to less anxiety-producing substitute
– Identification
• Pattern behavior after another
26. Effects of Prolonged Stress
Developmentally
– Unable to complete devekopmental task
• Repeated stress can lead to maturational crisis
Intellectually
– Short term memory impaired
– Ability to learn impaired
Emotionally
– Relate to prior experiences
Family
– Respect client’s ideals of family
• Poor communication and maladaptive behaviors may affect outcome
Lifestyle
– Smoking, drinking, obesity, homosexuality
• Set aside personal judgments
Sociocultural
– Individualized beliefs
Spiritual
– Individualized
27. Spiritual
Religion and spirituality are not the same
Religion
– System of organized beliefs and worship
Spirituality
– Unique capacity for love, joy, caring, compassion and
for finding meaning in life’s difficult experiences
During stress, one relies on their faith, but may
abandon their practices out of disillusionment
and anger
28. Assessment of Stress
Physiological – objective
– Elevated B/P
– Increased neck, shoulder and back tension
– Elevated pulse and respirations
– Sweaty palms
– Cold hands and feet
– Slumped posture
– Fatigue
– Tension headache
– Upset stomach
– High pitched voice
– Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
– Appetite change, weight change
– Urinary frequency
– Abnormal labs
• Elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, catecholamine levels,
hyperglycemis
– Restless
• Difficulty falling asleep or frequent awakening
– Dilated pupils
29. Physical Disorders related to
Stress
Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases
Some cancers
Immunological disorders
Migraine headaches
Infertility
Burnout
Exacerbates Parkinson’s and Tourette’s
syndrome
30. Levels of Stress
Mild
– Few minutes to few hours
• Usually don’t affect health unless several at once
Moderate
– Several hours to days
Severe
– several weeks to several years
• More frequent and longer, the higher the health risk
• As stress increases, stress behaviors increase, decreasing energy and
adaptive responses
Assess perception to decide level for patient
– several weeks to several years
• More frequent and longer, the higher the health risk
• As stress increases, stress behaviors increase, decreasing energy and
adaptive responses
31. Assessment of Stress (cont)
Psychological
– Assess for destructive behaviors
Developmental
– Assess where they are developmentally
• Any delays, are they new?
Emotional
– Observe behavior
Intellectual
– Assess learning, cognitive appraisal, attention span
Family
– What do they consider effective emotional support
• Do they have it?
Lifestyle
– Smoking, obesity, drug abuse, chronic sleep deprivation
– Regular exercise, adequate rest, nutritious diet
Sociocultural
– Be aware of cultural differences
Spiritual
– Examine how beliefs and values have changed
What does client expect?
32. Nursing Diagnoses Related to
Stress
Need defining characteristics
– Identify etiology
Activity intolerance
Anxiety
Caregiver role strain
Coping, ineffective family or individual: compromised or
disabling
Fatigue
Fear
Growth and development, altered
Hopelessness
Injury, risk for
Self-esteem disturbance
33. Stress Management Techniques
Goals
– Reduce frequency of stress-inducing situations
– Decrease physiological response to stress
– Improve behavioral and emotional responses
to stress
34. Stress Management Techniques
Health promotion
– Regular exercise
– Good nutrition
– Adequate rest
– Effective time management
• More in control of life
– Prioritize tasks
– Interactions with positive support systems
– Humor
35. Acute Care
Crisis Intervention
– Therapeutic technique to help resolve immediate stress
problem
• Addresses immediate, urgent need for stress reduction
– Crises
• When one encounters problems or stress situations they are unable
to cope with in usual fashion
• SITUATIONAL
– External
• Symptoms transient, episode brief
• new baby, role change, acute illness, family change
• DEVELOPMENTAL
– Internal
• Unable to complete developmental tasks of stage
• can occur at any point
•
37. Restorative Care
Assist in life style changes that are healthy and stress
reducing
– SMOKING CESSATION
– HUMOR
• Use appropriately
– Laughing alleviates stress, releases endorphins
– SPIRITUALITY
• Prayer, meditation or reading religious material
– SELF ESTEEM
• Stress positive characteristics
– RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
• Guided imagery, progressive relaxation, meditation, biofeedback
– STRESS MANAGEMENT
38. Stress in Workplace
Stress is working women’s number one problem
– Stressors: workload, institutional policies, conflict
with co-workers, dealing with death, conflict with
physicians, inadequate preparation to deal with
emotional needs of clients and families
• Level of stress depends on personality, health status,
previous experiences with stress, coping mechanisms
– Job stress = Burnout
• Depletes energy to deal with it
• Sense of helplessness and negativism
• No positive rewards
• Anger or apathy
– Identify stressors and strive to eliminate them