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100 years os orthodontics
- 1. 100 Years of Orthodontic History A J O - D O C e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n H o n o r i n g O u r P a s t1 9 1 5 q 2 0 1 5B u i l d i n g O u r F u t u r e As the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics marks its Centennial, we pause to recognize some of the important events of the last 100 years. The pages of the Journal, 1915 to 2014, were combed and a list of events was compiled. Some of these events were major, some minor. The importance of others might only be known 100 years from now. This Timeline complements “100 Years of Publishing, 100 People of Influence,” in the May 2015 Supplement, and “Author, Author,” in the July 2015 issue. Prepared by Rolf G. Behrents, Editor-in-Chief Lisa Troehler, Graphic Designer Chris Burke, Managing Editor Acknowledgment: Thanks to Norman Wahl, whose 16-part series in the AJO-DO, Orthodontics in 3 millennia, provided much of the information for this display. 1915 First issue of International Journal of Orthodontia published by Mosby Martin Dewey, editor 1915 First article in issue 1 of the Journal features figures created from 4 X 5 glass photographic plates Albert H. Ketcham 1915 World War I waging in Europe (started in 1914) 1915 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO 1915 First graduate orthodontic program initiated (discontinued in 1919) Harvard-Forsyth 1915 “Colorado brown stain” (mottled teeth) described and link with water supply suggested; stained teeth were resistant to decay G.V. Black and Frederick S. McKay 1916 Ribbon arch Edward H. Angle 1916 Plaster facemasks used to align models with the face Justus A.W. van Loon 1917 Lingual arch with soldered springs introduced John V. Mershon 1918 World War I ends 1918 First full-time orthodontic teacher A. Leroy Johnson 1918 High labial arch Lloyd S. Lourie 1918 First woman to head an orthodontic department Elizabeth Richardson 1918 Myofunctional therapy introduced Alfred P. Rogers 1919 Rotary dial telephone Bell System 1919 Crozat appliance George B. Crozat 1920 “Gnathostatic” procedure to reproduce jaw and facial relationships Paul W. Simon 1920s Orthodontic research using monkeys Albin Oppenheim 1922 First use of the term “cephalometrics” Benno E. Lischer 1923 First orthodontic graduate program leading to an M.S. degree University of Michigan 1923 Concept of “apical base” Axel Lundström 1924 First orthodontic college Angle College of Orthodontia 1924 Stainless steel (“18-8”) patented William H. Hatfield 1924 Orbital Law of the Canine (“gnathostatics”) Paul W. Simon 1925 Edgewise arch Edward H. Angle 1925 X-ray holder added to Todd’s craniometer (= roentgenographic craniometer) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1925 Norwegian system of orthodontics Karl Haüpl and Viggo Andresen 1925 Last graduate of the Angle School in Pasadena (“Orthodontist to the Stars,” he treated Ginger Rogers, Loretta Young, and children of Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Ronald Reagan, etc.) Matthew Connor Lasher 1926 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (alternate meeting) AAO 1926 Roentgenographic craniometer adapted to hold the head of living person (= roentgenographic cephalometer) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1926 Edgewise appliances (“new mechanism”) first used, at request of Edward H. Angle Allan G. Brodie 1926 Carnegie Report on Dental Education issued; it led to the decline of the preceptor program and rise of university-based education William J. Gies 1926 First International Orthodontic Congress New York 1926 Brush Inquiry initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland T. Wingate Todd 1926 “Orthodontics: An Historical Overview of its Origins and Evolution” published Bernhard W. Weinberger 1927 Stainless steel (aka “rustless steel”) appliances developed Lucien De Coster and Rudolph Schwarz 1927 McCoy open-tube appliance (self-ligating) James D. McCoy 1928 Edgewise appliance with rectangular bracket slot introduced Edward H. Angle 1928 Root resorption attributed to rigid, strong wires and overloaded teeth Albert H. Ketcham 1928 Slogan “See your dentist twice a year” coined Pepsodent 1929 First dental specialty board formed at the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado American Board of Orthodontics 1929 Law passed recognizing orthodontics as separate from medicine and dentistry (later repealed) Arizona 1929 Universal appliance invented (not introduced until 1937) Spencer R. Atkinson 1929 Bolton Study initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland (it was combined with the Brush Inquiry in 1970) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1929 Research on use of the roentgenographic cephalometer presented in Europe B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1992 Distraction osteogenesis used in patients with congenital deformities J.G. McCarthy, J. Schreiber, N. Karp, C.H. Thorne, and B.H. Grayson 1992 PAR index developed S. Richmond, W.C. Shaw, K.D. O’Brien, I.B. Buchanan, R. Jones, C.D. Stephens, C.T. Roberts, and M. Andrews 1993 First light-cured adhesive introduced Transbond XT, 3M/Unitek 1994 Name of the specialty officially changed to “Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics” AAO 1994 Digital imaging becomes widespread Mike Collette 1994 Superelastic Copper NiTi introduced Rohit Sachdeva 1994 Yahoo founded J. Yang, D. Filo 1995 World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) created 1995 Managed care widely discussed AAO 1995 Onplant used M.S. Block and D.R. Hoffman 1995 Seminars in Orthodontics begins publication P. Lionel Sadowsky, editor 1996 AAO on the Internet AAO 1996 Distal jet appliance introduced Aldo Carano and Mauro Testa 1996 First generation Damon bracket introduced Dwight Damon 1997 Google launched L. Page and Sergey Brin 1997 Distraction osteogenesis used in cleft palate patients to advance the maxilla J.W. Polley and A.A. Figueroa 1998 Distraction osteogenesis used in orthodontic treatment E.J.W. Liou and C.S. Huang 1998 First practical cone-beam computed tomography in dentistry (New Tom 9000) Quantitative Radiology 1999 Robotic wire bending (Suresmile) Orametrix 1999 Shift in emphasis from hard- to soft-tissue relationships urged in diagnosis and treatment planning to maximize occlusal and facial outcomes William R. Proffit, James L. Ackerman, and David M. Sarver 1999 Cloud computing Salesforce.com 2000 Concept of evidence-based research introduced in orthodontics David L. Turpin 2000 AAO celebrates 100th Anniversary AAO 2000 “Orthodontics at 2000” published Eric K. Curtis and the AAO 2000 World Journal of Orthodontics begins publication T.M. Graber, editor 2000 Computerized customized clear aligners become available (Invisalign) Zia Chisti and Kelsey Wirth, Align Tech 2000s Dental cast scanners become available 2000s Surface scanning with lasers and structured light 3dMD 2000s CBCT scanners in common use iCAT 2000s Custom labial bracket system (Insignia) Ormco Corporation 2001 High-heat sterilizers in common use 2001 September 11 attack on the U.S. 2001 Reed Elsevier acquires Harcourt, and Mosby joins Elsevier Elsevier 2001 Impressions become 3D models OrthoCAD 2001 Standards established for needle-sticks OSHA 2001 Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (aka, Wilckodontics, AOO, or PAOO) M. Thomas Wilcko and William M. Wilcko 2002 Who Was Who in Orthodontics published Norman Wahl 2003 Human genome project completed, providing a sequence and map of genes that identify Homo sapiens 2003 Custom lingual bracket system (Incognito) 3M/Unitek Corporation 2003 HIPAA (Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) guidelines for privacy and security of medical information distributed nationally HHS 2004 First year of electronic submission of manuscripts to the AJO-DO, greatly increasing the number of submissions from all over the world David L. Turpin 2004 Facebook launched Mark Zuckerberg 2005 YouTube activated W. Chen, C. Hurley, J. Karim 2006 iTero in-office digital impressions system Cadent 2006 Twitter launched E. Williams, N. Glass, J. Dorsey, and B. Stone 2007 iPhone released Apple 2009 Kodachrome slide film discontinued Eastman Kodak 2010s Practical 3-D printers available 2012 3-D printed prosthetic jaw implanted LayerWise 2015 Centennial celebration of the AJO-DO AJO-DO 1978 Speed bracket introduced Herbert G. Hanson 1979 Esthetic brackets become available (ceramic and sapphire) 1979 AAO headquarters relocates to 460 N. Lindbergh in St. Louis AAO 1979 Informed consent first mentioned in AJO-DO title; ADA adopts concept in 1988 Harry H. Hatasaka 1979 Herbst appliance reintroduced Hans Pancherz 1979 College of Diplomates of the American Board of Orthodontics formed Raymond C. Thurow, Chair 1979 Professional advertising allowed U.S. Supreme Court 1980s TMA beta-titanium archwires (Ormco Corporation) Charles J. Burstone and A.J. Goldberg 1981 AIDS recognized Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1982 Tooth-shade ceramic brackets available James Reynolds 1983 Visible-light-cure adhesive 1983 Vari-Simplex system Richard G. “Wick” Alexander 1983 Vitallium screw used as anchorage Thomas Creekmore and Michael Eklund 1983 First soft-tissue analysis and treatment planning guide introduced Reed Holdaway 1983 McNamara cephalometric analysis James A. McNamara 1983 First cell phones available to the public Motorola 1983 Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA) issues standards on hazard communications OSHA 1984 Macintosh computer introduced (128k with graphic user interface) Apple 1985 Air-rotor stripping (“slenderizing”) John J. Sheridan 1986 Quick Ceph Systems Günther Blaseio 1986 Repelling magnets used to intrude posterior teeth in open bite (active vertical corrector) Eugene Dellinger 1986 Tip-Edge system Peter C. Kesling 1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Japanese NiTi) Fujio Miura 1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Chinese NiTi) Hua-Chen Tien 1986 AIDS epidemic leads to systematic changes in infection control David Acer 1987 Digital impression system developed (CEREC 1) Siemans 1987 Michigan court case contends orthodontic treatment affects TMD Brimm v Malloy 1987 Jasper jumper James J. Jasper 1987 Clear ceramic brackets become available James Reynolds 1987 Digital intraoral X-ray sensor developed (radiovisiography) Trophy Radiology 1988 Magnets used to distalize molars Anthony A. Gianelly 1988 “Orthodontic force application to titanium endossous implants” published P.K. Turley, C. Kean, and J. Schur 1989 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) described P.H. Brook and W.C. Shaw 1989 Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) described N.C. Cons, J. Jenny, F.J. Kohout, Y. Songpaisan, and D. Jotikastira 1989 Ultrasound imaging (DigiGraph) Dolphin Imaging 1989 First home-bleaching product marketed (Nightguard vital beaching technique) Van B. Haywood and H.O. Heymann 1989 Standards established for hazardous wastes OSHA 1989 America Online created Quantum 1989 Titanium implants used for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage in animals W.E. Roberts, F.R. Helm, K.J. Marshall, and R.K. Gongloff 1990 National Practitioner Data Bank established 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act passed 1990 Photoshop software introduced Adobe 1990 First commercially available digital cameras Dycam Model 1 and Logitech Photoman 1990 PowerPoint software introduced Microsoft 1990 Standards established for hazardous chemicals OSHA 1990s Rigid fixation in widespread use in orthognathic surgery 1991 AAO headquarters moves across the street, to 401 N. Lindbergh (present location) AAO 1991 Standards established for blood-borne pathogens OSHA 1992 Stereolithography used to construct 3-D models 3D Systems 1992 Guidelines for infection control in orthodontic practice developed AAO 1992 Pendulum appliance described James J. Hilgers 1924 q Gnathostatics 1927 q McCoy self-ligating appliance 1928 q Edgewise appliance 1930 q Edward H. Angle dies1977 q Twin-block appliance 1986 q Tip-Edge bracket 1986 q AIDS and infection control 1995 q Superelastic copper NiTi 1999 q Suresmile 2000 q Invisalign 2000 q CBCT scanning 2001 q 3D models 2015 q AJO-DO centennial 1915 q International Journal of Orthodontia 1916 q Ribbon arch 1918 q World War I ends 1919 q Crozat appliance 876882 875881
- 2. 1 9 1 5 q 1 9 2 0 q 1 9 2 5 q 1 9 3 0 q 1 9 3 5 q 1 9 4 0 q 1 9 4 5 q 1 9 5 0 q 1 9 5 5 q 1 9 6 0 q 1 9 6 5 q 1 9 7 0 q 1 9 7 5 q 1 9 8 0 q 1 9 8 5 q 1 9 9 0 q 1 9 9 5 q 2 0 0 0 q 2 0 0 5 q 2 0 1 0 q 2 0 1 5 1953 Tweed cephalometric analysis Charles H. Tweed 1953 Structure and function of DNA described James Watson and Francis Crick 1954 “Stone Age Man’s Dentition” published P.R. Begg 1954 First orthodontic use of titanium wire P.R. Begg 1955 Human research using bone implants conducted Arne Björk 1955 First acid-etching described Michael G. Buonocore 1955 First FDA- and ADA-approved fluoridated toothpaste available (Proctor and Gamble) Crest 1955 First acid-etched direct bonding George V. Newman (controversial) 1955 Growth prediction Robert M. Ricketts 1955 Sassouni cephalomertric analysis Viken Sassouni 1955 Intraoral sagittal split osteotomy developed R. Trauner and Hugo L. Obwegeser 1956 Light-wire technique expanded by use of multiband appliances P.R. Begg 1956 Double-plate (activator and active plate) described A. Martin Schwarz 1957 High-speed air-rotor handpiece introduced John Borden 1957 Function regulator developed Rolf Fränkel 1957 Cephalometric analysis to evaluate position of teeth, jaws relative to occlusal plane D. Harvey Jenkins 1957 First practical panoramic X-ray Panorex 1957 First roentgenographic cephalometric workshop, held at Western Reserve University J.A. Salzmann 1957 “A Syllabus in Roentgenographic Cephalometry” published Viken Sassouni and Wilton M. Krogman 1958 Preceptor programs established AAO 1958 Tooth-size analysis developed (a thesis); published in 1962 Wayne A. Bolton 1958 Fully reclining dental chairs become available John Naughton 1959 Cortical bone provides greater resistance to tooth movement Heinrich Köle 1959 Second workshop on roentgenographic cephalometrics held at Western Reserve University J.A. Salzmann 1960 Closed-circuit television used at AAO Annual Session AAO 1960 Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation (HLD) index developed Harry L. Draker 1960 Pretorqued and pretipped anterior brackets Joseph R. Jarabak and James Fizzell 1960 Maxillary jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser 1960 Ricketts cephalometric analysis and “dynamic synthesis” described Robert M. Ricketts 1960 Electric toothbrush introduced (Broxodent) Squibb 1960s Sit-down dentistry becomes popular in the U.S. 1960s Dental insurance available 1960s Computers introduced in dental offices, mainly to manage accounts receivable 1960s Preformed bands developed Rocky Mountain and Unitek 1960s Craniofacial surgery developed Paul Tessier 1961 First headquarters of the AAO established at 7477 Delmar Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri AAO 1961 The American Association of Orthodontists Foundation formed AAOF 1961 Differential Force in Orthodontic Treatment published P.R. Begg 1961 First executive director of the AAO hired James Brophy 1961 Cordless, rechargeable “automatic toothbrush” introduced General Electric 1961 Palate-splitting revived in U.S. Andrew J. Haas 1962 Nickel-titanium wire developed at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory (Nitinol) William R. Buehler 1962 Segmented arch technique Charles J. Burstone 1962 Mesh diagram for growth studies Coenraad F.A. Moorrees 1962 Functional matrix theory Melvin L. Moss 1963 Touch-tone phone introduced ATT 1963 Plastic brackets introduced by GAC Morton Cohen and Elliott Silverman 1964 Nd:YAG Laser developed at Bell Labs (approved by FDA in 1997) Joseph E. Geusic and Richard G. Smith 1964 Center for Human Growth and Development established at The University of Michigan Robert E. Moyers 1964 CO2 Laser developed at Bell Labs Kumar Patel 1965 Multi-loop light wire appliance (aka, “Begg technique”) P.R. Begg 1965 Direct bonding with epoxy resin George V. Newman 1967 Ortho-Tain (preformed positioner) developed Earl O. Bergersen 1967 Journal of Clinical Orthodontics begins publication (as the Journal of Practical Orthodontics) Eugene K. Gottlieb, editor 1967 Wits appraisal developed at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa Alex Jacobson 1968 Elastomerics (Unitek Corporation) Roland M. Anderson and Paul E. Klein 1968 Newman claims he developed direct bonding in 1950 George V. Newman 1969 Consumer Credit Protection Act establishes “Truth in Lending” 1969 First computer arrives at the AAO headquarters AAO 1969 Blade implants used as anchorage for Class II elastics L.I. Linkow 1969 First human on the moon Neil Armstrong 1969 Computerized cephalometrics Robert M. Ricketts 1969 First computerized cephalometric service Robert M. Ricketts and Rocky Mountain Orthodontics 1969 Digital photography developed Stanford University 1969 65th Annual Session of the AAO held (see 1970) AAO 1970 70th Annual Session of the AAO held (number adjusted to be coincident with founding of the specialty in 1900) AAO 1970 Sponsored preceptor programs are discontinued AAO 1970 Straight-wire appliance (.022-inch) Lawrence F. Andrews 1970 Supracrestal circumferential fiberotomy (previously used by Edward H. Angle) John G. Edwards 1970 Direct bonding with acrylic resin Fujio Miura 1970 Two-jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser 1970 Bioprogressive straight-wire appliance (.018-inch) Robert M. Ricketts 1970s Clear plastic brackets Lee Pharmaceuticals 1971 Nitinol wire (Unitek Corporation) George F. Andreasen 1971 “Computerized Orthodontic Treatment Planning Services” (aka COT) copyrighted Viken Sassouni 1971 The American Association of Orthodontists: The Biography of a Specialty Organization published Wilbur M. Shankland 1971 Occlusal index developed Chester J. Summers 1972 Article reporting use of Nitinol wire published George F. Andreasen and Patrick R. Brady 1972 Classic article “The six keys to normal occlusion” published Lawrence F. Andrews 1972 Two-paste chemical cure adhesives available Concise and Adaptic (3M Unitek) 1972 Computed tomography scanning developed Godfrey Hounsfield (EMI Laboratory) and Allan Cormack (Tufts) 1972 Computer-driven diagnosis introduced Robert M. Ricketts 1971 Edgelock brackets (Ormco Corporation) Alexander J. Wildman 1972 Glass ionomer cement A.D. Wilson and B.E. Kent 1973 Problem-oriented approach to diagnosis and treatment planning introduced William R. Proffit and James L. Ackerman 1974 Directional force headgear described John Hickham 1974 Ultra-violet light-cure system developed Nuva Tach (Dentsply/Caulk) 1974 First description of lingual brackets Alexander J. Wildman 1975 Occluso-Guide (mixed dentition positioner) Earl O. Bergersen 1975 First no-mix chemical cure adhesive Lee Pharmaceuticals 1975 Little’s irregularity index described Robert M. Little 1975 Bimetric system F.F. Schudy and G.F. Schudy 1976 Apple I introduced Apple 1976 First lingual bracket patented Kinya Fujita 1976 Prototype lingual bracket (Ormco Corporation) Craven H. Kurz 1976 Bioprogressive system described Robert M. Ricketts 1977 Apple II introduced Apple 1977 Twin-block appliance William J. Clark 1977 MRI developed (originally called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Raymond Damadian 1977 Bonded retainers Björn U. Zachrisson 1978 Use of magnets in orthodontics suggested, followed by clinical trials Abraham Blechman and Harry Smiley 1940s Nuk Sauger nipple and pacifier developed, marketed Adolph Müller and Rocky Mountain Orthodontics 1941 Pearl Harbor bombed; U.S. enters WW II December 7 1941 The formal Tweed Course established in Arizona Charles H. Tweed 1941 Commercial television begins broadcasting WNBC 1942 The Federal Denture Act becomes law, prohibiting mail-order, direct-to-consumer distribution of dentures by dental laboratories 1942 Quantitative relationship between fluoride, mottled teeth, and dental caries proven H. Trendley Dean 1943 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO 1943 Activator reintroduced Viggo Andresen 1944 Interproximal reduction described Bibb H. Ballard 1944 Tooth positioner developed Harold D. Kesling 1944 First intermaxillary tooth-width ratios published in Swedish (in English in 1955) Anders Lundström 1945 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO 1945 World War II ends 1945 Vitallium implants used as anchorage to move teeth in laborabory animals B.L. Gainsforth and L.B. Higley 1945 First city to fluoridate its water supply Grand Rapids, Michigan 1947 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (unknown reason) AAO 1947 Modern facebow introduced (with a cervical strap for early treatment) Silas J. Kloehn 1947 Term “leeway space” coined Hays N. Nance 1947 “Sutural theory of bone growth” described Harry Sicher 1947 The Face in Profile published Arne Björk 1948 First practical cephalometric analysis William B. Downs 1948 Riedel analysis Richard A. Riedel 1948 National Institute of Dental Research established to support dental research H. Trendley Dean, director 1948 Wylie cephalometric analysis introduced Wendell L. Wylie 1949 “Gebisformer” (Bimler appliance) Hans Peter Bimler 1949 First course in cephalometrics Alton W. Moore 1950 Bionator developed Wilhelm Balters 1950 Titanium developed for use in orthodontics P.R. Begg 1950 Lewis bracket introduced Paul Lewis 1950 Laminagraphy (i.e., body section radiography) for imaging the TMJ described Robert M. Ricketts 1950 Elgiloy wire introduced Elgin National Watch Company 1950 Twin (“Siamese”) brackets Brainerd F. Swain 1950s X-rays routinely used in dentistry 1950s Stainless steel bands widely accepted and used 1950s Serial extraction in common use 1950s Inferential statistical testing appears in the AJO 1950s Electromyography research initiated Robert E. Moyers 1950s Lingual brackets placed with copper cement Glen Terwilliger 1951 Distraction osteogenesis used to repair fractures and nonunion of long bones Gavril A. Ilizarov 1951 Swirl tube self-locking bracket (Aderer) Alexander Sved 1951 First television spot about orthodontic treatment (30 minutes) WOW (NBC), Omaha 1952 Federal Trade Commission complaint against the AAO settled (involved attempt to restrict advertising of some dental laboratories) AAO 1952 Adams clasp C. Philip Adams 1952 Titanium shown to fuse with bone (osseointegration) Per-Ingvar Brånemark 1952 Burlington Growth Centre for Craniofacial Growth at the University of Toronto initiated Robert E. Moyers 1952 Light-wire technique developed E. Storey and R. Smith 1953 Magnets used for orthodontic purposes Jef M.M. Crefcoeur 1953 Color television becomes available NBC and CBS 1953 One of the first uses of computers in dentistry/orthodontics (ENIAC) Viken Sassouni 1953 The .018-inch slot bracket introduced Cecil C. Steiner 1953 Steiner cephalometric analysis Cecil C. Steiner 1929 Term “serial extraction” coined Birger Kjellgren 1929 Monograph published describing treatment with the Monobloc (device was first developed in 1902) Pierre Robin 1929 Curriculum II Orthodontic Program at University of California at San Francisco admits its first class (until 1969) Ernest M. Setzer and George W. Hahn 1929 Stainless steel adapted for orthodontics (not generally accepted until the 1950s and 60s) Wilkinson Sword 1930 Founder of modern orthodontics dies on August 11 Edward H. Angle 1930 Herbst’s findings published (Herbst appliance originally developed in 1905) Emile Herbst 1930 Removable active plate developed Charles F.L. Nord 1930s “Painless” Parker, an early advertising dentist, sets up dental clinics in California Edgar R.R. Parker 1930s Preformed bands introduced Rocky Mountain Metal Products 1931 First journal devoted exclusively to orthodontics published The Angle Orthodontist 1931 First woman editor of an orthodontic journal Anna H. Angle, editor 1931 First practical cephalometer and teleradiographic procedure introduced B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1931 Trace elements of fluoride indentified in the water supply of Bauxite, Arkansas H.V. Churchill and Alcoa 1931 Independently developed teleradiographic procedure paper published Herbert Hofrath 1931 Relationship between fluoride and mottled teeth confirmed Frederick S. McKay 1931 It is suggested that orthodontic force should not exceed capillary blood pressure A. Martin Schwarz 1931 Semi-adjustable articulator developed Charles E. Stuart and Beverly B. McCollum 1933 Begg bracket introduced (i.e., upside-down ribbon-arch) P.R. Begg 1933 Spot welder produced Rocky Mountain Metal Products 1934 Issue of mail-order orthodontics by laboratories raised AAO 1934 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (Depression) AAO 1934 American Society of Orthodontists reorganizes as the American Association of Orthodontists AAO 1934 Twin-wire appliance introduced Joseph H. Johnson 1935 Kodachrome slide film first produced Eastman Kodak 1936 Commission on Journalism of the American College of Dentists instigates vitriolic battle over relationship of AAO and AJO; continues for over a decade AAO 1936 Term “activator” coined Karl Häupl 1936 Third molar enucleation advocated Oscar Henry 1936 “Active plate” constructed (originally introduced by Nord) Alfred Kantorowicz and Gustav Korkhaus 1936 Extraoral traction devices developed, re-introduced in the U.S. Albin Oppenheim 1936 Term “anchorage preparation” coined Charles H. Tweed 1937 Acrylics introduced in the U.S.; they gradually replace vulcanite (vulcanized rubber) appliances Otto Röhm 1938 Roentgenphotogram developed (i.e., superimposed photo and cephalogram) Hans Peter Bimler 1938 Cephalometric appraisal of orthodontic treatment results published Allan G. Brodie 1938 The Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic established Herbert K. Cooper 1938 Nylon bristle toothbrush introduced (Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush) Dupont de Nemours 1938 First brigadier general of the U.S. Army Dental Corps Leigh C. Fairbanks 1938 Concept of “maxillofacial triangle” published Herbert I. Margolis 1939 World War II begins 1939 Connection between high levels of fluoride in drinking water and mottled enamel discovered H. Trendley Dean 1939 First successful dental implants (vitallium) placed in humans reported in the AJO Alvin E. Strock 1940 Labiolingual appliance developed Oren A. Oliver 1940 Retreatment of 100 patients originally treated according to Angle’s ideas reported Charles H. Tweed 1940s Stainless steel “Australian wire” developed P.R. Begg and A.J. Wilcox 1930 q Herbst appliance 1931 q The Angle Orthodontist 1931 q B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. and the cephalometer 1933 q Begg bracket 1934 q Twin wire 1939 q Dental implants 1943 q Vulcanite activator 1945 q World War II ends 1950 q Swirlok self-locking bracket 1953 q Steiner cephalometric analysis 1954 q Begg’s “Stone Age Man’s Dentition” 1955 q Fluoridated toothpaste 1957 q Fränkel appliance 1957 q X-ray machine 1961 q AAO headquarters 1961 q Haas palatal expander 1967 q Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 1972 q Six keys to normal occlusion 1975 q Little’s irregularity index 1976 q Lingual brackets 880878 879877