bibliography and references. various kind of bibliography and references. elements of bibliography and references. sources of bibliography and references.

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AND REFERNCES
PREPARED BY: Dhruvi patel
FY MSC NURSING
C.M.P.C.O.N

3. What is bibliography???
• A bibliography is a orderly list of resources on a
particular subject.
• A bibliography provide the full references
information for all the sources which you may have
consulted in preparing a particular project.
• The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader
to trace the sources used.

4. Elements in bibliography
• Author
• Title of documentation
• Date ( year of publication)
• Place of publication
• Edition
• Periodicity ( volume/ issue/ part number)
• series

5. standard Citation Styles
Used in a Bibliography
• There are various formats used in the creation of a
bibliography such as the American Psychological
Association (APA), Modern Language Association of
America (MLA) and Chicago Manual of Style and
Council of Biology Editors (CBE)
• The APA style of referencing is common in the papers
written on topics of social science MLA style is used
in field of humanities; and CBE is a popular citation
style in the natural sciences.

6. • Examples:-
MLA
For book Author Title of book Subtitle City of
Publication Publisher, Year Amold, Francis, Greece,
Texas Steck-Vaughn, 1902
APA
• Author's last name, first initial (Publication date)
book title Additional information City of publication,
Publishing company
• Allen, T. (1974) vanishing wildlife of North america
Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.

7. Making a Bibliography
• For a Book
Author(last name first).
Title of the book, City:
Publisher, Date of
publication
Example:-
Godin, Seth. Purple cow:
Transform your business by
being Remarkable New
York: Upper Saddle
River,2002.

8. • For an Encyclopedia
Title , Edition Date Volume Number.
Article Title page numbers
Example:-
The Encyclopedia Britain 1999 Volume
7. Gerillas pg. 51-55.

9. • for a magazine
Author (last name first),
"Article Title Name of
magazine. Volume number.
(Date) page numbers
Example:-
Jordan, Jennifer Filing on
the world. Museum of
Science Magazine Volume 7
(winter1995)

10. • For a Newspaper
Author the same first,
"Article Tale Name of
newspaper, city of
publication (date )if
available, section, page
numbers)
Example:-
Powers A New Trend The
New York Times New
York, NY Atlantic Region
Section 2 pg 23

11. • World Wide Web
URI (Uniform
Resource Locator or
WWW address),
author (or items name,
if mentioned).
Example:-
http://www.TheHindu.
com Today's news,
August 1, 2012

12. • Government
Publications
US Environmental
Protection Agency, Office
of Air and Radiation
Healthy buildings,
Healthy People: A vision
for the 21 Century
October 2001.

13. References

14. What is reference??
The detailed description of the documentation
from which you have obtained your information.
Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you
have done that reading.

15. Why do we need
references??
• To acknowledge other works.
• To allow other reader to find the original sources
easily.
• To get recognition and authentication of the
work.
• To make the work informative.
• To trace the intellectual development of the ideas
you present.

16. Source of references
• Book
• Journal
• Newspaper/ magazine
• Conference paper/ proceedings
• Institutional/ government publication
• Electronic sources- website, CD-ROM, database
theses/ report/ unpublished work etc.

18. • Most people are not aware of the differences
between bibliography and references. They often
make the mistake that the two are same.
However, they are different and used in different
Most people a contexts in each essay, article, or
book.

19. • Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have
been consulted while writing an article or a book.
References, on the other hand, are those that have
been referred to or referenced in your article or book.
• you might have consulted a lot of books, essays, and
websites for writing something. Though you might
have referred to these materials while preparing a
rough draft, the contents of these may or may not have
been included in the actual text.
• A list of all such materials is known as bibliography.

20. • References are a list of those materials that are
directly included in your actual text.
• While all the items in references are cited directly
in the text, all the items of bibliography may not be
cited directly in the text. While reference can be
used to support your statement or argument or used
to supplement your finding, a bibliography does not
have such roles.

21. • such references are used for establishing
something in a more authoritative way.
Reader could refer your references and
evaluate the correctness of your statement.
• Meanwhile, a bibliography does not support
your arguments directly as it is not cited, and
the reader can not clearly establish where a
particular item of the bibliography is referred
to in your study.

22. • A bibliography will contain all research materials,
including books, magazines, periodicals, websites,
and scientific papers, which you have referred.
References contain source of material like quotes
or texts, which has been actually used when
writing an essay or book Both bibliography and
references appear at the end of the book or article,
but if both are available, bibliography comes after
the reference list.

23. • A bibliography may contain all the items that
have appeared in the reference list, plus some
additional works.
• Both bibliography and references are arranged
alphabetically. But a reference list can also be
arranged in numeric style, which means
arranging the references chronologically
accord- ing to the numbers in the text.

24. • While writing a bibliography, you have to include
the authors last and first name, year of publication,
name of the book or journal, place of publication,
and name of publishers. In case of websites,
organizations as authors, or other such sources,
additional information should be provided for the
convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up,
the differences between bibliography and
references:

25. • Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have
been consulted while writing an article. essay, or
book. References, on the other hand, are those that
have been directly referred to or referenced in your
article or book.
• Items of a bibliography are not directly included in
the text. References are those that are directly cited
in your actual text.
• Both bibliography and references are arranged
alphabetically, but a reference list can also be
arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.

26. VANCOUVER
STYLE OF
REFERENCE
WRITING

27. • The Vancouver Style, or Uniform Requirements
Style, is based on an American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National
Library of Medicine (NLM) for databases, such as
Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978
by editors of medical journals, who now meet
annually as the International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Over 500
medical journals [including prestigious journals,
such as British Medical Journal (BMJ), Canadian
Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), and Journal
of American Medical Association (JAMA)] use
this style

28. Citation Within the Text
Indicating the Relevant
Reference in the Text

29. • A number in superscript format, for example or
enclosed in brackets (round or square),
for example:-
(1) or [26], placed in the text of the essay indicates
the relevant reference. Citations are numbered
consecutively in the order in which they appear in
the text and each citation corresponds to a
numbered reference containing publication
information about the source in the reference list at
the end of the publication, essay, or assignment.

30. Once a source has been cited, the same number is
used for all subsequent references. No distinction is
made between print and electronic sources of
references when citing within the text. Here are some
examples of this kind of referencing.

31. Superscript format
• The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm,13 .
• The theory was first put forward in 1987.
• Scholtz has argued that...
• Several recent studies have suggested that...

32. Bracket format
• The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm
[13].
• The theory was first put forward in 1987 (1).
Scholtz (2) has argued that.... .
• Several recent studies [3,4,15,16] have suggested
that...

33. Citation More than One
Reference at a Time
When citation more than one source at a time, the
preferred method is to list each reference number
separately with a comma or en-dash (without
spaces) between each reference.

34. IMPORTANT
ISSUES
NUMBERING

35. • Number: list all references in order
by number, not alphabetically. Each
reference is listed once only, since the
same number is used throughout the
paper.
• Authors: List each author's last name
and initials; full first names are not
included as per this reference style. List
all authors of a given publication, but if
the number exceeds six, give the first
six names followed by 'et al.' For books
with chapters written by different.
authors, list the authors of the chapter
first, then the chapter title, followed by
'In:, the editors' names, and the book
title.

36. • Book and chapter titles: Capitalize the
first letter of the first word in the title.
The rest of the title is in lower-case,
with the exception of proper names. Do
not underline the title; do not use
italics.
• Journal citations: Provide the
abbreviated journal title, period year,
semicolon, volume, issue number in
parentheses, colon, page range (elided
to the minimum), and a period. For
example: Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-
6.)

37. • Pages: For journals, the entire page range of an
article or chapter is given, not the specific page
on which the information was found. For books,
no page numbers are given, with two exceptions:
the page number of a dictionary entry is included
as well as the page range of a chapter within a
multi author title

38. Format of Writing the
Reference

39. 1. Books
Only the first letter of the
first word in the title of a
book or conference should
be capitalized except for
proper nouns or acronyms.
Capitalize the 'V in volume
for a book title.
Standard Format #.
Author/editor AA. Title:
subtitle. Edition (if not the
first). Vol. (if a multivolume
work). Place of publication:
Publisher; Year. page
number(s) (if appropriate).

40. • Single author
1. Microscopic techniques in
biotechnology. Weinheim:
Wiley-VCH, 2003.
2. Storey KB, editor.
Functional metabolism:
regulation and adaptation.
Hoboken (NJ): J.
3. Wiley Storey KB, editor.
Functional metabolism:
regulation and adaptation.
Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley &
Sons; 2004.

41. • Two or more authors or
editors
1. Lawhead JB, Baker MC.
Introduction to veterinary
science. Clifton Park
(NY): Thomson Delmar
Learning; 2005.
2. Gilstrap LC,
Cunningham FG, Van
Dorsten JP, editors.
Operative obstetrics. 2nd
ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill; 2002.

42. • No author
The Oxford concise
medical dictionary. 6th ed.
Oxford: Oxford University
Press; 2003. p. 26.
• Multiple volumes
Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster
J, Athens JW, Lukens JN,
editors. Wintrobes clinical
hematology. 9th ed. Vol. 2.
Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger; 1993

43. • Series
Unwin E, Codde J P, Bartu A. The impact of drugs
other than alcohol and tobacco on the health of Western
Australians. Perth: Department of Health; 2004.
Epidemiology occasional papers series, No. 20.
• Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
American Veterinary Medical Association. National
Board Examination Committee. North American
Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of
information for candidates. Bismarck (ND): The
Committee; 2001.

44. • Conference (complete conference proceedings)
Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell
tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour
conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York:
Springer; 2002.
• Government publication Australia. Commonwealth
Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003.
Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2003. .

45. • Scientific/technical report
Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an
expedition in Antarctica: with comment on behavioural
adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian
Govern- ment Department of Science, Antarctic
Division. ANARE scientific reports. Series B(4),
Medical science No. 0126.

46. • Thesis or Dissertation
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone
survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD [dissertation].
Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University;
2002. Hincks CL. The detection and characterization of
novel papillomaviruses. Biomedical Science, Honours
[thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001.
• Patent/standard
Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc.,
assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting
device and positioning tool assembly. United States
patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1

47. II. Parts of a book Note
• Note:
These examples are for chapters or parts
of edited works in which the chapters or
parts have individual title and author/s,
but are included in collections or
textbooks edited by others. If the editors
of a work are also the authors of all of
the included chapters then it should be
cited as a whole book using the
examples given above (books).
Capitalize only the first word of a paper
or book chapter.

48. Standard Format
#. Author of Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In:
Editor A, Editor B, editors. Title: subtitle of Book.
Edition (if not the first). Place of publication:
Publisher; Year. Page numbers.

49. • Article/chapter in a book
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome
alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B,
Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.
• Conference or seminar paper
Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's
computational effort statistic for genetic
programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan
C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming.
EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European
Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5;
Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.

50. III. Journal articles.
• Note: Capitalize only the first word
of an article title, except for proper
nouns or acronyms. List the first six
authors followed by 'et al. The titles
of journals should be abbreviated as
they appear in the MEDLINE
Journals Database. Volume, issue,
and page numbers are given but not
labeled. To indicate a page range,
use elided ranges, for example 123-
9, 126-34, or 111-222. If you refer to
only one page, use only 111.

51. • Standard Format
#. Author of article AA, Author of article BB,
Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).

52. • More than six authors
Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bourke ATC,
Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, et al. Ciguat- era in Australia:
occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584-90.
• Organization as author
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants
with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension.
2002;40(5):679-86. .

53. • No author given
21st century heart solution may have a sting in the
tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7537):184.
• Volume with supplement
Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability
and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long term
use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with
sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:593-9.
• Issue with supplement
Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical
practice. Neurology. 2002;58 (12 Suppl 7):S6-12.

54. • Volume with part
403 Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanaly tic method
from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal.
2002;83(Pt 2):491-5.
• Issue with part
Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace MJ, Price RE,
Wright KC. Development of a large animal model for
lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-
8.

55. • Issue with no volume
Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative
frozen section analysis in revision total joint
arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230-8.
• Newspaper article
O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter
cold. The West Australian. 2005 Jun 29;1

56. IV. E- book
Standard Format
Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format].
Place: Publisher; Date of original publication
[cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from:
Source. URL.

57. Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS.
Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences
[e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley
InterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available
from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.
Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R.
Clinical interviewing [e-book]. 3rd ed. New York:
John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30].
Available from: NetLibrary.

58. • Article in an electronic reference book: -
Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S,
editors. The Oxford compan- ion to the body [e-book].
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited 2005 Jun
30]. Available from: Oxford Reference Online.
http://www.oxfordreference.com.
Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification.
In: Siegel J, Knupfer G, Saukko P, editors.
Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego:
Academic Press; 2000 [cited 2005]: 1331-8. Available
from: Science Direct Reference.
www.elsevier.com.

59. V. E- Journals
• Standard Format
Author A, Author B. Title
of article. Abbreviated Title
of Journal [format]. Year
[cited year abbreviated
month day];vol.(no): page
numbers (estimated if
necessary]. Available from:
data- base name (if
appropriate). URL.

60. • Journal article abstract accessed from online
database:
Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, et al. A
serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central
African non-human primates. J Infect Dis [abstract].
2004 [cit ed 2005 Jun 301;190(11):1895. Available
from: ProQuest. http://www.umi.com/ proquest/

61. • Journal article from online full-text database:
Note: When including the internet address of articles
retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please
use the site "Recommended URLs for Full-text
Databases', which are the URLs for the main entrance
to the service and are easier to reproduce.
1. Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell
tolls: debates about biomedicine (1). Curr
Anthropol[serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun
30];43(2):271+[about 31 pages]. Available from:
Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.

62. • Journal article in a scholarly journal (published
free of charge on the internet):
Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS,
Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al. Gulf War veterans'
health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann
Intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005
June 30];142(11):881+(about 12 pages]. Available
from: http://www.annals.org/.

63. • Journal article in electronic journal subscription:
Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al.
Interactions between psychosocial problems and
management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J
Asthma [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005
Jun 301;42(4): 249-56. Available from:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/.

64. • Newspaper article from online database:
Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The
Australian [newspaper online]. 2005 Jun 14 [cited
2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from:
Factiva. http://global.factiva.com.
• Newspaper article from the internet:
Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers.
Sydney Morning Herald [newspaper on the Internet].
2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4-5. Available
from: http://www. smh.com.au/.

65. VI. Internet Documents
• Standard Format
#. Author A, Author B.
Document title. Webpage name
[format]. Source/production
informa- tion; Date of internet
publication [cited year month
day]. Available from: URL.

66. • Professional Internet site:
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic
diseases and associated risk factors [document on the
Internet]. Canberra: The Institute; 2004 [updated 2005
June 23; cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from:
http://www.aihw.gov.au/cdarf/index.cfm

67. • Personal Internet site:
Stanley Health Research [homepage on the
Internet]. Perth: The Institute; 2005 [cited 2005
Jun 30] Available from:
http://www.ichr.uwa.edu.au/about/schools/
• General Internet site:
Lavelle P. Mental state of the nation. Health
matters [document on the Internet]. ABC on line:
2005 May 19 [cited 2005 Jul 1]. Available from:
http://abc.net.au/health/features/ mentalstate/.

68. VII. Writing Reference
for Non-Book Formats
Standard Format
Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate). Title:
subtitle [format]. Special credits (if appropriate).
Place of publication: Publisher; Year

69. • Podcasts:
Gary, S. Black hole death ray. StarStuff [podcast on
the Internet]. Sydney: ABC News Radio; 2007 Dec
23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from
http://abc.net.au/newsradio/
podcast/STARSTUFF.xml.
• Microform:
Terry KW, Hewson GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation
of inhaled dusts at minesites [microfiche] Perth:
Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western
Australia; 1998.

70. • Television programme:
Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners
[television broadcast]. Australian Broadcasting
Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

71. VIII. Personal
Communications
• Conversation:
In a conversation with a colleague
from the School of Population Health
(Jameson LI 2002, oral
communication, 7th August).

72. • Letter:
As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July
2002...
• Email:
Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology
[online]. E-mail to Matthew Hart
(mh@hospital.wa.gov.au) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar
17].

73. AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
STYLE OF
REFERENCES

74. • I. Books
Single-author book and part of a book:
Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American
Usage. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Book with two or more authors:
Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A.
(1983). Computers in the world of business
communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

75. • Edition other than first (Republished book):
Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the technology of
the absurd. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin (Original work
published 1975)
• An edited volume (Anthology or reference book):
Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The
female autograph: Theory and practice of
autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.

76. • Book without author or editor listed:
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961).
Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. To alphabetize
such an entry on your Reference page, use the first
significant word of the title (ignoring the articles, "a,"
"an," and "the").
• Multivolume work:
Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994-2003).
Studies in the history of cutlery (Vols. 4-6). Utica,
NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.

77. II. Secondary Resources
O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever
happened to the humanities? In 1. Rubenzahl (Ed.),
Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235-278). Hartford,
CT: Merganser University Press.
III. Dictionary

78. IV. Dissertation or Dissertation Abstract
When you have used an abstract of the dissertation
found on microfilm in Dissertation Abstracts
International (DAI). If you are using a microfilm
source, include in parentheses at the end of your
entry, the university microfilm number.
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the
poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794

79. V. Magazines/Periodicals
Wheat croft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair.
The Atlantic, 293, 56-72. Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M.
(2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of
Chalabi. News- week, 143, 22- 32.

80. VI. Scholarly Journal
Many scholarly journals number their pages
consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus,
volume one might end on page 345 and the first page
of volume two would be number 345. Do not use p. or
pp. to indicate page numbers. Notice that proper
nouns are capitalized in an APA-style title, but other
words are not. A comma separates the title of the
journal from the volume number, but the volume
number (as well as the comma that follows) is also
italicized.

81. VII. Newspaper Articles, Editorials,
Letters to the Editor If the article is "signed" (i.e.
you know the author's name), begin with that
author's name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are
noted and separated by commas.) Do not omit the
"The" from the title of a newspaper (unlike the
MLA technique).
Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill
goes beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford Courant,
pp. F1, F6.

82. VIII. Non-Print Resources Film:
Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film].
Hollywood: Paramount. The source is identified in
brackets after the title.
IX. Personal Communication
Because this material is not recoverable (i.e. it is not
possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not
be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be
cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely
important that what is cited in this way be legitimate
and have scholarly integrity.

83. Interview:
Wilbur finds himself sometimes
surprised by the claims of religiosity
made by contemporaries. (personal
letter, March 28, 1977)
Phone conversation:
According to Connie May Fowler,
the sources for her novel Sugar Cane
were largely autobiographical
(personal phone conversation, July
22, 2003).

84. X. Classroom Lecture
Like personal interviews and phone conversations,
material presented in a classroom lecture is
regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture,
therefore, should be cited within the text but not be
included in your References. The model below
could also be used for more formal lecture settings.

85. XI. Government Documents
Report from the Government Printing Office,
corporate author.
Example: • National Institute of Mental Health.
(1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of
scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-
1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.

86. XII. Electronic and Online Resources
• Online article
• Online abstract
• Electronic database

89. Assignment
Write any 5 bibliography and references from
library