Safety in Erection of Steel Structures

SAFETY IN ERECTION OF
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
AKASH TILOKANI
121420006
College Of Engineering , Pune
Forerunners in technical education

References
• IS 7205: 1974 – Code of Safety for Erection of
Structural Steel Work
• SP 70: 2001 – Handbook on Construction
Safety Practices

Aspects: Clause 9.1 (SP:70-2001) and
Clause 2.1 (IS:7205-1974)

Scheme

General Provisions
• Contained in IS 7205-1974, Clause 5 and its sub
clauses
• Before a man is engaged in some work, he should
be given thorough medical check up.
• The erection gang should have adequate supply of
bolts, washers, rivets, pins, etc., of correct size.
• When fitter, riveters, etc., can work from a
planked floor or a planked area, the work can be
done safely and more expeditiously. When this is
not feasible scaffolding or floats should be used.

Continued…
• When the men can work safely from the steel structure
itself, this is preferable to hanging platforms or
scaffolds, as it eliminates additional operations, which
in turn, reduces the hazard of an accident.
• The men should be taught to clean their shoes of mud,
grease, oil, snow, ice or other slippery material before
climbing ladder or going on steel or a planked floor, so
that they will not slip or drag slippery material for other
to slip on.
• Men should avoid carrying tools or other material when
using a ladder, they should use a hand rope to raise and
lower such material.

Continued…
• When a number of trusses or deep girders are
loaded in one car or a truck, all but one being
lifted should be tied back unless they have
been tied or braced to prevent their falling over
and endangering men while unloading.
• If a piece is laterally unstable when picked at
its center, use of a balance beam is advisable ,
unless a pair of bridled slings can be placed far
enough for them to be safe lifting points.

Erection Equipments
• Contained in respective clauses of SP:70-2001 and IS:7205-1974.
1. Cranes
• No crane should be used unless a competent person has inspected
and tested it and furnished a certificate specifying the maximum
working load.
• Access to and egress from the operator’s stand should be safe from
any position of the crane.
• Cranes should not be used to pull out fixed objects with a slanting
pull, drag objects or move vehicles.
• Before being put into use for the first time, jib cranes with variable
radius should undergo tests of stability and all movements.
• Jib cranes should not be operated in the proximity to the electric
power lines.

Continued …1
2. Hoists
• Hoists must be enclosed at ground level by substantial enclosures
and gates at least by 2 m high and the enclosures should be extended
to accommodate the engine or motor.
• Gates of the same height of 2 m must be provided at all landing
stages.
• The complete hoist way throughout its height shall preferably be
enclosed with a wire mesh in order to contain the accidentally
dislodged material from the hoist platform.
• There must be only one operating position for the hoist and the
driver must be trained in the job and able to see the platform
throughout the travel.
• Every hoist must be fitted with an automatic device which will
support the platform in the event of any failure of the ropes or gear.
• Every hoist must be checked or inspected once in the week.

Continued…2
3. Wire ropes
• Wire ropes should be visually inspected daily or
at the start of shifts – Idea of thorough inspection.
• One rope lay: Refers to the axial wire rope length
for one wire rope strand to completely wrap
around the wire rope assembly.
• Wires should be stocked for the machines which
are in continuous service.
• Signs of rope deterioration and guidelines of
replacement are as follows

Continued…3
Signs of deterioration Causes of Replacement
Reduction of rope diameter
(a) Loss of core support
(b) Corrosion
(c) Worn out wires
For Rope Dia Reduction more than
Up to 80 mm 4 mm
95 mm to 130 mm 8 mm
145 mm to 190 mm 12 mm
Broken outside wires (a) 12 randomly distributed broken wires in
ORL
(b) 4 broken wires in one strand in ORL
Wear of individual wires Wear of 1/3rd of the original diameter of
outside individual wires
Corroded, broken, cracked, bent or
worn at end
Any of these conditions indicate replacement
Severe crushing, cutting and
unstranding
When such faults result in distortion of rope
structure

Columns
• Contained in SP:70-2001, Clause 9.3 and its sub
clauses.
• Get the first four columns of a bay facing
diagonally opposite to one another grouted soon
after bracing of the steelwork and its aligning and
plumbing the portion of steel structure.
• For levelling, aligning and plumbing of columns,
screed bars or level pads shall be provided.

Continued…
• Stabilize the erected anchored columns by
fastening temporary wire guys till four column
square is completely braced, levelled and
plumbed.
• Filled in pits must be either manually rammed or
rolled over by a heavy roller and sleepers should
be laid over the area.
• Safety nets shall be provided within two stories or
10 m below the height of the work which is
performed.

Riveting Operations
• Contained in IS 7205:1974, Clause 5.26 and its Sub
clauses
• Rivets covered with slippery materials should not be used
in fabrication work. Care shall be taken while handling
rivets so that they do not fall, strike or cause injury to
men and material below.
• Rivet heating equipment should be as near as possible to
the place of work. A pail of water should always be ready
for quenching the fire, if it develops.
• Rivets, bolts and the like should be kept in the boxes at
working area to prevent falling down on men or
equipments.

Slinging Operations
• While using multi legged slings each sling or leg should be
loaded evenly and the slings should be of sufficient length
to avoid a wide angle between legs.
• Only properly tested and marked lifting tackle of adequate
strength should be used.
• Allowances should be made for the weight of tackles.
• Load shall be free from any obstructions before it is lifted.
Hands should be taken away from the sling and the slinging
person should stand clear of the load4
• Crane hook should be centrally placed over the load to
prevent the slipping and swinging of the load when it is
raised.

Erection of Bridge Girders
• Contained in IS:7205-1974, Clause 6.1 and its sub clauses
• Careful inspection of machinery required for the purpose
and check for its capacity is needed.
• Care to protect the edges of members getting marked or
distorted, in the event of use of chains for lashing.
• Temporary bracings shall be provided to care of temporary
stresses from erection equipments or other loads.
• Provisions for lateral forces and wind loads as per the local
conditions.

Continued...
• Joints shall normally be made by filling not less than
50% of the holes with service bolts and barrel drifts
in the ratio 4:1. The service bolts are to be fully
tightened up as soon as the joint is assembled.
• In the event of emergency arising, such as the
structure in danger of being carried away by floods
before the riveting can be completed, the joints shall
be made secure by filling 40% of the holes with
cylindrical drifts and an equal number with service
bolts fully tightened up.

Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Provisions
• Safety for erection of structural steel is contained
in code 1926 and sub part R of OSHA.
• Provisions are related to;
1. Site layout, site specific erection plan and
construction sequence
2. Hoisting and Rigging
3. Structural steel stability requirements
4. Falling object protection
5. Fall Protection

Safety in Erection of Steel Structures

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