transcription.pptx
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it is an informative presentation about how the information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA. it is regarding how the process of gene expression starts incase of prokaryotes
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This document summarizes transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It discusses the RNA polymerase, promoters, initiation, elongation and termination processes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase recognizes promoter sequences and initiates transcription. Elongation continually adds nucleotides to form mRNA. Termination occurs via rho-dependent or independent mechanisms. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and additional regulatory elements. It produces pre-mRNA which undergoes processing and modifications before translation.
Transcription - DNA dependent RNA synthesis.pptx
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
Transcription in eukaryotes
This document discusses transcription in eukaryotes. It begins with definitions of transcription and describes the basic process of RNA being synthesized from a DNA template. It then covers the mechanisms of transcription, including initiation involving RNA polymerase and transcription factors, elongation, and termination. The key similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are that DNA acts as a template and RNA polymerase facilitates RNA synthesis. Key differences are that eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, is carried out by three classes of RNA polymerase, and RNAs are processed in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm.
The flow of genetic information transcription
Genetics dentistry part 1 2017
Dr Mahmoud Serdah
https://dentist2015blog.wordpress.com/2017/06/11/genetics/
Transcription
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the three main stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and how they differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported from the nucleus, while in prokaryotes the mRNA is used directly for translation. The structures of RNA polymerases also differ between the two systems.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Dna transcription
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are both similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, and mRNA is transcribed directly from DNA. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, utilizes three types of RNA polymerases, and produces hnRNA which is processed into mRNA. The key stages of transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination, occur through different mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
RNA Synthesis (Transcription).pptx
RNA is synthesized through a process called transcription. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a gene's promoter and copies the gene sequence into RNA. The RNA transcript is then processed through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications before being used to produce proteins. Key steps in transcription include initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, and termination once the full sequence has been copied.
Recommended
1123
This document summarizes transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It discusses the RNA polymerase, promoters, initiation, elongation and termination processes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase recognizes promoter sequences and initiates transcription. Elongation continually adds nucleotides to form mRNA. Termination occurs via rho-dependent or independent mechanisms. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and additional regulatory elements. It produces pre-mRNA which undergoes processing and modifications before translation.
Transcription - DNA dependent RNA synthesis.pptx
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
Transcription in eukaryotes
This document discusses transcription in eukaryotes. It begins with definitions of transcription and describes the basic process of RNA being synthesized from a DNA template. It then covers the mechanisms of transcription, including initiation involving RNA polymerase and transcription factors, elongation, and termination. The key similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are that DNA acts as a template and RNA polymerase facilitates RNA synthesis. Key differences are that eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, is carried out by three classes of RNA polymerase, and RNAs are processed in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm.
The flow of genetic information transcription
Genetics dentistry part 1 2017
Dr Mahmoud Serdah
https://dentist2015blog.wordpress.com/2017/06/11/genetics/
Transcription
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the three main stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and how they differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported from the nucleus, while in prokaryotes the mRNA is used directly for translation. The structures of RNA polymerases also differ between the two systems.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Dna transcription
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are both similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, and mRNA is transcribed directly from DNA. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, utilizes three types of RNA polymerases, and produces hnRNA which is processed into mRNA. The key stages of transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination, occur through different mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
RNA Synthesis (Transcription).pptx
RNA is synthesized through a process called transcription. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a gene's promoter and copies the gene sequence into RNA. The RNA transcript is then processed through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications before being used to produce proteins. Key steps in transcription include initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, and termination once the full sequence has been copied.
Transcription of DNA to RNA by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The various steps involved in Transcription process.
Regulation of Transcription
Reverse Transcriptase,
Post-transciptional Modification
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription.ppt
Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase converts DNA into RNA. It involves 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at promoter sequences on DNA and requires a sigma factor. During elongation, RNA polymerase proofreads as it synthesizes RNA to ensure accuracy. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches termination sequences and releases the RNA transcript.
Transcription.ppt
Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from
the first stage to make sugars.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from
the first stage to make sugars.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy frvf
Transcription in Prokaryotes.pptx
Transcription in Prokaryotes.pptxDepartment of Biotechnology, Kamaraj college of engineering and technology
The document summarizes transcription in prokaryotes. It discusses the key components including the template strand, coding strand, and RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is made up of multiple subunits and recognizes promoter sequences to initiate transcription. The process of transcription involves three phases - initiation when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, elongation as the RNA strand continuously grows, and termination when RNA polymerase stops synthesis.Prokaryotic transcription
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
Transcription sm.pptx
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and unwinds the DNA helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase reads the template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when termination signals are reached. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in their RNA polymerases and transcription control. Eukaryotic pre-RNA undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA.
transcription.pdf
Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase binding to specific promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA. It occurs in three main steps - initiation at the promoter, elongation as the RNA chain grows, and termination. Key elements that regulate transcription include the -10, -35 promoter sequences, sigma factor, and rho-dependent or intrinsic terminator sequences.
DNA Transcription (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
DNA Transcription in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell , Post Transcription modification, Reverse Transcription.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into structures and functions within cells. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA to produce identical daughter molecules. Transcription converts the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to produce proteins through the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA's codon sequence. These three steps together allow genetic information to direct the production of the RNA and protein molecules that drive cellular functions and inheritance of traits.
Geneexpression
The document discusses gene expression, which is the process by which genetic information is used to produce the structures and functions of a cell. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology, in which DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. The key stages of gene expression are explained in detail, including replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. Replication copies DNA, transcription converts DNA into RNA, translation decodes RNA to synthesize protein, and post-translational modifications activate proteins. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the multi-step process of gene expression from DNA to functional proteins.
Transcription in prokaryotes
transcription process synthesized ssRNA in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase and promoter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It defines transcription as the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. It describes the basic structure of genes and the roles of different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region and synthesizing RNA along the DNA template, adding complementary bases. Elongation continues until a terminator sequence is reached, at which point transcription ends and the RNA transcript is released.
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
The core RNA polymerase associates with the sigma factor to generate the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is required for recruiting RNA polymerase to the promoter. The sigma factor binds to the -10 and -35 promoter elements. During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins RNA synthesis. It then enters elongation, synthesizing RNA processively until it reaches a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. RNA polymerase synthesizes various RNA transcripts including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Trabscription vishal
dna transcription is a important topic for biology student. this presentation may be helpful for student of biology.it is useful for all types of courses as like M.Sc, B.Sc, 11th and 12th standard.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein Notes
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
Transcription
Transcription is the first step in gene expression where DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene's DNA in the nucleus. This messenger RNA (mRNA) then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm, where it directs protein synthesis during translation. Transcription requires a DNA template, RNA nucleotides, and RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases to synthesize RNA.
EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase enzymes transcribing DNA into RNA. It occurs within the nucleus and involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is more complex in eukaryotes and involves recruitment of transcription factors to promoter regions. Elongation utilizes RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA using DNA as a template. Termination does not rely on stem-loop structures as in prokaryotes. The primary transcript then undergoes processing before becoming a mature, functional RNA molecule.
DNA-RNA-Protein in microbes
1. DNA contains the genetic code and is replicated and transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand while helicase unwinds the double helix.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to DNA and synthesizing mRNA, which then undergoes processing. Translation uses tRNA to decode the mRNA codon by codon, adding the corresponding amino acids specified by the genetic code to form a polypeptide chain.
3. Both transcription and translation are complex processes involving many proteins and enzymes to proofread and maintain fidelity. DNA, RNA and proteins are synthesized through the coordinated actions of replication, transcription and translation.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
More Related Content
Similar to transcription.pptx
Transcription of DNA to RNA by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The various steps involved in Transcription process.
Regulation of Transcription
Reverse Transcriptase,
Post-transciptional Modification
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription.ppt
Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase converts DNA into RNA. It involves 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at promoter sequences on DNA and requires a sigma factor. During elongation, RNA polymerase proofreads as it synthesizes RNA to ensure accuracy. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches termination sequences and releases the RNA transcript.
Transcription.ppt
Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from
the first stage to make sugars.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from
the first stage to make sugars.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Light-independent
reactions occur in the
stroma and use CO2
molecules.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy frvf
Transcription in Prokaryotes.pptx
Transcription in Prokaryotes.pptxDepartment of Biotechnology, Kamaraj college of engineering and technology
The document summarizes transcription in prokaryotes. It discusses the key components including the template strand, coding strand, and RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is made up of multiple subunits and recognizes promoter sequences to initiate transcription. The process of transcription involves three phases - initiation when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, elongation as the RNA strand continuously grows, and termination when RNA polymerase stops synthesis.Prokaryotic transcription
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
Transcription sm.pptx
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and unwinds the DNA helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase reads the template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when termination signals are reached. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in their RNA polymerases and transcription control. Eukaryotic pre-RNA undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA.
transcription.pdf
Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase binding to specific promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA. It occurs in three main steps - initiation at the promoter, elongation as the RNA chain grows, and termination. Key elements that regulate transcription include the -10, -35 promoter sequences, sigma factor, and rho-dependent or intrinsic terminator sequences.
DNA Transcription (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
DNA Transcription in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell , Post Transcription modification, Reverse Transcription.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into structures and functions within cells. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA to produce identical daughter molecules. Transcription converts the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to produce proteins through the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA's codon sequence. These three steps together allow genetic information to direct the production of the RNA and protein molecules that drive cellular functions and inheritance of traits.
Geneexpression
The document discusses gene expression, which is the process by which genetic information is used to produce the structures and functions of a cell. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology, in which DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. The key stages of gene expression are explained in detail, including replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. Replication copies DNA, transcription converts DNA into RNA, translation decodes RNA to synthesize protein, and post-translational modifications activate proteins. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the multi-step process of gene expression from DNA to functional proteins.
Transcription in prokaryotes
transcription process synthesized ssRNA in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase and promoter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It defines transcription as the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. It describes the basic structure of genes and the roles of different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region and synthesizing RNA along the DNA template, adding complementary bases. Elongation continues until a terminator sequence is reached, at which point transcription ends and the RNA transcript is released.
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
The core RNA polymerase associates with the sigma factor to generate the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is required for recruiting RNA polymerase to the promoter. The sigma factor binds to the -10 and -35 promoter elements. During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins RNA synthesis. It then enters elongation, synthesizing RNA processively until it reaches a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. RNA polymerase synthesizes various RNA transcripts including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Trabscription vishal
dna transcription is a important topic for biology student. this presentation may be helpful for student of biology.it is useful for all types of courses as like M.Sc, B.Sc, 11th and 12th standard.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein Notes
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
Transcription
Transcription is the first step in gene expression where DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene's DNA in the nucleus. This messenger RNA (mRNA) then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm, where it directs protein synthesis during translation. Transcription requires a DNA template, RNA nucleotides, and RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases to synthesize RNA.
EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase enzymes transcribing DNA into RNA. It occurs within the nucleus and involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is more complex in eukaryotes and involves recruitment of transcription factors to promoter regions. Elongation utilizes RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA using DNA as a template. Termination does not rely on stem-loop structures as in prokaryotes. The primary transcript then undergoes processing before becoming a mature, functional RNA molecule.
DNA-RNA-Protein in microbes
1. DNA contains the genetic code and is replicated and transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand while helicase unwinds the double helix.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to DNA and synthesizing mRNA, which then undergoes processing. Translation uses tRNA to decode the mRNA codon by codon, adding the corresponding amino acids specified by the genetic code to form a polypeptide chain.
3. Both transcription and translation are complex processes involving many proteins and enzymes to proofread and maintain fidelity. DNA, RNA and proteins are synthesized through the coordinated actions of replication, transcription and translation.
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transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein Notes
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and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
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transcription.pptx
- 1. Gene transcription in prokaryotes By, Dr. Komal Acharya
- 2. Gene expression in prokaryotic cell RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Types of RNA
- 3. • It is a segment of the DNA that is to be transcribed into RNA. • It has transcription start site and transcription termination site. • Upstream region: sequence prior to the start site • Downstream region: sequence after the start site. • Template strand: a strand used as template • Nontemplate/coding strand is complementary to template strand Transcription is the first step pf the gene expression. It is a process of formation of the RNA transcript from the DNA. What does a cell require for transcription? 1. Transcription proteins/enzymes 2. Ribonucleotides 3. Template strand Transcription unit
- 4. Promoter • It is a DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds first. • It provides signal for the initiation of transcription process. • It has two consensus sequences: 1. – 10 consensus sequence / Pribnow box : TATAAT sequence 2. – 35 consensus sequence : TTGACA • It catalyses the synthesis of RNA from DNA. • The RNA polymerase core enzyme is made upof α, β and β’, ω subunits • that attached to the σ- factor and together they make holoenzyme that carry out the transcription process. RNA polymerase Subunit Function α- subunit Assembly of core enzyme, promoter recognition, interaction with regulatory factors β and β’ Together they make catalytic centre. Β involved in chain elongation ω Assembly and stabilization of RNA polymerase holoenzyme σ Promoter recgnition
- 5. Transcription is divided in three steps Initiation Elongation Termination RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds at the promoter and form a close binary complex After that, melting of the short DNA strand bound to the enzyme occurs and as a result, open binary complex is formed. Unwinding of 12-14 bp occurs which results in formation of transcription bubble. Some new nucleotides are incorporated followed by phosphodiester bond formation. So, the ternary complex is generated that contains DNA-RNA-enzyme. Initiation After that, σ – factor is released and the core enzyme remained at the promoter. The enzyme leaves promoter region after addition of 8-9 nucleotides.
- 6. During elongation, the transcription bubble moves on further. Temporary DNA-RNA hybrid duplex is formed within the transcription bubble. The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA helix and keep on unwinding it. The new nucleotides are added at the 3’ end of the growing RNA chain. As the elongation continues, two strands behind the transcription bubble resume their double helical structure. During whole process, as the RNA polymerase moves forward the DNA, it generates positive supercoiling ahead and negative supercoiling behind the transcription bubble. So, gyrase and topoisomerase I participate to release these supercoils. Elongation
- 7. Termination Rho-dependent termination Rho-independent/intrinsic termination • Rho-protein is needed. • It binds to the growing RNA chain at rut-site and travel along the RNA in 5’ to 3’ direction till it reaches to DNA-RNA hybrid. • When RNA polymerase reaches at the terminator it catches up with the Rho-protein and release the RNA. • Intrinsic terminator has GC rich inverted repeats. So, the RNA transcript will have abundance of GC base pairs that results in formation of hairpin loop like structure. • This loop in the transcript is followed by U-rich region where the RNA- polymerase stops for some time and the poly U region is too weak to hold the DNA:RNA duplex. So, the RNA is released followed by dissociation of the enzyme.