The document outlines the steps for a highway project which includes:
1) Conducting a reconnaissance survey and investigations to select an alignment for a new 1-1.5 km road between two points, including topographic surveying.
2) Producing a report justifying the selected alignment with geometric designs and drawings of the alignment, longitudinal section, and cross sections.
3) Planning the road network based on efficient traffic operation and minimum costs, and determining development priorities.
4) Conducting engineering surveys of the alignment to obtain profiles and details needed for design.
Max. shear stress theory-Maximum Shear Stress Theory Maximum Distortional ...
sunil.pptx
1. Highway project
The work shall consist of:
a. Reconnaissance survey for selection of site
and conceptualization of project.
b. Preliminary and detailed investigations to
align a new road (min. 1 to 1.5 km stretch)
between two obligatory points. The
investigations shall consist of topographic
surveying of strip of land for considering
alternate routes and for final alignment.
Surveying by using total station.
2. Highway project
c. Report should justify the selected alignment
with details of all geometric designs for traffic
and design speed assumed.
d. Drawing shall include key plan initial
alignment, final alignment, longitudinal section
Along final alignment, typical cross sections of
road.
3. Highway project
Highway Planning:
Objectives
To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic
operation, but at minimum cost
To arrive at the road system which could provide
maximum utility
To fix up data wise priorities for development of each
road link
To plan for future requirements and improvements of
road in view of anticipated
developments
To work out financing systems
5. Highway project
Highway Alignment:
The position or the layout of the center line of the highway on
the ground is called as the
alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path,
the horizontal deviations and
curves. Changes in the gradient and vertical curves are covered
under the vertical alignment of
the roads.
A new road should be aligned very carefully as improper
alignment would result in the one
or more of the following disadvantages:
Increase in the construction cost.
Increase in the maintenance cost.
Increase in the vehicle operation cost.
6. Highway project
Engineering survey for highway alignment:
Before a highway alignment is finalized in the
highway track. The engineering surveys
are carried out. The surveys may be completed
in the four stages. The first three stages consider
all the possible alternative alignment
Map study.
Reconnaissance survey.
Preliminary survey.
Final location and the detailed survey
7. Highway project
Instruments Required for Surveys:
Leveling instruments with stand and leveling staff for
profile.
Compass or plane table with accessories.
Arrows, chains, tapes, cross staff, ranging rods, pegs etc.
Office Work from Field Data:
Reduced levels are computed from field data by Height of
Instrument rise and fall method for all the observed levels
of longitudinal sections, cross sections and block leveling
in the field book. Page checks for R.Ls computed must be
carried out to ensure correct entry and calculating.
Details of physical features, computed R.Ls, observed
bearings for the center line etc. are to be transferred to
drawings as required in a standard.
8. Highway project
Survey Objectives:
To trace the initial and final alignment of
highway in the field
To obtain the longitudinal and cross
sectional profile of existing ground for the
alignment.
To obtain details of drawing works, soil
types, terrain and other essential features
important for highway alignment and design.
9. Highway project
Details of Field Works:
General: Survey work is started with carrying fly levels
from a specified reference B.M to the starting point
from local B.M.(as specified). Starting point is fixed
with reference to three permanent objects by taking
bearings and measurements.
Centre line alignment: This is carried out by stretching
one chain length fully in the direction of survey as
guided by gentle and flowing gradients of the terrain.
Generally gradient of 1 in 100 is provided for plain and
rolling terrains. After ensuring the direction and
gradient, bearing (FB) are taken for the center line
thus fixed by using compass, frequent zigzags, sharp
and reverse turns are avoided for center line
alignment
10. Highway project
Leveling Work:
To start with, fly levels are carried from a permanent
B.M. to the starting point of survey. At beginning of
day’s work similarly fly levels can be carried back from
the terminal point of survey at the end of day’s work
(to check errors in field work).
Leveling work for highway alignment includes:
Longitudinal sections are taken at every 10m
intervals along the center line as the survey proceeds.
Cross sections are taken at 30m intervals and the
cross levels taken at 5m intervals extending up to 15m
on either side of center line.
11. Highway project
Soil Sampling:
• Representative samples of soil are collected from different
stretches of the alignment for
• analysis and testing in the laboratory. Sampling procedure
and quantities to be obtained as
• specified at site.
Pavement Thickness Details
• Minimum of three cross sections of the pavement showing
the thickness of individual
• layers of flexible pavement must be indicated on a separate
sheet, after the designs are
• finalized. It contains details of different layers like sub-base,
base and wearing coarse, stretches
• where such thickness are proposed are also indicated.
12. Highway project
• Project Report:
• The project report forms an important part of the project
document:
• Objectives.
• Minimum geometric design standards as per IRC.
• Field work details.
• Geometric deficiency and re-design details.
• Laboratory work and graphs.
• Pavement design details.
• Mix design details.
• Estimation of quantities of materials.
• Drawings.
• Recommendations.
