Harvard and APA referencing

1. Introduction to Referencing
Harvard & APA
October 2018
RachelWhite

2. What is referencing and why do I need
to do it?
• Acknowledge when using
someone’s work
• To make clear to the reader that
this idea is not your own
• Demonstrate the breadth of
reading and individual research
• Support and improve your
argument
• An academic skill for all levels
• To allow you, your tutor and other
readers to retrieve items that you
have mentioned
• To avoid accusations of plagiarism

3. What is Plagiarism and how to avoid
it?

4. What is plagiarism?
• Passing off as your own a piece of work
that is partly or wholly the work of
another student
• Citing and referencing sources that you
have not used
• Quoting, summarising or paraphrasing
material in your assignment without
citing the original source
• 'Recycling' a piece of your own work that
you have previously submitted for
another module or course (i.e. self-
plagiarism).
(Palgrave Study SkillsOnline, 2018)

5. Avoiding plagiarism
• Take effective notes
• Don’t leave assignments
to the last minute
• Keep a note of the
sources you have used
• Reference accurately and
correctly

6. Harvard and APA Referencing

7. When to use each style?
CrimSoc Students –Will use Harvard
CrimPsych Students - can use Harvard or APA, however if
you are completing an assignment for the Psychology
department you will need to use APA

8. Harvard & APA Referencing consists
of…

9. InText Citations – when are they
needed?Harvard
• When you quote someone word for word
• E.g. ‘Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or values that all of us develop, usually
unconsciously, about the way that the world is or ought to be’ (Brown,
Esbensen and Geis, 2015, p. 8)
• When you paraphrase someone i.e. putting something into your own words
• E.g. Brown, Esbensen and Geis (2015, p.8) state that we all develop at set of
beliefs or values about how the world should be, this is usual unconscious.
• When you summarise e.g. sum up someone’s argument, whole theory/article
• E.g. One important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and
linguistic links between European races and cultures

10. InText Citations – when are they
needed?APA
• When you quote someone word for word
• E.g. ‘Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or values that all of us develop, usually
unconsciously, about the way that the world is or ought to be’ (Brown,
Esbensen and Geis, 2015)
• When you paraphrase someone i.e. putting something into your own words
• E.g. Brown, Esbensen and Geis state (2015) that we all develop at set of beliefs
or values about how the world should be, this is usual unconscious.
• When you summarise e.g. sum up someone’s argument, whole theory/article
• E.g. One important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and
linguistic links between European races and cultures

11. Common Knowledge and when to cite
Common Knowledge
Ask yourself:
Did I know this information before you started your course?
Did this information or idea come from my own brain?
If the answer to either or both of these questions is no, then the information is not
common knowledge and you should cite.
(Pears and Shields, 2016, p. 3)

12. Common Knowledge and when to cite
When to cite:
Distinctive ideas
Whenever the ideas or opinions are distinctive to
one particular source.
Distinctive structure or organising strategy
Even though you may have put it into your own
words, if the author has adopted a particular
method of approaching a problem, or there is a
distinctive intellectual structure to what’s written,
for example to an argument or to the analysis of a
concept, then you must cite the source.
Information or data from a particular source
If you’ve gathered information from a source in
the form of facts, statistics, tables and diagrams,
you will need to cite the source, so your readers
will know who gathered the information and
where to find it.
Verbatim phrase or passage
Even a single word, if it is distinctive to your author’s
argument.You must use quotation marks and cite the
source.
If it’s not common knowledge
Whenever you mention some aspect of another
person’s work, unless the information or opinion is
widely known, you must cite the source, so your
readers can follow it up.
Whenever in doubt, cite it!
It will do no harm, as long as you’re not citing just to
impress the examiner in the mistaken belief that
getting good grades depends upon trading facts, in
this case references, for marks.
(Palgrave Study Skills,2018)

13. How to reference different
resources?

14. How to reference a book
Harvard
Structure of the reference for Reference List:
Surname, Initial (Year book was published) Title of book. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example reference:
Brown, S.E., Esbensen, F.A. and Geis, G. M. (2015) Criminology: Explaining crime
and its context. 9th edn. London: Routledge.
APA
Structure of the reference for Reference List:
Author (Year) Title in italics. (Edition if appropriate) Place of publication
and name of publisher
Example reference:
American PsychiatricAssociation. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders : DSM-5. (5th ed.).Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric
Association.

15. How to reference a chapter in a book
Harvard
Structure of the reference for Reference List:
Surname, Initial (Year book was published) ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editors name (ed.) Title of book.
Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers of chapter.
Example reference:
Burman, M. and Geisthorpe, L. (2017) ‘Feminist criminology: Inequalities, powerlessness and justice’
in Liebling, S., Maruna, S. McAra, L. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 6th edn. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, pp. 213-238.
APA
Structure of the reference for Reference List:
Author, A. A. (Year).Title of chapter. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). Location:
Publisher.
Example reference:
Burman, M. & Geisthorpe, L. (2017) Feminist criminology: Inequalities, powerless and justice. In
S.Liebling, S. Maruna & L.McAra (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 6th ed. (pp.213-238).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

16. How to reference an academic journal
Harvard
Structure of the reference:
Surname, Initial (Year journal issue was published) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal,Volume
number (issue number), page range of article.
Example reference:
Becker, H. (1967) ‘Whose side are we on?’, Social Problems, 14(3), pp. 239-247.
APA
Structure of the reference:
Author (Year).Title of article. Title of journal, vol, pp-pp. DOI:
Example Reference
Gabriel, S., &Young, A. (2011). Becoming a vampire without being bitten:The narrative
collective-assimilation hypothesis. Psychological Science, 22, 990-999. doi:
10.1177/0956797611415541.

17. How to reference a website
Harvard
Structure of the reference:
Author/Organisation (Year) Title of web document or web page. Available at: web site
address (Accessed date).
Example reference: BBC(2018) Lindholme Prison: Policing perimeter ‘virtually impossible’.
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-
45587674?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cwlw3xz01nrt/uk-
prisons&link_location=live-reporting-story (Accessed: 01 October 2018).
APA
Structure of the reference:
Author (Date of last update). Website name. Date retrieved and URL.
Example reference:
Zimbardo, P. (2009). Stanford Prison Experiment. Retrieved October 7, 2016 from
www.prisonexp.org

18. Reference Lists
Arranged Alphabetically by surname at the end of your assignment

19. In summary
In Summary
• Remember the two parts when referencing books, journals and
website
In text citation and full reference at the end in the reference list
• You need to put an in text citation when you quote directly
from someone else and also when you paraphrase
• Ask for help if you need it, further help can be found here:
http://libguides.rhul.ac.uk/CriminologySociology/referencing

20. Referencing
1-1s

21. Any
questions?

22. Reference Lists
Palgrave Study Skills Online (2018) Referencing and avoiding
plagiarism. Available at:
https://www.macmillanihe.com/studentstudyskills/page/Referenci
ng-and-Avoiding-Plagiarism (Accessed: 14 September 2018).
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right. 10th edn. London:
Palgrave Macmillan.