2. INTRODUCTION
Up to 92% of HIV/AIDS patient will
have one or more skin disorders
during the course their illness.
Recognizing HIV-related skin changes
may lead to the diagnosis of HIV
infection in the early stages, which
allows initiation of appropriate
antiretroviral therapy
3. INTRODUCTION
Dermatological manifestations are
seen at every stage of HIV/AIDS
Some of the conditions are unique
and virtually pathognomonic for HIV
disease like bacillary angiomatosis
and oral hairy leukoplakia.
4. HIV replication cycle and sites of drug activity
Capsid
proteins
and viral
RNA
CD4
Receptor
Viral RNA
New HIV
particles
Protease
Attachment Uncoating Reverse
Transcription
Integration Transcription Translation
Reverse
Transcriptase
Unintegrated
double stranded
Viral DNA
Integrated
viral DNA
Viral
mRNA
Integrase
gag-pol
polyprotein
1 2 3 4 5
6
Assembly and
Release
Protease Inhibitors
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Saquinavir (Fortovase)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Amprenavir (Angenerase)
Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra)
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
NRTIs
AZT (Zidovudine-Retrovir)
ddI (Didanosine-Videx)
ddC (Zalcitabine-Hivid)
d4T (Stavudine-Zerit)
3TC (Lamivudine-Epivir)
ABC(Abacavir-Ziagen)
FTC (Emtricitabine, Emtriva)
NNRTIs
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Delavirdine (Rescriptor)
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Nucleus
Cellular DNA
CCR5
or
CXCR4
co-receptor
HIV Virions
nRTI
Tenofovir DF
(Viread)
T-20
(Enfuvirtide,
Fuzeon)
5. Acute Retroviral Syndrome
80 percent of cases
several weeks before seroconversion
IP 3 to 6 weeks
Constitutional symptoms are followed
by exanthematous rash.
The more severe the ARS, the worse
the prognosis of AIDS will be.
Some recommend giving HAART for 6
months to 2 years.
6.
7. Seborrhoeic dermatitis
The most common dermatosis
The eruption, characterized by
widespread inflammatory and
hyperkeratotic lesions in seborrhoeic
areas, may progress to erythroderma.
It is usually resistant to treatment
8.
9.
10. Xerosis
Generalized dry skin syndrome is more
frequently observed in patients with
HIV infection.
It is often accompanied by severe
itching.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Pruritic papular eruption (PPE)
Common and relatively specific manifestation,
60% have advanced immunosuppression
Small, itchy, red or skin-colored papules on
the head, the neck, and the upper part of the
trunk
The cause is not known.
Emollients, steroid and antihistamines give
temporary relief
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Eosinophilic folliculitis
An idiopathic, highly pruritic, papulopustular
eruption of sterile pustules around hair
follicles involving the face, the neck, the
trunk, and the extremities and occurring in
advanced immunodeficiency.
May be the extreme of PPE.
Resistant to all forms of treatment. Steroid
may help.
22.
23.
24. Bacterial infections
Impetigo and folliculitis may be
recurrent and persistent in HIV
disease, particularly in children
Disseminated furunculosis,
gingivitis, gangrenous stomatitis,
and abscess formation frequently
occur
25.
26.
27.
28. Bacillary Angiomatosis
Known to occur exclusively in HIV infection
Caused by Bartonela quintana
It presents as fleshy, friable, protuberant
papules-to-nodules that tend to bleed very
easily.
Confuses with Kapos’s sarcoma and other
vascular tumors.
Treatment consists of prolonged use of
antibiotics.
32. Fungal Infections
Recurrent and severe
oropharyngeal candidiasis,
usually extending to the
esophagus and/or trachea is
the presenting symptom and
indicates immunosupression
33. Fungal Infections
Deep and rare fungal infections like
cryptococcosis, coccidiomycosis, and
histoplasmosis affecting the systemic
organs and the skin are unique
features of advanced AIDS.
34.
35.
36. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Very specific manifestation of HIV infection
presenting as filiform white papules or
plaques forming reticulate pattern on the
inferiolateral border of the mouth.
It is due to Epstein-Bar virus infection.
May be the initial sign of progressive
immunosuppression
37.
38.
39.
40. Warts
Lesions may be extensive and
resistant to therapy. warts usually look
like those seen in
nonimmunosuppressed patients, but
are more extensive.
Flat warts on adult face are typical
features of HIV infection.
41. Warts
Condyloma acuminata are of special
significance in persons with HIV
infection.
They are very difficult to eradicate.
Cervical dysplasia and carcinoma are
more frequent and invasive cervical ca
is a case defining illness.
42. Warts
Condyloma acuminata are of special
significance in persons with HIV
infection.
They are very difficult to eradicate.
Cervical dysplasia and carcinoma are
more frequent and invasive cervical ca
is a case defining illness.
43.
44.
45. Herpes Simplex Virus
Infection
Chronic persistent infection with herpes
simplex virus (HSV) is AIDS defining
illness.
Ulceration and necrosis is the usual finding
with no prior history of blisters.
Generalized forms with meningitis may
occur in advanced immunosupression.
Prolonged treatment with intravenous
acyclovir is needed for extensive cases.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. Herpes Zoster
Commonly seen early in the course of
HIV infection, particularly in healthy-
appearing individuals
May be particularly bullous, hemorrhagic,
necrotic, and painful
Recurrences and multidermatomal
involvement is common
Treatment need s systemic acyclovir
56. Molluscum Contagiosum
Occurrence of MC on the face of an
adult is an indication to screen for HIV
They often number greater than 100
and may involve the face, trunk, and
groin
Spontaneous healing is rare
No hematogenous spread
57.
58.
59.
60. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
The first reported malignancy in
association with HIV infection
Appears as red-to-brown flat macules
in any site, mainly above the trunk
Prognosis is poor and kills the patient
unless HAART is instituted immediately
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Scabies
Frequency the same
Norwegian (crusted) scabies, which is
characterized by wide spread
hyperkeratotic plaque occurs on palms
and soles.
Prolonged treatment with repeated
course of scabicides is needed
70.
71.
72.
73. Hypersensitivity Reactions
The immune dysregulation associated
with AIDS has made these patients to
react abnormally for any exogenous
stimuli like arthropod bite, drugs, and
UV radiation
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79. Hair and Nail Disorders
Diffuse alopecia or alopecia areata
Elongation of the eyelashes and
softening and straightening of the
scalp hair
Beau’s lines
Blue nails
Proximal subungal onychomycosis