The document outlines threats to information security, including various types of malicious code like viruses, worms, and variants. It discusses how viruses and worms spread and the controls that can help prevent them, like limiting connectivity and using firewalls. Examples are provided of early viruses like Melissa and the 1988 Internet Worm, as well as more recent worms like ILOVEYOU and Anna Kournikova. Variants like Trojan horses and time bombs are also briefly described. The document appears to be teaching materials for a course on information security threats.
The document discusses various topics in computer security testing including the goals of security, common security mechanisms, approaches to validating software security, security architecture, threat modeling, and types of malware such as viruses, worms, trojan horses, backdoors, and polymorphic viruses. It provides examples and explanations of how these security topics work.
This document discusses and compares signature-based and behavior-based anti-malware approaches. Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching patterns in software to known malware signatures but is susceptible to evasion and cannot detect new malware. Behavior-based detection monitors program behaviors and flags anomalous behaviors as potentially malicious, but it can produce false positives and be evaded through mimicry attacks. The document also describes specification-based monitoring, a behavior-based technique that mediates program events according to security policies.
Basic survey on malware analysis, tools and techniquesijcsa
The term malware stands for malicious software. It is a program installed on a system without the
knowledge of owner of the system. It is basically installed by the third party with the intention to steal some
private data from the system or simply just to play pranks. This in turn threatens the computer’s security,
wherein computer are used by one’s in day-to-day life as to deal with various necessities like education,
communication, hospitals, banking, entertainment etc. Different traditional techniques are used to detect
and defend these malwares like Antivirus Scanner (AVS), firewalls, etc. But today malware writers are one
step forward towards then Malware detectors. Day-by-day they write new malwares, which become a great
challenge for malware detectors. This paper focuses on basis study of malwares and various detection
techniques which can be used to detect malwares.
As soluções da NetWitness capturam todos os dados que circulam na rede e os contextualizam, filtrando o que pode ser crítico ou não. O usuario pode ver quem está indo aonde e vendo o quê.
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a serious concern as they represent a threat to an organization’s intellectual property, financial assets and reputation. In some cases, these threats target critical infrastructure and government institutions, thereby threatening the country’s national security itself.
This document discusses network risks and vulnerabilities. It begins by defining vulnerabilities as software flaws or misconfigurations that weaken security. It then examines various types of vulnerabilities like design flaws, viruses, impersonation, worms, port scanning, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks. The document also covers network risk assessment methodology and impact analysis. It concludes with a brief mention of network risk mitigation as a way to reduce risks.
Transforming Cybersecurity, Risk and Control for Evolving Threats
• Analysing cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and risks and their associated risk based control categorisation
• Integrating cybersecurity governance with overall Information Security Governance, Risk and Assurance in line with life cycle approach of preparing, investigating, response and transforming cybersecurity (PIRT)
• Developing the cybersecurity paradigm by developing communication with the top management and all relevant stakeholders
• Transforming cybersecurity using COBIT 5 and real case study demonstrations
Sarwono Sutikno, Dr.Eng.,CISA,CISSP,CISM
Cybersecurity Nexus Liaison
ISACA, Indonesia
Peter Wood has worked as an ethical hacker for the past 20 years, with clients in sectors as diverse as banking, insurance, retail and manufacturing. He will describe how advanced persistent threats operate from a security intelligence perspective, based on published case studies and analysis. He will highlight APT entry points and exploitation techniques and suggest practical prevention and detection strategies.
The document discusses various topics in computer security testing including the goals of security, common security mechanisms, approaches to validating software security, security architecture, threat modeling, and types of malware such as viruses, worms, trojan horses, backdoors, and polymorphic viruses. It provides examples and explanations of how these security topics work.
This document discusses and compares signature-based and behavior-based anti-malware approaches. Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching patterns in software to known malware signatures but is susceptible to evasion and cannot detect new malware. Behavior-based detection monitors program behaviors and flags anomalous behaviors as potentially malicious, but it can produce false positives and be evaded through mimicry attacks. The document also describes specification-based monitoring, a behavior-based technique that mediates program events according to security policies.
Basic survey on malware analysis, tools and techniquesijcsa
The term malware stands for malicious software. It is a program installed on a system without the
knowledge of owner of the system. It is basically installed by the third party with the intention to steal some
private data from the system or simply just to play pranks. This in turn threatens the computer’s security,
wherein computer are used by one’s in day-to-day life as to deal with various necessities like education,
communication, hospitals, banking, entertainment etc. Different traditional techniques are used to detect
and defend these malwares like Antivirus Scanner (AVS), firewalls, etc. But today malware writers are one
step forward towards then Malware detectors. Day-by-day they write new malwares, which become a great
challenge for malware detectors. This paper focuses on basis study of malwares and various detection
techniques which can be used to detect malwares.
As soluções da NetWitness capturam todos os dados que circulam na rede e os contextualizam, filtrando o que pode ser crítico ou não. O usuario pode ver quem está indo aonde e vendo o quê.
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a serious concern as they represent a threat to an organization’s intellectual property, financial assets and reputation. In some cases, these threats target critical infrastructure and government institutions, thereby threatening the country’s national security itself.
This document discusses network risks and vulnerabilities. It begins by defining vulnerabilities as software flaws or misconfigurations that weaken security. It then examines various types of vulnerabilities like design flaws, viruses, impersonation, worms, port scanning, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks. The document also covers network risk assessment methodology and impact analysis. It concludes with a brief mention of network risk mitigation as a way to reduce risks.
Transforming Cybersecurity, Risk and Control for Evolving Threats
• Analysing cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and risks and their associated risk based control categorisation
• Integrating cybersecurity governance with overall Information Security Governance, Risk and Assurance in line with life cycle approach of preparing, investigating, response and transforming cybersecurity (PIRT)
• Developing the cybersecurity paradigm by developing communication with the top management and all relevant stakeholders
• Transforming cybersecurity using COBIT 5 and real case study demonstrations
Sarwono Sutikno, Dr.Eng.,CISA,CISSP,CISM
Cybersecurity Nexus Liaison
ISACA, Indonesia
Peter Wood has worked as an ethical hacker for the past 20 years, with clients in sectors as diverse as banking, insurance, retail and manufacturing. He will describe how advanced persistent threats operate from a security intelligence perspective, based on published case studies and analysis. He will highlight APT entry points and exploitation techniques and suggest practical prevention and detection strategies.
Mobile devices are vulnerable due to weaknesses in their applications, operating systems, network protocols, hardware configurations, and security policies. Threats can take advantage of these vulnerabilities and come in many forms, including unstructured threats from inexperienced hackers, structured threats from skilled hackers, external threats from outside attackers, and internal threats from inside a company. Common attacks include application-based malware and spyware, web-based phishing scams and drive-by downloads, network-based exploits, and physical threats from lost, stolen, or compromised devices.
VAPT defines a wide range of security testing services to ascertain and address cyber security exposures. It includes vulnerability testing through perimeter scans for missing patches or custom exploits to bypass perimeters, as well as penetration testing by simulating real-world attacks to provide a point-in-time assessment of vulnerabilities and threats to a network infrastructure. Customers can inquire more about these security testing and analysis services by contacting the company.
This document discusses security threats and vulnerabilities. It begins by noting that threats and vulnerabilities are constantly changing with evolving technology. It defines threats as actions that could damage an asset, and vulnerabilities as weaknesses that allow threats to occur. The document then discusses how to identify important organizational assets and assess risks to them. Several types of threats are outlined, including human threats like errors, criminal behavior, and insider threats from employees. Common forms of malicious software like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, rootkits and spyware are also described. Strategies for reducing insider threats like monitoring, multi-person access, and job rotation are presented.
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited, threats are potential for harm or loss, and controls block vulnerabilities. The main security goals are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. There are many types of vulnerabilities including hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities. Computer criminals come in many forms from amateur hackers to career criminals and terrorists who may use computers as targets or tools. Controls like encryption can help address vulnerabilities but must be used properly along with other security measures.
This document outlines the phases of a penetration testing execution, with a focus on the reconnaissance phase. It discusses the reconnaissance phase in depth, including levels of information gathering, goals of information gathering through open source intelligence (OSINT), and types of corporate and target details that should be collected. The key aspects covered are the importance of gathering information before launching attacks, doing so in a legal and ethical manner according to the rules of engagement, and focusing reconnaissance efforts on information directly relevant to the goals of the penetration test. The overall goal of the reconnaissance phase is to safely and effectively collect intelligence on the target to inform subsequent phases of testing.
Vulnerability assessment & Penetration testing Basics Mohammed Adam
In these days of widespread Internet usage, security is of prime importance. The almost universal use of mobile and Web applications makes systems vulnerable to cyber attacks. Vulnerability assessment can help identify the loopholes in a system while penetration testing is a proof-of-concept approach to actually explore and exploit a vulnerability.
In this brief presentation, Chris Gerritz (co-founder and CPO of Infocyte) shares insights on finding and responding to hidden attackers within your network.
Learn about cybersecurity incident response, forensic triage, and the differences between telemetry and protection.
This presentation originally took place at Check Point Software's 2019 CPX 360 conference in Las Vegas.
This document discusses the potential threat of a "Superworm", a theoretical worm that could incorporate successful propagation techniques from past worms to spread rapidly and cause widespread damage. It describes the features such a worm may have, including exploiting multiple vulnerabilities across many operating systems and using various proliferation methods. The document also examines a past university network security incident and two security technologies that could help detect and limit the spread of such a worm: an early worm detection system and a modified reverse proxy server.
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are sophisticated, targeted, and persistent cyber attacks. APT attackers use reconnaissance, vulnerabilities, and multiple attack vectors to gain access and persist on a network. Organizations can reduce APT risk through understanding attack anatomy, managing risk, ensuring compliance, and instituting policies around data access, detection technologies, network segregation, and patching systems. Global collaboration is also needed to effectively prevent APT attacks.
The document discusses Advanced Persistent Threats (APT). It defines APT as sophisticated, targeted cyber attacks that are difficult to detect. APT attacks use advanced techniques like zero-day exploits over multiple phases to steal information from victims like Google, oil companies, and Sony. The challenges of APT are detection, analysis, and containment due to their customization, persistence, and evasion techniques. Case studies of notable APT attacks are provided, including Night Dragon, Stuxnet and attacks on RSA and Sony PlayStation Network. Solutions involve defense-in-depth, user education, and focus on exfiltration detection.
Peter Wood is the CEO of First Base Technologies, an ethical hacking firm. He has over 40 years of experience in cybersecurity. In this presentation, he discusses how First Base decides what systems and vulnerabilities to test for clients. They consider threats, vulnerabilities, impacts, and available prevention controls or fixes within the constraints of client budgets and compliance needs to design ethical hacking assessments. The goal is to identify high risk issues and provide cost-effective recommendations.
IBM ridefinisce la strategia e l'approccio verso gli Avanced Persistent Threa...Luigi Delgrosso
Recorded Webinar at http://event.on24.com/wcc/r/1117340/BECF92C8BBDF5B51399A8FB934C97054
This Webinar has been hold in Italian language by Luigi Delgrosso and Fabrizio Patriarca.
Please contact them to get additional details and get a visit on site
A Presentation On Basic Network Security And Viruses For College Level. Basics on Networking, Network Security, Virus, Spyware, Vulnerability, Hacking And Indian Laws To Prevent Hacking
This document provides an overview of techniques for identifying Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). It discusses 5 styles of techniques: network traffic analysis, network forensics, payload analysis, endpoint behavior analysis, and endpoint forensics. For each style, it provides examples of specific techniques. It emphasizes that effective APT protection requires combining techniques from different styles and approaches. The information is intended to be informative but does not constitute an explicit recommendation of any product or approach.
External Attacks Against Privileged Accounts - How Federal Agencies Can Build...BeyondTrust
This presentation examines the types of attacks that try to exploit privileged credentials, particular in a governmental environment, and explores defensive strategies to bring privileges, and the associated threats, under complete visibility and control.
This document describes a system for detecting denial-of-service (DoS) attacks based on multivariate correlation analysis (MCA). The system generates normal traffic profiles using MCA to analyze legitimate training records. It then measures the dissimilarity between live traffic and normal profiles using Mahalanobis distance, flagging records above a threshold as potential attacks. If a record's distance exceeds the threshold, it is identified as a DoS attack. The system is intended to accurately detect both known and unknown DoS attacks compared to existing detection methods.
In my college i will created this presentation for seminar with my own interest so this will help you for your career.Please you also create any presentation and upload it,Thank you.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS attacks, describes different types of DoS attacks like SYN flooding and Smurf attacks. It also explains how botnets and tools are used to launch DDoS attacks, and discusses some common DDoS countermeasures like detection, mitigation and traceback.
This document summarizes information about computer security and hacking. It discusses how the internet has grown rapidly while security has lagged behind, allowing legions of hackers to emerge. It covers various types of computer crimes throughout history from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. The document also describes common hacking techniques like spoofing, session hijacking, buffer overflows, password cracking, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that computer security requires ongoing improvement as hackers become more sophisticated over time.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
Mobile devices are vulnerable due to weaknesses in their applications, operating systems, network protocols, hardware configurations, and security policies. Threats can take advantage of these vulnerabilities and come in many forms, including unstructured threats from inexperienced hackers, structured threats from skilled hackers, external threats from outside attackers, and internal threats from inside a company. Common attacks include application-based malware and spyware, web-based phishing scams and drive-by downloads, network-based exploits, and physical threats from lost, stolen, or compromised devices.
VAPT defines a wide range of security testing services to ascertain and address cyber security exposures. It includes vulnerability testing through perimeter scans for missing patches or custom exploits to bypass perimeters, as well as penetration testing by simulating real-world attacks to provide a point-in-time assessment of vulnerabilities and threats to a network infrastructure. Customers can inquire more about these security testing and analysis services by contacting the company.
This document discusses security threats and vulnerabilities. It begins by noting that threats and vulnerabilities are constantly changing with evolving technology. It defines threats as actions that could damage an asset, and vulnerabilities as weaknesses that allow threats to occur. The document then discusses how to identify important organizational assets and assess risks to them. Several types of threats are outlined, including human threats like errors, criminal behavior, and insider threats from employees. Common forms of malicious software like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, rootkits and spyware are also described. Strategies for reducing insider threats like monitoring, multi-person access, and job rotation are presented.
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited, threats are potential for harm or loss, and controls block vulnerabilities. The main security goals are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. There are many types of vulnerabilities including hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities. Computer criminals come in many forms from amateur hackers to career criminals and terrorists who may use computers as targets or tools. Controls like encryption can help address vulnerabilities but must be used properly along with other security measures.
This document outlines the phases of a penetration testing execution, with a focus on the reconnaissance phase. It discusses the reconnaissance phase in depth, including levels of information gathering, goals of information gathering through open source intelligence (OSINT), and types of corporate and target details that should be collected. The key aspects covered are the importance of gathering information before launching attacks, doing so in a legal and ethical manner according to the rules of engagement, and focusing reconnaissance efforts on information directly relevant to the goals of the penetration test. The overall goal of the reconnaissance phase is to safely and effectively collect intelligence on the target to inform subsequent phases of testing.
Vulnerability assessment & Penetration testing Basics Mohammed Adam
In these days of widespread Internet usage, security is of prime importance. The almost universal use of mobile and Web applications makes systems vulnerable to cyber attacks. Vulnerability assessment can help identify the loopholes in a system while penetration testing is a proof-of-concept approach to actually explore and exploit a vulnerability.
In this brief presentation, Chris Gerritz (co-founder and CPO of Infocyte) shares insights on finding and responding to hidden attackers within your network.
Learn about cybersecurity incident response, forensic triage, and the differences between telemetry and protection.
This presentation originally took place at Check Point Software's 2019 CPX 360 conference in Las Vegas.
This document discusses the potential threat of a "Superworm", a theoretical worm that could incorporate successful propagation techniques from past worms to spread rapidly and cause widespread damage. It describes the features such a worm may have, including exploiting multiple vulnerabilities across many operating systems and using various proliferation methods. The document also examines a past university network security incident and two security technologies that could help detect and limit the spread of such a worm: an early worm detection system and a modified reverse proxy server.
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are sophisticated, targeted, and persistent cyber attacks. APT attackers use reconnaissance, vulnerabilities, and multiple attack vectors to gain access and persist on a network. Organizations can reduce APT risk through understanding attack anatomy, managing risk, ensuring compliance, and instituting policies around data access, detection technologies, network segregation, and patching systems. Global collaboration is also needed to effectively prevent APT attacks.
The document discusses Advanced Persistent Threats (APT). It defines APT as sophisticated, targeted cyber attacks that are difficult to detect. APT attacks use advanced techniques like zero-day exploits over multiple phases to steal information from victims like Google, oil companies, and Sony. The challenges of APT are detection, analysis, and containment due to their customization, persistence, and evasion techniques. Case studies of notable APT attacks are provided, including Night Dragon, Stuxnet and attacks on RSA and Sony PlayStation Network. Solutions involve defense-in-depth, user education, and focus on exfiltration detection.
Peter Wood is the CEO of First Base Technologies, an ethical hacking firm. He has over 40 years of experience in cybersecurity. In this presentation, he discusses how First Base decides what systems and vulnerabilities to test for clients. They consider threats, vulnerabilities, impacts, and available prevention controls or fixes within the constraints of client budgets and compliance needs to design ethical hacking assessments. The goal is to identify high risk issues and provide cost-effective recommendations.
IBM ridefinisce la strategia e l'approccio verso gli Avanced Persistent Threa...Luigi Delgrosso
Recorded Webinar at http://event.on24.com/wcc/r/1117340/BECF92C8BBDF5B51399A8FB934C97054
This Webinar has been hold in Italian language by Luigi Delgrosso and Fabrizio Patriarca.
Please contact them to get additional details and get a visit on site
A Presentation On Basic Network Security And Viruses For College Level. Basics on Networking, Network Security, Virus, Spyware, Vulnerability, Hacking And Indian Laws To Prevent Hacking
This document provides an overview of techniques for identifying Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). It discusses 5 styles of techniques: network traffic analysis, network forensics, payload analysis, endpoint behavior analysis, and endpoint forensics. For each style, it provides examples of specific techniques. It emphasizes that effective APT protection requires combining techniques from different styles and approaches. The information is intended to be informative but does not constitute an explicit recommendation of any product or approach.
External Attacks Against Privileged Accounts - How Federal Agencies Can Build...BeyondTrust
This presentation examines the types of attacks that try to exploit privileged credentials, particular in a governmental environment, and explores defensive strategies to bring privileges, and the associated threats, under complete visibility and control.
This document describes a system for detecting denial-of-service (DoS) attacks based on multivariate correlation analysis (MCA). The system generates normal traffic profiles using MCA to analyze legitimate training records. It then measures the dissimilarity between live traffic and normal profiles using Mahalanobis distance, flagging records above a threshold as potential attacks. If a record's distance exceeds the threshold, it is identified as a DoS attack. The system is intended to accurately detect both known and unknown DoS attacks compared to existing detection methods.
In my college i will created this presentation for seminar with my own interest so this will help you for your career.Please you also create any presentation and upload it,Thank you.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS attacks, describes different types of DoS attacks like SYN flooding and Smurf attacks. It also explains how botnets and tools are used to launch DDoS attacks, and discusses some common DDoS countermeasures like detection, mitigation and traceback.
This document summarizes information about computer security and hacking. It discusses how the internet has grown rapidly while security has lagged behind, allowing legions of hackers to emerge. It covers various types of computer crimes throughout history from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. The document also describes common hacking techniques like spoofing, session hijacking, buffer overflows, password cracking, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that computer security requires ongoing improvement as hackers become more sophisticated over time.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
1. The document discusses types of computer viruses, how they infect systems, and methods for detecting and preventing viral infections. It covers system/boot sector viruses, file viruses, macro viruses, polymorphic viruses, and others.
2. Detection methods discussed include scanning for virus signatures, integrity checking, interception, code emulation, and heuristic analysis. The document also lists countermeasures like installing antivirus software and regularly updating and running scans.
3. Real world examples of viruses are mentioned, like the "I LOVE YOU" virus from 2000 which spread through email attachments and caused major disruptions.
This document provides an overview of malware analysis. It discusses the goals of malware analysis as determining what happened on a network and ensuring all infected files are found. It also describes static and dynamic analysis techniques, from basic approaches like examining file contents up to advanced methods like reverse engineering code. The document outlines common types of malware like backdoors, botnets, and information stealing malware. Finally, it provides some general rules for malware analysis like focusing on key features and using different analysis approaches when getting stuck.
CS266 Software Reverse Engineering (SRE)
Identifying, Monitoring, and Reporting Malware
Teodoro (Ted) Cipresso, teodoro.cipresso@sjsu.edu
Department of Computer Science
San José State University
Spring 2015
Malware refers to malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojans. Viruses propagate by infecting other programs and spread when an infected program is run. Worms propagate without human interaction by exploiting vulnerabilities. Trojans appear desirable but are malicious, and must be run by the user. Malware spreads through websites, email attachments, links, and removable media. Anti-malware software uses signatures and behavior analysis to detect and remove malware through scanning, detection, and removal.
Malware refers to malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojans. Viruses propagate by infecting other programs and spread when an infected program is run. Worms propagate without human interaction by exploiting vulnerabilities. Trojans appear desirable but are malicious, and must be run by the user. Malware spreads through websites, email attachments, links, and removable media. Anti-malware software uses signatures and behavior analysis to detect and remove malware through scanning, detection, and removal capabilities.
Threat actors are increasing their use of fleless
malware for one simple reason: most organizations
aren't prepared to detect it. Education is the frst step in
determining what threat these new attacks pose and what
you can do to detect and stop fileless malware attacks. Learn more at: https://www.bluvector.io
This document discusses and compares signature-based and behavior-based anti-malware approaches. Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching patterns in software to known malware signatures but is susceptible to evasion and cannot detect new malware. Behavior-based detection monitors program behaviors and flags anomalous behaviors as potentially malicious, but it can produce false positives and be evaded through mimicry attacks. The document also describes specification-based monitoring, a behavior-based technique that mediates program events according to security policies.
With malware accounting for at least 40% of all breaches, knowing how malware works can be an extremely valuable asset in your threat detection cache – especially for the incident responder. According to Verizon’s 2013 Data Breach Investigations Report, “Malware and hacking still rank as the most common [threat] actions”. In general, malware can range from being simple annoyances like pop-up advertising to causing serious damage like stealing passwords and data or infecting other machines on the network.
Malware is as old as software itself and although there are new types of malware constantly under development, they generally fall into a few broad categories. Check out this SlideShare to learn how malware works, and what we believe are the most common types of malware you should be prepared for.
By learning how malware works and recognizing its different types, you’ll understand:
- How they find their way into your network
- How attackers control them remotely
- How they use your systems for nefarious purposes
- And most importantly, the security controls you need to effectively defend against and detect malware infections. (Hint: you need more than antivirus!)
This document provides information about malware and anti-malware. It defines malware as hostile software like viruses, worms, and trojans. It describes how viruses propagate by infecting other programs and worms propagate without human interaction. Trojans appear desirable but are malicious. The document outlines common malware purposes and types. It also discusses how anti-malware software uses techniques like signature-based scanning, heuristic analysis, and sandboxing to detect and remove malware.
This chapter provides an overview of malware analysis. It outlines the goals of malware analysis as determining what happened during a network intrusion and ensuring all infected machines and files are located. It describes static and dynamic analysis techniques, from basic to advanced. It also defines common types of malware like backdoors, botnets, downloaders, and more. Finally, it provides general rules for malware analysis, like focusing on key features and using different tools/approaches when stuck.
In today's digitally connected world, malware has become a formidable menace, capable of wreaking havoc on individuals and organizations alike. This comprehensive article delves into the dark world of malware, exploring its various types, methods of entry, and the devastating consequences it can bring. With viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware lurking around every corner, the need for robust malware detection and prevention strategies has never been greater.
The article takes readers on a journey through the intricate web of malware's infiltration methods, from phishing attacks and drive-by downloads to infected email attachments and external devices. It elucidates how malware can compromise systems, steal sensitive information, and cause significant financial and reputational damage. But fear not, as the article doesn't just point out the threats; it equips readers with powerful tools for defense.
Discover the key to safeguarding your digital fortress through cutting-edge malware detection methods, such as antivirus software, intrusion detection systems, and behavior monitoring tools. Understand the pivotal role that user education and awareness play in fortifying your defense against cyber threats, empowering individuals to recognize and thwart potential attacks.
The article then shifts focus to proactive measures, emphasizing the critical importance of regular software updates, strong passwords, and secure web browsing practices. Learn how network segmentation and application whitelisting can create additional layers of protection, minimizing the damage caused by any potential malware breaches.
Lastly, the article highlights the indispensable role of firewalls as stalwart guardians, standing between your organization's internal network and malicious external forces. By enforcing strict security policies, firewalls act as an impenetrable barrier against unauthorized access and suspicious activities, bolstering your digital fortress against malware intrusions.
In conclusion, this article is a comprehensive guide to understanding and combating malware. With the knowledge gained from its insights and recommendations, readers can fortify their digital environment, safeguard sensitive information, and remain one step ahead in the relentless battle against malicious software. In this digital age, knowledge is power, and with this article, you hold the key to a safer and more secure online world.
The document discusses various aspects of program security including types of flaws, malicious code, and controls against threats. It describes different types of flaws such as buffer overflows, incomplete mediation, and time-of-check to time-of-use errors. Malicious code like viruses, trojan horses, and worms are also explained. Controls during software development include following principles of modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding. Techniques like code reviews and testing aim to identify and fix flaws to enhance program security.
BUILDING AWARENESS AND AWARENESS PROGRAM - Vasil TsvimitidzeDataExchangeAgency
• Common Threats and vulnerabilities
Types and examples of information security threats: Unauthorized Access, Cyber Espionage, Malware, Data Leakage, Mobile Device Attack, Social Engineering, Insiders, Phishing, System Compromise, Spam, Denial of Service, Identity Theft.
• Planning and building of awareness program
How to plan information security awareness program taking to note cultural differences, available resources and objectives
By Vasil Tsvimitidze
Since this month we will dive into core malware analysis, it will be better if we take a first hand intro into this world and its elements.In present scenario,cyber-espionage has replaced the old fashion spying methodology to obtain secret and confidential data. Therefore malware, together with other malicious activities are increasingly becoming a true weapon in the hands of the Military and Governments, used to re-establish the balance of power or better the
balance of threat.
This document analyzes virus algorithms and proposes guidelines for controlling viruses based on the human immune system. It discusses three stages of virus writers from novice to professional. It describes features of various virus algorithms, including their ability to cover traces, use encryption, be polymorphic, use metamorphic code, be terminate and stay resident (TSR), and use non-standard techniques. Finally, it proposes four guidelines for computer security based on analogies to the human immune system: data protection, detection of anomalous behavior, isolation of infected systems, and development of adaptive security systems.
Malware is a worldwide pandemic. It is designed to damage computer systems without
the knowledge of the owner using the system. Software‟s from reputable vendors also contain
malicious code that affects the system or leaks information‟s to remote servers. Malware‟s includes
computer viruses, spyware, dishonest ad-ware, rootkits, Trojans, dialers etc. Malware detectors are
the primary tools in defense against malware. The quality of such a detector is determined by the
techniques it uses. It is therefore imperative that we study malware detection techniques and
understand their strengths and limitations. This survey examines different types of Malware and
malware detection methods.
Malware is software created to disrupt systems or steal information. This document discusses the malware lifecycle including development, deployment, detection, correction, and protection. It notes that malware creators range from organized crime to hackers and state actors. Their motivations include financial gain, espionage, and hacktivism. While advanced malware requires programming skills, malware kits allow less skilled users to cause damage. The document emphasizes that detecting and responding to malware is challenging for security teams due to the increasing sophistication and volume of malware.
This presentation will take a high level look at the malware life cycle and the role that both hackers and IT professionals play in it. It should be interesting to IT professionals as well as individuals interested in learning more about the general approach used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to systems, applications, and sensitive data.
More security blogs by the authors can be found @
https://www.netspi.com/blog/
Viruses & Malware: Effects On Enterprise NetworksDiane M. Metcalf
The document discusses viruses and malware, focusing on three key areas: detection, disinfection, and related costs for enterprise networks. It describes popular methods of malware infection like exploits, social engineering, rogue infections, peer-to-peer file sharing, emails, and USB devices. It also discusses different types of malware like metamorphic and polymorphic malware, and how they avoid detection through techniques like obfuscation. Current detection methods include signature-based analysis, file emulation, and file analysis, as well as emerging approaches like traffic analysis and vulnerability scanning. Disinfection includes removing malware through specific tools, real-time scanners, and cloud-based technologies. The document outlines how to quantify direct and indirect costs of
The document discusses a technology and security class. It provides an agenda that covers IT news, an exam follow-up, and a focus on security. Under security news, it lists several recent computer virus and hacking incidents. It then discusses common security myths and holds a quick security assessment activity. The rest of the document outlines various security topics like definitions of security concepts, security risks, protection methods, and ways to assess security risks. It emphasizes the importance of backups, strong passwords, and keeping systems updated with patches.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
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In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
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* Live demos with code snippets
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
10a98 virus111
1. Threats to
Information Security
Part I
Sanjay Goel
University at Albany, SUNY
1
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
2. Course Outline
> Unit 1: What is a Security Assessment?
– Definitions and Nomenclature
Unit 2: What kinds of threats exist?
– Malicious Threats (Viruses & Worms) and Unintentional Threats
Unit 3: What kinds of threats exist? (cont’d)
– Malicious Threats (Spoofing, Session Hijacking, Miscellaneous)
Unit 4: How to perform security assessment?
– Risk Analysis: Qualitative Risk Analysis
Unit 5: Remediation of risks?
– Risk Analysis: Quantitative Risk Analysis
2
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
3. Threats to Information Security
Outline for this unit
Module 1: Malicious Code: Viruses
Module 2: Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Module 3: Malicious Attacks
Module 4: Unintentional Threats
3
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
4. Threats to Information Security
Threats Definition
• Threats are potential causes of unwanted events that
may result in harm to the agency and its assets.1
– A threat is a manifestation of vulnerability.
– Threats exploit vulnerabilities causing impact to assets
• Several categories of threats
– Malicious Code
– Accidental Threats
– Environmental Threats
• Hacking and other malicious threats are new and
discussed primarily in the presentation
1 http://www.oit.nsw.gov/au/pdf/4.4.16.IS1.pdf
4
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
5. Malicious Code
Types
• Basic types:
– Virus
– Worms
• Several variants of the basic types exist:
– Trojan Horse
– Time Bomb
– Logic Bomb
– Rabbit
– Bacterium
5
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
7. Malicious Code: Viruses
Outline
• What is a virus?
• How does it spread?
• How do viruses execute?
• What do viruses exploit?
• What are the controls for viruses?
• How does Anti-Virus work?
• Virus Examples
– Melissa Virus
– Shell Script
7
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
8. Malicious Code: Viruses
Definition
• Definition: Malicious self-replicating software
that attaches itself to other software.
• Typical Behavior:
– Replicates within computer system, potentially
attaching itself to every other program
– Behavior categories: e.g. Innocuous, Humorous,
Data altering, Catastrophic
8
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
9. Malicious Code: Viruses
Propagation
• Virus spreads by creating replica of itself and attaching
itself to other executable programs to which it has
write access.
– A true virus is not self-propagating and must be passed on
to other users via e-mail, infected files/diskettes, programs
or shared files
• The viruses normally consist of two parts
– Replicator: responsible for copying the virus to other
executable programs.
– Payload: Action of the virus,which may be benign such as
printing a message or malicious such as destroying data or
corrupting the hard disk.
9
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
10. Malicious Code: Viruses
Process
• When a user executes an infected program (an
executable file or boot sector), the replicator code
typically executes first and then control returns to the
original program, which then executes normally.
• Different types of viruses:
– Polymorphic viruses: Viruses that modify themselves prior
to attaching themselves to another program.
– Macro Viruses: These viruses use an application macro
language (e.g., VB or VBScript) to create programs that
infect documents and template.
10
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
11. Malicious Code: Viruses
Targets & Prevention
• Vulnerabilities: All computers
• Common Categories:
– Boot sector Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR)
– Application software Stealth (or Chameleon)
– Mutation engine Network Mainframe
• Prevention
– Limit connectivity
– Limit downloads
– Use only authorized media for loading data and software
– Enforce mandatory access controls.Viruses generally
cannot run unless host application is running
11
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
12. Malicious Code: Viruses
Protection
• Detection
– Changes in file sizes or date/time stamps
– Computer is slow starting or slow running
– Unexpected or frequent system failures
– Change of system date/time
– Low computer memory or increased bad blocks on disks
• Countermeasures:
– Contain, identify and recover
– Anti-virus scanners: look for known viruses
– Anti-virus monitors: look for virus-related application
behaviors
– Attempt to determine source of infection and issue alert
12
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
13. Malicious Code: Viruses
Virus Detection (Anti-Virus)
• Scanner (conventional scanner, command-line scanner, on-demand
scanner) - a program that looks for known viruses by checking for
recognisable patterns ('scan strings', 'search strings', 'signatures' [a term best
avoided for its ambiguity]).
• Change Detectors/Checksummers/Integrity Checkers - programs that keep
a database of the characteristics of all executable files on a system and check
for changes which might signify an attack by an unknown virus.
• Cryptographic Checksummers use an encryption algorithm to lessen the
risk of being fooled by a virus which targets that particular checksummer.
• Monitor/Behavior Blocker - a TSR that monitors programs while they are
running for behavior which might denote a virus.
• TSR scanner - a TSR (memory-resident program) that checks for viruses
while other programs are running. It may have some of the characteristics
of a monitor and/or behavior blocker.
• Heuristic scanners - scanners that inspect executable files for code using
operations that might denote an unknown virus.
13
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
14. Malicious Code: Viruses
Writing Viruses over Time
• Melissa Virus
– 1999 (one of the earlier viruses)
– Spread itself through Microsoft Outlook by
emailing itself to all people on address book
– Infected about 1 million computers
– Contained only 105 lines of code (in comparison
to the millions of code for Windows and other
programs)
14
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
15. Malicious Code: Viruses
Melissa Virus Source Code
15
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
16. Malicious Code: Viruses
Virus Example
• This virus example (shell script) has only 6 lines of code in
comparison to the 105 lines of the Melissa Virus.
• The script looks at each file in the current directory and tests if
the file is an executable. All executables are replaced with a
copy of this virus file.
Source: ``Virology 101'', Computing Systems Spring 1989, pp. 173-181. 16
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
17. Malicious Code: Viruses
Virus Example Extension
• The previous can be extended by:
1. Adding more elaborate searches
2. Leaving the original file intact, but adding the virus at the end of it
• Sample Code
#!/bin/sh
for i in * #virus#
do case ``'sed1q$i''' in
``#!/bin/sh'') sed n #virus#/, $p $o ?? $i
esac
done
• Steps:
1. It virus searches for any file which is a shell script (searches #!/bin/sh string)
2. It copies itself to the end of the file.
3. The next time the script is run, the virus will be run as well.
• Viruses can also be made useful
– e.g. the example virus could be modified to verify if the file was already infected.
17
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
18. Malicious Code: Viruses
Questions 1 and 2
1) What are viruses?
5) How do viruses spread?
18
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
19. Malicious Code: Viruses
Questions 3 and 4
1) What are some controls that could be implemented
for viruses?
5) What are the different types of virus detection?
19
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
20. Malicious Code: Viruses
Question 5
• Write a virus (given the two earlier examples) that could
monitor an executable's usage and automatically compress
executables which have not been used after an extended period
of time.
• This will help you understand the level of sophistication
needed to actually create a virus.
20
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
22. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Outline
• What are worms?
• How do you detect worms?
• What are the controls for worms?
• Worm examples
– Internet Worm
– ILOVEYOU
– Anna Kournikova Worm
• What are variants of worms and viruses?
– Trojan Horse
– Time Bomb
– Logic Bomb
– Rabbit
– Bacterium
22
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
23. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Worms
• Worms are another form of self-replicating programs that can
automatically spread.
– They do not need a carrier program
– Replicate by spawning copies of themselves.
– More complex and are much harder to write than the virus programs.
• Definition: Malicious software which is a stand-alone
application (i.e. can run without a host application)
– Unlike the viruses they do not need a carrier program and they
replicate by spawning copies of themselves.
– They are more complex and are much harder to write than the virus
programs.
• Typical Behavior: Often designed to propagate through a
network, rather than just a single computer
23
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
24. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Worm Prevention & Detection
• Vulnerabilities: Multitasking computers, especially
those employing open network standards
• Prevention:
– Limit connectivity
– Employ Firewalls
• Detection:
– Computer is slow starting or slow running
– Unexpected or frequent system failures
• Countermeasures
– Contain, identify and recover
– Attempt to determine source of infection and issue alert
24
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
25. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Worm Examples
• In November of 1988, a self propagating worm
known as the Internet Worm was released onto the
ARPANET by Robert Morris Jr. It 'attached' itself to
the computer system rather than a program.
• Process:
– The worm obtained a new target machine name from the
host it had just infected and then attempted to get a shell
program running on the target machine. The virus used
several means to get the shell program running.
– It primarily exploited a bug in the sendmail routine (a
debug option left enabled in the program release) and a
bug in the 'finger' routine.
25
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
26. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Worm Examples, cont’d.
– The shell program served as a beach head and used several programs
that downloaded password cracking programs.
– A common password dictionary and the system dictionary were used
for password cracking
– The virus then attacked a new set of target hosts using any cracked
accounts it may have obtained from the current host.
• The virus was not intended to be malicious and did not harm any data on
the systems it infected.
• A bug prevented the worm from always checking to tell if a host was
infected causing the worm to overload the host computers it infected.
26
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
27. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Worm Examples, cont’d.
• ILOVEYOU worm in 2000 automatically emailed itself to
the first 200 entries in the outlook address book
– The worm spread to 10 million computers in two days which
were required to create a patch for it
– It cost billions of dollars to repair the damage
• CodeRed, Nimbda, SirCam are other worms each of which
cost upwards of 500 million dollars in damages
• Sometimes worms take a long time to spread
– Anna Kournikova worm was discovered in August 2000 and
became a serious threat in February 2001
– Compare the Anna Kournikova worm code to the Melissa
Virus code shown earlier.
27
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
28. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Anna Kournikova Worm Source Code
28
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
29. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Trojan Horse
• Definition: a worm which pretends to be a useful program or a virus which
is purposely attached to a useful program prior to distribution
• Typical Behaviors: Same as Virus or Worm, but also sometimes used to
send information back to or make information available to perpetrator
• Vulnerabilities:
– Trojan Horses require user cooperation for executing their payload
– Untrained users are vulnerable
• Prevention:
– User cooperation allows Trojan Horses to bypass automated controls thus user
training is best prevention
• Detection: Same as Virus and Worm
• Countermeasures:
– Same as Virus and Worm
– An alert must be issued, not only to other system admins, but to all network
users 29
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University at Albany Proprietary Information
30. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Time Bomb
• Definition: A Virus or Worm designed to activate at a certain
date/time
• Typical Behaviors: Same as Virus or Worm, but widespread
throughout organization upon trigger date
• Vulnerabilities:
– Same as Virus and Worm
– Time Bombs are usually found before the trigger date
• Prevention:
– Run associated anti-viral software immediately as available
• Detection:
– Correlate user problem reports to find patterns indicating possible
Time Bomb
• Countermeasures:
– Contain, identify and recover
– Attempt to determine source of infection and issue alert
30
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
31. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Logic Bomb
• Definition:
– A Virus or Worm designed to activate under certain conditions
• Typical Behaviors:
– Same as Virus or Worm
• Vulnerabilities:
– Same as Virus and Worm
• Prevention:
– Same as Virus and Worm
• Detection:
– Correlate user problem reports indicating possible Logic Bomb
• Countermeasures:
– Contain, identify and recover
– Determine source and issue alert
31
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
32. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Rabbit
• Definition:
– A worm designed to replicate to the point of exhausting computer
resources
• Typical Behaviors:
– Rabbit consumes all CPU cycles, disk space or network resources, etc.
• Vulnerabilities:
– Multitasking computers, especially those on a network
• Prevention:
– Limit connectivity
– Employ Firewalls
• Detection:
– Computer is slow starting or running
– Frequent system failures
• Countermeasures:
– Contain, identify and recover
– Determine source and issue alert
32
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
33. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Bacterium
• Definition:
– A virus designed to attach itself to the OS in particular (rather than any
application in general) and exhaust computer resources, especially CPU cycles
• Typical Behaviors:
– Operating System consumes more and more CPU cycles, resulting eventually
in noticeable delay in user transactions
• Vulnerabilities:
– Older versions of operating systems are more vulnerable than newer versions
since hackers have had more time to write Bacterium
• Prevention:
– Limit write privileges and opportunities to OS files
– System administrators should work from non-admin accounts whenever
possible.
• Detection:
– Changes in OS file sizes, date/time stamps
– Computer is slow in running
– Unexpected or frequent system failures
• Countermeasures
– Anti-virus scanners: look for known viruses
– Anti-virus monitors: look for virus-related system behaviors
33
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
34. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Questions 1 and 2
1) What is a worm?
6) What is the main difference between a worm and a
virus?
34
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
35. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Questions 3 and 4
1) What are some controls for worms?
6) When comparing the source code for the worm to
the virus, what do you notice?
35
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
36. Malicious Code: Worms and Variants
Question 5
1) Define:
a. Trojan Horse
b. Time Bomb
c. Logic Bomb
d. Rabbit
e. Bacterium
36
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
38. Malicious Attacks
Outline
• What is a buffer overflow attack?
• What is a Denial of Service (DOS) attack?
• What is a tunneling attack?
• What is a trap door?
• What is SPAM?
38
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
39. Malicious Attacks
Buffer Overflow
• Definition:
– Attacker tries to store more information on the stack than the size of
the buffer and manipulates the memory stack to execute malicious
code
– Programs which do not do not have a rigorous memory check in the
code are vulnerable to this attack
• Typical Behaviors:
– Varied attack and can be used for obtaining privileges on a machine or
for denial-of-service on a machine
• Vulnerabilities:
– Takes advantage of the way in which information is stored by
computer programs. Programs which do not do not have a rigorous
memory check in the code are vulnerable to this attack
39
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
40. Malicious Attacks
Buffer Overflow, cont’d.
• This attack takes advantage of the way in which information is
stored by computer programs
• An attacker tries to store more information on the stack than
the size of the buffer
Bottom of Fill
Bottom of
• Fill Memory
• Direction
Memory Buffer 2 Buffer 2
Direction
Local Variable 2 Local Variable 2
Buffer 1 Machine Code: Buffer 1 Space
Local Variable 1 execve(/bin/sh) Overwritten
New Pointer to Return Pointer
Return Pointer
Exec Code Overwritten
Function Call Function Call
Arguments Arguments
Top of • Top of •
Memory Memory
Normal Stack Smashed Stack
40
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
41. Malicious Attacks
Buffer Overflow Scenario
• Scenario: If memory allocated for name is 50 characters,
someone can break the system by sending a fictitious name of
more than 50 characters
• Impact: Can be used for espionage, denial of service or
compromising the integrity of the data
• Common Programs
– NetMeeting Buffer Overflow
– Outlook Buffer Overflow
– AOL Instant Messenger Buffer Overflow
– SQL Server 2000 Extended Stored Procedure Buffer Overflow
41
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
42. Malicious Attacks
Denial of Service (DOS)
• Definition:
– Attack through which a person can render a system
unusable or significantly slow down the system for
legitimate users by overloading the system so that no one
else can use it.
• Typical Behaviors:
– Crashing the system or network: Send the victim data or
packets which will cause system to crash or reboot.
– Exhausting the resources by flooding the system or
network with information. Since all resources are
exhausted others are denied access to the resources
– Distributed DOS attacks are coordinated denial of service
attacks involving several people and/or machines to
launch attacks
42
Sanjay Goel, School of Business/Center for Information Forensics and Assurance
University at Albany Proprietary Information
43. Malicious Attacks
Denial of Service: Popular Programs
• Ping of Death
• SSPing
• Land
• Smurf
• SYN Flood
• CPU Hog
• Win Nuke
• RPC Locator
• Jolt2
• Bubonic
• Microsoft Incomplete TCP/IP Packet Vulnerability
• HP Openview Node Manager SNMP DOS Vulnerability
• Netscreen Firewall DOS Vulnerability
• Checkpoint Firewall DOS Vulnerability
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44. Malicious Attacks
Tunneling
• Definition:
– Attempts to get “under” a security system by accessing very low-level system
functions (e.g., device drivers, OS kernels)
• Typical Behaviors:
– Behaviors such as unexpected disk accesses, unexplained device failure, halted
security software, etc.
• Vulnerabilities:
– Tunneling attacks often occur by creating system emergencies to cause system
re-loading or initialization.
• Prevention:
– Design security and audit capabilities into even the lowest level software, such
as device drivers, shared libraries, etc.
• Detection:
– Changes in date/time stamps for low-level system files or changes in
sector/block counts for device drivers
• Countermeasures:
– Patch or replace compromised drivers to prevent access
– Monitor suspected access points to attempt trace back.
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45. Malicious Attacks
Trap Door
• Definition:
– System access for developers inadvertently left available after software delivery
• Typical Behaviors
– Unauthorized system access enables viewing, alteration or destruction of data
or software
• Vulnerabilities
– Software developed outside organizational policies and formal methods
• Prevention:
– Enforce defined development policies
– Limit network and physical access
• Detection
– Audit trails of system usage especially user identification logs
• Countermeasures
– Close trap door or monitor ongoing access to trace pack to perpetrator
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46. Malicious Attacks
Spam
• Definition
– System flood with incoming message or other traffic to cause crashes,
eventually traced to overflow buffer or swap space
• Vulnerabilities:
– Open source networks especially vulnerable
• Prevention:
– Require authentication fields in message traffic
• Detection:
– Partitions, network sockets, etc. for overfull conditions.
• Countermeasures:
– Headers to attempt trace back to perpetrator
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47. Malicious Attacks
Questions 1 and 2
1) What is a buffer overflow attack?
5) Draw a picture of how a buffer overflow attack
would function on a memory stack.
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48. Malicious Attacks
Questions 3, 4 and 5
1) What vulnerability does tunneling exploit?
4) What do trap doors allow?
7) What are controls for spam?
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50. Unintentional Threats
Outline
• Equipment Malfunction
• Software Malfunction
• User Error
• Failure of Communication Services
• Failure to Outsource Operations
• Loss or Absence of Key Personnel
• Misrouting/Re-routing of Messages
• Natural Disasters
• Environmental Conditions
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51. Unintentional Threats
Equipment Malfunction
• Definition:
– Hardware operates in abnormal, unintended
• Typical Behaviors:
– Immediate loss of data due to abnormal shutdown. Continuing loss of
capability until equipment is repaired
• Vulnerabilities:
– Vital peripheral equipment is often more vulnerable that the
computers themselves
• Prevention:
– Replication of entire system including all data and recent transaction
• Detention:
– Hardware diagnostic systems
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52. Unintentional Threats
Software Malfunction
• Definition: Software behavior is in conflict with intended behavior
• Typical Behaviors:
– Immediate loss of data due to abnormal end
– Repeated failures when faulty data used again
• Vulnerabilities: Poor software development practices
• Prevention:
– Enforce strict software development practices
– Comprehensive software testing procedures
• Detection: Use software diagnostic tools
• Countermeasures
– Backup software
– Good software development practices
– Regression Testing
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53. Unintentional Threats
User Error
• Definition:
– Inadvertent alteration, manipulation or destruction of programs, data
files or hardware
• Typical Behaviors
– Incorrect data entered into system or incorrect behavior of system
• Vulnerabilities
– Poor user documentation or training
• Prevention:
– Enforcement of training policies and separation of
programmer/operator duties
• Detection
– Audit trails of system transactions
• Countermeasures
– Backup copies of software and data
– On-site replication of hardware 53
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54. Unintentional Threats
Failure of Communications Services
• Definition: Disallowing of communication between various sites, messages to
external parties, access to information, applications and data stored on network
storage devices.
• Typical Behaviors
– Loss of communications service can lead to loss of availability of information.
– Caused by accidental damage to network, hardware or software failure, environmental
damage, or loss of essential services
• Vulnerabilities
– Lack of redundancy and back-ups
– Inadequate network management
– Lack of planning and implementation of communications cabling
– Inadequate incident handling
• Prevention:
– Maintain communications equipment
• Countermeasures
– Use an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
– Perform continuous back-ups.
– Plan and implement communications cabling well
– Enforce network management 54
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55. Unintentional Threats
Failure to Outsource Operations
• Definition: Outsourcing of operations must include security requirements
and responsibilities
• Typical Behaviors
– Failure of outsourced operations can result in loss of availability, confidentiality
and integrity of information
• Vulnerabilities
– Unclear obligations in outsourcing agreements
– Non business continuity plans or procedures for information and information
asset recovery.
– Back up files and systems not available.
• Prevention:
– Create clear outsourcing agreements
• Countermeasures
– Implement an effective business continuity plan
– Back up files and system
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56. Unintentional Threats
Loss or Absence of Key Personnel
• Definition:
– Critical personnel are integral to the provision of company services
• Typical Behaviors:
– Absence or loss of personnel can lead to loss of availability, confidentiality,
integrity, and reliability.
• Vulnerabilities:
– No backup of key personnel
– Undocumented procedures
– Lack of succession planning
• Prevention
– Maintain redundancy of personnel skills
• Countermeasures
– Document procedures
– Plan for succession
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57. Unintentional Threats
Misrouting/Re-routing of messages
• Definition:
– Accidental directing or re-routing of messages
• Typical Behaviors:
– Can lead to loss of confidentiatility of messages are not protected and
loss of availability to the intended recipient.
• Vulnerabilities:
– Inadequate user training
– Non-encrypted sensitive data
– Lack of message receipt proof
• Prevention:
– Train users in policies
• Countermeasures:
– Encrypt sensitive data
– User receipts
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58. Unintentional Threats
Natural Disasters
• Definition: Environmental condition which causes catastrophic
damage. E.g. earthquakes, fire, flood, storms, tidal waves.
• Typical Behaviors
– Physical Damage
– Loss of data, documentation, and equipment
– Loss of availability of information (leads to loss of trust, financial loss,
legal liability)
• Vulnerabilities
– Storing data and processing facilities in known location where natural
disasters tend to occur
– No fire/smoke detectors
– No business continuity plans
– Back-up files and systems are unavailable
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59. Unintentional Threats
Natural Disasters, cont’d.
• Prevention:
– Location is not known to be a place of natural disasters
• Detection
– Weather Advisories
– Fire/Smoke Alarms
• Countermeasures
– Backup copies of software and data
– Storage of data is located in another location
– Have a business continuity plan in place
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60. Unintentional Threats
Environmental Conditions
• Definition: Negative effects of environmental
conditions. E.g. contamination, electronic
interference, temperature and humidity extremes,
power failure, power fluctuations
• Typical Behaviors
– Chemical corrosion
– Introduction of glitches or errors in data
– Equipment failure
– Availability of information can be compromised
– Adverse Health Effects
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61. Unintentional Threats
Environmental Conditions, cont’d.
• Vulnerabilities
– Storing data and processing facilities in known location where natural
disasters tend to occur
– No fire/smoke detectors
– No Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
– No business continuity plans
– Back-up files and systems are unavailable
• Prevention
– Location is not susceptible to environmental conditions
• Countermeasures
– Backup copies of software and data
– Storage of data is located in another location
– Have a business continuity plan in place
– Maintain business equipment and facilities
– UPS equipment
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62. Unintentional Threats
Questions 1 and 2
1) Why do you think that loss or absence of personnel
of often overlooked when considering threats to
information security?
5) How are environmental conditions are different than
natural disasters (in terms of threats)?
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63. Unintentional Threats
Questions 3, 4, and 5
1) How can user error induced vulnerabilities be
prevented or controlled?
4) What vulnerabilities could be produced through
outsourcing of operations?
7) How can misrouting or re-routing adversely affect
an organization?
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64. Appendix
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65. Threats, Part I
Summary
• Viruses are pathogenic programs that infect
other programs and use their resources to
replicate.
• Worms are pathogenic programs that self-
replicate.
•Human Factors and Accidental Errors play a
large role in security breaches.
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66. Acknowledgements
Grants & Personnel
• Support for this work has been provided through the
following grants
– NSF 0210379
– FIPSE P116B020477
• Damira Pon, from the Center of Information Forensics and
Assurance contributed extensively by reviewing and editing
the material
• Robert Bangert-Drowns from the School of Education
provided extensive review of the material from a pedagogical
view.
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67. References
Sources & Further Reading
• CERT & CERIAS Web Sites
• Information Security Guideline for NSW Government- Part 2:
Examples of Threats and Vulnerabilities
• Security by Pfleeger & Pfleeger
• Hackers Beware by Eric Cole
• NIST web site
• Other web sources
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68. Appendix
Virus Types
• A file virus attaches itself to a file, usually an executable application (e.g. a word
processing program or a DOS program). In general, file viruses don't infect data
files. However, data files can contain embedded executable code such as macros,
which may be used by virus or Trojan writers. Recent versions of Microsoft Word
are particularly vulnerable to this kind of threat.
– Text files such as batch files, postscript files, and source code which contain commands
that can be compiled or interpreted by another program are potential targets for
malicious software, though such malware is not at present common.
• Boot Sector viruses alter the program that is in the first sector (boot sector) of
every DOS-formatted disk. Generally, a boot sector infector executes its own code
(which usually infects the boot sector or partition sector of the hard disk), then
continues the PC boot (start-up) process. In most cases, all write-enabled floppies
used on that PC from then on will become infected.
• Multipartite viruses have some of the features of both the above types of virus.
Typically, when an infected file is executed, it infects the hard disk boot sector or
partition sector, and thus infects subsequent floppies used or formatted on the target
system. Macro viruses typically infect global settings files such as Word templates so
that subsequently edited documents are contaminated with the infective macros.
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