Argo
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This document discusses the Argo system, an international collaboration that collects temperature, salinity, and current data from the top 2000m of the global oceans using autonomous profiling floats. Argo provides real-time data for climate and oceanographic research, including quantifying ocean heat content. The system has been operational since the early 2000s and consists of battery-powered floats that drift and profile the water column, transmitting data. Argo data is used for initializing models and data assimilation to improve ocean and climate forecasts.
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Mercator Ocean newsletter 50
Editorial - May 2014 - Special Issue jointly coordinated by Mercator Ocean and Coriolis
focusing on Ocean Observations
Greetings all,
Once a year and for the fi fth year in a raw, the Mercator Ocean Forecasting Center in Toulouse and the Coriolis Infrastructure in Brest publish a
common newsletter. Some papers are dedicated to observations only, when others display collaborations between the 2 aspects: Observations and
Modelling/Data assimilation.
The fi rst paper by Cabanes et al. introducing this issue is presenting a new methodology aiming at correcting Argo fl oat salinity measurements in
delayed time when Argo fl oats conductivity sensors are subject to drift and offset due to bio-fouling or other technical problems.
Then, Cravatte et al. are using the Argo arrays in order to compile Argo fl oats’ drifts and show that they are a very valuable tool allowing determining
the absolute velocity. They apply this to study zonal jets at 1000 meters depth in the Tropics.
In the next paper, Maes and O’Kane provide with some results indicating the impact of a sustained ocean observing Argo network on the ability to
resolve the seasonal cycle of salinity stratifi cation by contrasting periods pre- and post-Argo. They take into account the respective thermal and saline
dependencies in the Brunt-Väisälä frequency (N2) in order to isolate the specifi c role of the salinity stratifi cation in the layers above the main pycno-
cline.
Picheral et al. are telling us about the Tara Oceans voyage that took place on the schooner “Tara” from 2009 to 2013 and visited all oceans. The ship
was adapted for modern oceanography. Scientifi c instruments were mounted on a dedicated CTD frame and installed on an underway fl ow-through
system. Data were sent daily to Coriolis. Post cruise calibrations were performed leading to a high quality dataset.
Then, Roquet et al. demonstrate the importance of the contribution of hydrographic and biogeochemical data collected by Antarctic marine mammals,
and in particular elephant seals, equipped with a new generation of oceanographic tags, for the environmental monitoring of the Southern Ocean.
The last paper of the present issue is displaying the collaboration between the Ocean Observations and Ocean Modelling communities: Turpin et
al. perform several Observing System Experiments in order to assess the impact of Argo observations on the Mercator Océan global analysis and
forecasting system at ¼ degree resolution.
We wish you a pleasant reading,
Laurence Crosnier and Sylvie Pouliquen, Editors.
#50
Newsletter
QUARTERLY
The Tara Oceans voyage took place on the schooner “Tara” from 2009 to 2013 and visited all oceans to collect samples and data in order to study the relationships between ecosystem biodiversity and function and the physical-chemical oceanographic environ-
ment (water mass, transport) (cf Picheral et al. this issue).
Credits: Francois Aurat/Tara Expéditions; Marc Picheral/LOV
Sustainable Marine Structures | Volume 04 | Issue 01 | January 2022
Effects of antifouling technology application on Marine ecological environment
Thermocline Model for Estimating Argo Sea Surface Temperature
Applications of Peridynamics in Marine Structures
Thermal and Structural Behaviour of Offshore Structures with Passive Fire Protection
Functionally graded material and its application to marine structures
Argo & GCOS 2016
Argo has provided an unprecedented global view of ocean conditions since 1998 through over 1.3 million temperature and salinity profiles from 3,000 floats. It has allowed accurate tracking of ocean heat content rise and revealed details of ocean circulation and tropical Pacific variability. Enhancements aim to improve coverage of marginal seas, equatorial regions, and western boundary currents. New missions like Deep Argo will profile below 2000m, while Bio-Argo will track biogeochemistry. However, funding declines threaten to degrade array densities if not addressed.
Mercator Ocean newsletter 34
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to Data Assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational oceanography.
Gary Brassington is first introducing this newsletter with a paper telling us about the international summer school for “observing,
assimilating and forecasting the ocean” which will be held in Perth, Western Australia in 11-22 January 2010
(http://www.bom.gov.au/bluelink/summerschool/). The course curriculum will include topics covering the leading edge science in
ocean observing systems, as well as the latest methods and techniques for analysis, data assimilation and ocean modeling.
Scientific articles about Data Assimilation are then displayed as follows: The first article by Broquet et al. is dealing with Ocean
state and surface forcing correction using the ROMS-IS4DVAR Data Assimilation System. Then, Cosme et al. are describing the
SEEK smoother as a Data Assimilation scheme for oceanic reanalyses. The next article by Brankart et al. is displaying a synthetic
literature review on the following subject: Is there a simple way of controlling the forcing function of the Ocean? Then Ferry et al.
are telling us about Ocean-Atmosphere flux correction by Ocean Data Assimilation. The last article by Oke et al. is dealing with
Data Assimilation in the Australian BlueLink System.
The next October 2009 newsletter will review the current work on ocean biology and biogeochemistry.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
Ocean_Predictive_Skill_Assessments_in_the_South_Atlantic
- Autonomous underwater gliders have been used for over a decade to collect ocean data across all depths and regions. The Challenger Glider Mission aims to use gliders to explore five ocean basins over 128,000 km.
- Students will compare temperature, salinity, and current data collected by glider RU29 on its journey from Ascension Island to São Paulo, Brazil to predictions from the RTOFS and MyOcean ocean models. This will assess the accuracy of available global ocean models.
- Preliminary analysis found the MyOcean model differed from RU29's measurements by about 1°C on average, while discrepancies in the RTOFS model were less widespread but of greater magnitude.
Mercator Ocean newsletter 33
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to ocean indices aiming at a better understanding of the state of the ocean climate. Ocean
climate indices can be linked to major patterns of climate variability and usually have a significant social impact. The estimation of
the ocean climate indices along with their uncertainty is thus crucial: It gives an indication of our ability to measure the ocean. It is
as well a useful tool for decision making. Ocean climate indices also provide an at-a-glance overview of the state of the ocean
climate, and a way to talk to a wider audience about the ocean observing system. Several groups of experts are now working on
various ocean indicators using ocean forecast models, satellite data and reanalysis models in observing system simulation
experiments, among which the OOPC, NOAA and MERSEA/Boss4Gmes communities for example:
http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/state_of_the_ocean/index.php
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/method.html
http://www.mersea.eu.org/Indicators-with-B4G.html
Scientific articles about Ocean indices in the present Newsletter are displayed as follows: The first article by Von Schuckmann et
al. is dealing with the estimation of global ocean indicators from a gridded hydrographic field. Then, Crosnier et al. are describing
the need to conduct intercomparison of model analyses and forecast in order for experts to provide a reliable scientific expertise
on ocean climate indicators. The next article by Coppini et al. is telling us about ocean indices computed from the Mediterranean
Forecasting System for the European Environment Agency and Boss4Gmes. Then Buarque et al. are revisiting the Tropical
Cyclone Heat Potential Index in order to better represent the ocean heat content that interacts with Hurricane. The last article by Greiner et al. is dealing with the assessment of robust ocean indicators and gives an example with oceanic predictors for the
Sahel precipitations.
The next July 2009 newsletter will review the current work on data assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational
oceanography.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Mercator Ocean newsletter 43
Editorial – October 2011 – Three of the MyOcean long time series reanalysis products
Greengs all,
This month’s newsleer is devoted to three of the MyOcean long me series Reanalysis products: the In Situ temperature and salinity CORA reanalysis
(1990 to 2010), the reanalysis of the North Atlanc ocean biogeochemistry (1998-2007) and the Arcc Ocean sea-ice dri/ reanalysis (1992-
2010).
The first product described here is the In Situ temperature and salinity CORA reanalysis (1990 to 2010). A new version of the comprehensive and
qualified ocean in-situ dataset (the Coriolis dataset for Re-Analysis - CORA) is released for the period 1990 to 2010. This in-situ dataset of temperature
and salinity profiles, from different data types (Argo, GTS data, VOS ships, NODC historical data...) on the global scale, is meant to be used for
general oceanographic research purposes, for ocean model validaon, and also for inializaon or assimilaon of ocean models. This product is
available from the MyOcean web portal (hp://www.myocean.eu/).
The second product is the reanalysis of the North Atlanc ocean biogeochemistry (1998-2007). A system assimilang Ocean Colour SeaWiFS data
during the period 1998-2007 has been designed to construct a reanalysis of the North Atlanc ocean biogeochemistry based on a coupled physicalbiogeochemical
model at eddy-admi:ng resoluon. The aim of this study is, on the one hand to develop the skeleton of a pre-operaonal coupled
physical-biogeochemical system with real-me assimilave/forecasng capability, and on the other hand to operate this prototype system for producing
a biogeochemical reanalysis covering the 1998-2007 period. This product is not available from the MyOcean web portal yet.
The third reanalysis product is the 1992-2010 winter Arcc Ocean sea ice dri/ me series made at Ifremer/CERSAT from satellite measurements
which consists of several products: the Level 3 products from single sensors and the L4 products from the combinaon of sensors. They are available
at 3, 6 and 30 day-lag with a 62.5 km-grid size during winter. This dataset is available for oceanic and climate modelling as well as various scienfic
studies in the Arcc. The me series is ongoing and will connue for Arcc long term monitoring using the next MetOp/ASCAT operaonal
scaerometers, planned to be operated for the next 10 years. This product is available from the MyOcean web portal (hp://www.myocean.eu/).
The next January 2012 issue will be dedicated to various applicaons using the Mercator Ocean products.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
PosterDryden2011txt
1) The document discusses determining the amount of water vapor along flight paths of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) aircraft to improve infrared astronomy observations.
2) A global atmospheric model from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is used to calculate water vapor loading along planned flight paths and compare to actual sounding data.
3) Accurately predicting water vapor levels will help SOFIA plan flights to regions of lower water vapor absorption to obtain better quality imagery.
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
- The document reports on direct measurements of Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) in the western North Atlantic using 40 acoustically-tracked profiling floats that followed and sampled the EDW layer.
- The floats revealed complex circulation pathways and coherent features not seen before, providing insight into the transport and reemergence timescales of EDW.
- Contrary to previous hypotheses, the observations suggest that most EDW is isolated from the atmosphere for periods less than 24 months, with seasonal to biennial reemergence being common.
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
AGU Ocean Sciences 2012 Poster on "Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean"
TU2.L10 - THE AQUARIUS/SAC-D MISSION OVERVIEW
The document summarizes the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to measure global sea surface salinity from space using an L-band radiometer and scatterometer. The mission aims to improve understanding of interactions between ocean circulation, the water cycle, and climate. It will provide global salinity measurements every 7 days at 150km resolution to study links between salinity, rainfall, evaporation and ocean density. The observatory carries instruments from Argentina and the US to also measure soil moisture, atmospheric water vapor, sea ice and other variables.
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdf
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring water, carbon and global
climate change.
Solution
In recent years, the subjects of water, carbon, and global climate change
have attracted worldwide attention by scientists and the media. Climate
change, whether associated with human- induced or natural
variations, has and will continue to be important to policy makers and the
public. It is clear from reports such as that by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change
(IPCC) [1] that
Earth observations play a critical role in providing information for assessment
and modeling. Improving these observations, better quality and newvariables, is a goal of most
national
and intergovernmental space agencies. Major initiatives are under waythat will result in benefits
to a broad
range of our global society. In the United States, a decadal study [2] was recently completed by
the
Committee on Earth Science and Applications of the US National Research
Council. The committee called for a commitment from the U.S. administration
to Earth observations to secure benefits for mankind. The report gives both
direction and a large boost to U.S. satellite programs as it recommended NOAA
to restore key observational capabilities of satellite missions and also that NASA
and NOAA launch 17 new satellite missions in the next 10 years. The study also
adds an additional focus to these missions: societal benefits.
Other countries have also been expanding their Earth observation programs
with numerous advanced concept satellite missions. Of particular relevance to
this issue are articles describing the
Earth observing programs of the
European Space Agency (ESA),
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA), the China National
Space Administration (CNSA), the
Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and
the National Space Program Office
(NSPO) of Taiwan.
The ESA has a long history of
Earth observation from space that
began with meteorological missions
and has included a series of increasingly
sophisticated radars that have
provided valuable data about climate
and the changing environment. The
ESA’s current and future Earth observing
is under its Living Planet
Programme and includes the Earth
Explorer, meteorological, and Sentinel
missions.
JAXA has supported a wide range
of satellite-based instruments and
platforms that have and will provide
global Earth observations for water,
carbon, and climate. Of particular
note for the future is the commitment
to the Global Change Observation
Mission (GCOM) that will launch a
series of two types of satellites (water
and climate) to provide consistent and
continuous observations of key variables
over a 15-year period.
In addition to the United States,
ESA, and JAXA programs, there are
strong satellite-based Earth observing
programs in Canada, China, Argentina,
Taiwan, and Brazil.
In this Special Issue some of the
most significant recent and future Earth
observing satellites planned to monitor
water, carbon and global clima.
afternoon2.pdf
The document discusses the ICESat-2 satellite mission and its measurements of the Greenland ice sheet. It provides details on the satellite's measurement concept including its laser configuration, orbit, and performance since launch. It summarizes the satellite's current status and projected mission lifetime. It also discusses various data products and access methods. Finally, it highlights some findings from the mission regarding mass changes and thinning of the Greenland ice sheet.
afternoon2.pdf
The document provides information on the Future of Greenland ice Sheet Science (FOGSS) mission. It describes the measurement concept of the mission including 3-km spacing between laser pairs, 90-m pair spacing for slope determination, and use of high-energy beams. It also discusses the orbit and repeat track design of the mission including an altitude of 500 km, coverage from 88S to 88N, and a 91-day revisit time. Finally, it provides an outlook on the mission lifetime noting the instrument components are performing well and the main limiting factor is projected to be fuel, extending the mission until around 2037.
PPT_aps
This document summarizes an experiment to simulate conditions in molecular clouds where planets and stars form, in order to better understand how water formed on Earth. The experiment uses a vacuum chamber, electron gun, cryostat, and other equipment to mimic the low pressures and temperatures of molecular clouds. Water samples will be frozen onto a cold surface in the chamber and exposed to the electron gun or heat to induce fractionation of oxygen isotopes, which will be analyzed to learn about fractionation factors that affected the distribution of isotopes in our solar system. Initial tests are establishing a control sample and procedures before running experiments on how thermal or electron-induced diffusion affects isotope ratios.
ASLO2016_C-PrOPS_Poster_Final
The document describes a new end-member algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter using optical measurements of light absorption and scattering. The algorithm was developed using data from the NASA Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem field campaign and incorporates measurements of diffuse attenuation in the ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths. Examples are given of how the results have been applied to further the analysis of diverse global optical datasets and understand environmental changes. The Compact Optical Profiling System fitted with a propulsion system allows precise control of optical instruments in the water column and enables sampling in a variety of aquatic environments.
Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Sub...
Article published in Marine Technology Society Journal: Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform (SALP)
1_Buck - Wavemil Steps IGARSS-11.ppt
Wavemill is a proposed ocean surface current measurement mission concept that uses hybrid interferometry. A feasibility study generated promising results showing potential accuracies better than 10cm/s. Risk reduction activities are underway, including an airborne demonstration campaign and development of an end-to-end simulator. The next steps include a product assessment study and advancing the instrument design and mission requirements.
1_Buck - Wavemil Steps IGARSS-11.ppt
Wavemill is a proposed ocean surface current measurement mission concept that uses hybrid interferometry. A feasibility study generated promising results showing potential accuracies better than 10cm/s. Risk reduction activities are underway, including an airborne demonstration campaign and development of an end-to-end simulator. The next steps include a product assessment study and advancing the instrument design and mission requirements.
Environmentally-Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation using a Sub...
AGU Ocean Sciences meeting 2010 Poster: "Environmentally-Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation using a Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform"
Similar to Argo (20)
Sustainable Marine Structures | Volume 04 | Issue 01 | January 2022
Sustainable Marine Structures | Volume 04 | Issue 01 | January 2022
Ocean_Predictive_Skill_Assessments_in_the_South_Atlantic
Ocean_Predictive_Skill_Assessments_in_the_South_Atlantic
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Direct Observation of Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdf
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdf
Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Sub...
Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Sub...
Environmentally-Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation using a Sub...
Environmentally-Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation using a Sub...
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
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https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdRecently uploaded (20)
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
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Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
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Argo
- 1. Umer Farooq Roll no:1053 Bs(H)Botany(M) University Of Education, Okara Campus.
- 2. Introduction History How Argo works? Current status of Argo Objectives of Argo Argo design and data Conclusion Reference
- 3. Argo is a system for observing temperature, salinity, and currents in the Earth's oceans which has been operational since the early 2000s. The real-time data it provides is used in climate and oceanographic research. A special research interest is to quantify the ocean heat content (OHC).
- 4. The name Argo was chosen to emphasize the strong complementary relationship of the global float array with the Jason satellite altimeter mission. In Greek mythology Jason sailed in a ship called "Argo" to capture the golden fleece. An Argo float being deployed from a research boat. Together the Argo and Jason data sets will be assimilated into computer models developed by project GODAE (Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment) that will allow a test of our ability to forecast ocean climate.
- 5. Argo is an international collaboration that collects high-quality temperature and salinity profiles from the upper 2000m of the ice-free global ocean and currents from intermediate depths. The data come from battery-powered autonomous floats that spend most of their life drifting at depth where they are stabilized by being neutrally buoyant at the "parking depth" pressure by having a density equal to the ambient pressure.
- 6. The broad-scale global array of temperature/salinity profiling floats, known as Argo, has already grown to be a major component of the ocean observing system. Argo is a standard to which other developing ocean observing systems can look to.
- 7. It will provide a quantitative description of the changing state of the upper ocean and the patterns of ocean climate variability from months to decades, including heat and freshwater storage and transport. Argo data will be used for initializing ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere forecast models, for data assimilation and for model testing.
- 8. The design of the Argo network is based on experience from the present observing system, on recent knowledge of variability from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter, and on the requirements for climate and high-resolution ocean models.
- 9. This is a useful tool for the scientist which are doing some projects upon global systems. Its save a lot of time and cost.