Biographical account

Biographical
account of
Dr. Angle –
his life &
contributions
to
Orthodontics.www.indiandentalacademy.com

“Lover of art & nature, intimate friend of trees &
flowers, but preeminently founder of the
science of orthodontia, to which best thought of
a life has been given in experiments & tests.”
- Provost Smith, university of Pensylvania
Edward Hartley Angle
(1855 – 1930)
www.indiandentalacademy.com

His Early Life.
Born in Herrick, Pennsylvania –
June 1st
, 1855.
Dislike for school & work around the farm.
Greatest pleasure – roaming around –
hills & woods.
Fascinated – crude machines – farming
community.
Early flair for inventiveness – designed & built
the horse drawn hay rake.www.indiandentalacademy.com

To avoid distasteful work of the farmer –
apprenticed to a dentist.
1876 – Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.
Graduated – 1878.
Private practice – Minneapolis – few years.
Interest – alignment of misplaced teeth &
correction of deformities of the jaws.
In Dentistry.

His interest – considerable attention.
1886  join faculty of dental school of University
of Minnesota.
Resigned – moved to Chicago.
Teacher of Orthodontia – Northwestern Dental
College.
1895  dental wing – Marion Sims College of
Medicine - St. Louis.
Washington University – short time as a teacher.

Experiences – various colleges – conviction –
orthodontia – not properly taught – dental college.
Orthodontia – part of prosthetic department.
Students – demands from other depts – less
attention to his work.
Since then – establishment of separate
educational facilities for orthodontia.

Thomas B. Mercer, Henry A. Lindas,
Milton T Watson & Herbert A. Pullen – 1900 -
Approached Angle – to learn his principles.
3 weeks – training – first ever – school of
Orthodontia ( any dental specialty ).
Profound influence on students.
Unorthodox teaching methods.
Angle’s School.

Learn – rigid system of discipline – every phase
of life – training period.
Preparation of assignments, meticulous
execution of technical procedures, even menial
house keeping tasks – dusting, polishing –
working quarters.
Against –custom – lengthy classroom lectures –
formal examination.
Classes – small – largest enrollment – 14.

Lectures – 3 hours or more.
Philosophy of great men- history, letters & science -
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Darwin,
Ralph Waldo Emerson – familiar to his students –
along with - biology & force control in orthodontia.
Objective – “light the fire of ambition.”
Students – left feeling – most thorough training
available – that covered far more than
orthodontia.
Evangelists – burning to spread the gospel.

Sense of responsibility – provide best available
sources of information.
Restricting practice – trt. of malocclusion – first
dental specialist.
Faculty – some members – trained – one of the
basic sciences.
Milo Hellman – paleontologist.
Raymond C Osborn – Comparative anatomist.
Frederick B Noyes experimental
 histologists
Albin Openheim
First Specialist.

They taught about –
Tissue tolerance.
Effect of mech. forces – bone & tooth str.
Physio & anat. – dev. of dentofacial complex.
Angle – dev. insight – fundamental principles –
underlie orthodontic procedues – mech. & bio.
His appl. – more delicate & refined.
Angle – mech. genius.
Appl. designed – satisfy principles – physio,
mech & art.

1907 – started school in New York.
1908 – shifted to New London, Connecticut.
Regular sessions till 1911.
Gave up clinical practice.
Devoted – study & to dev. of more refined ortho.
appl.
1916 – Pasadena California
Health related reasons.
Continued work – appl.refinement & addnl. writing.
Had to continue training. Space limitations – only
three could be accepted at a time.

1922 – previous students –Pasadena, California
– funds – building.
First building – devoted exclusively –
Teaching of orthodontia
Chartered for that purpose – State or National
Govt.
1924 – charter granted – State of California.
Official name – Edward H. Angle,
College of Orthodontia.
Training period – 1 year.
1927 – school closed - ILL Health.

E H Angle – mech. genius – Frederick B Noyes.
Despite – advances in materials – ideas &
principles – current appl. – similar to those dev.
by Angle & his colleagues.
Pioneer in seeking legal protection- ideas &
mech.
Personal antagonisms – Angle’s contemporaries.
1906 – American Society of Orthodontists – presidency
– Rodriguez Ottolengui – resolution – condemning –
patents.
Innovator & mechanical Genius.

Angle’s Patented Orthodontic
Devices.
1889 –
First patent – device combining
adjustable clamp band & regulating
screw.
pushing action – tubular shaft –
threaded sheath – threaded nut.
Arch wire – forcing the teeth
outward & forward (rod ) &
Plier – to increase the arch’s
length.

“E” (expansion) arch appliance.
Ends threaded, extended – anchor
tube or into clamping
bands.
Elastic round bar – conforming to –
ideal arch.
Banded teeth – attached to arch –
soft wire – allowed tipping or
aligning.
Improvements in E- arch.
Allowing detachment from the
bands – unscrewing nuts.
Superposing – piggyback arch .
Addnl. arch – rib. Notches to
prevent sliding of ligatures.

Kingsley’s headgear & Baker’s
intermaxillary anchorage – added
to his arch.
Jaws interconnected with elastic
Occipital headgear removed at will –
helpof a ball
joint.
1909 – 1915 – series of
improvements – connection &
detachment of arch from the
banded teeth.
Imp. threaded part – arch –
prevent adjusting nut –
accidentally moved.

Pin shaped end entering tubes soldered
to bands.
Joint patent with J Lowe Young
1st
step towards – Pin & tube appl.
Intr. of two interchangeable arches.
1st
arch – ‘regulating’ teeth.
2nd
arch – less springy, series of spurs,
entering vertical tubes in bands.
Retaining teeth.

Detachable coil –
Exerted a torsion action between
the arch
& the band.
Pin & tube Appliance.
Radical departure from E arch.
Small vertical tubes soldered –
bands – amounted to the first use
of brackets.
Bulky adjustable camp band –
replaced.

1915 – “Orthodontia Appliance”.
Solve the problem – solder &
unsolder pins
as trt. progressed.
To provide free but controlled
movements – bands along the
archwire.
Vertical tubes  br. with a vertical
slot.
Round arch wire  Ribbon arch.
2 variations.
 br. received ribbon arch – 2
walls, 3rd
– band itself.
 Arch entirely contained –
bifurcated lug.
Series of locking pins or wedges.
 Inserted into each br. or slots
made into br & arch.

Bifurcated pins – prevent both rotation
& lateral tipping.
1925 – Edgewise bracket.
His most imp. gift to the profession.
P.R Begg –cut the first br. on the lathe
Rect. wire – inserted in horizontal slot –
edgewise – kept with ligature ties - tie
wings.
“latest and best” non-extn. appl.
Further stressed the adv. of vertical
slot.
Last patent – filed 3yrs after his death.

Non Patented Orthodontic materials.
Biologic response to foreign bodies – imp.
Inventory of available materials.
[ gold, silver, platinum, platinous silver, iridio-platinum,
aluminum, brass, copper, aluminum bronze, steel ,iron
& vulcanized rubber.]
Material most fitting – Nickel silver or German
silver.
 Copper, Ni, Zn aloy with no silver.
 Pepared in varying proprns. – intended use.

Introduction of soldering – 1887.
Composition – German silver – varied b/w.
60% - 70% Cu.
10% - 20% Zn.
10% - 15% Ni.

Extraction Vs Non Extraction.
Occlusal concepts  def. of normal occlusion.
Potential complications:
Facial esthetics.
Stability of results.
Angle influenced by:
Philosophy of Rousseau & biologic concepts of
his time.
Rousseau  perfectibility of man

Extn. for ortho trt. – inappropriate.
Inherent capability – perfect dentition.
Ideal relation of 32 natural teeth.
Angle impressed by discovery
Bone architecture  stresses placed.
1900’s – German Physiologist – Wolff
“Wolff’s law of bone” – bone trabeculae
arranged in
response to stress lines on the bone.

Two Key Concepts.
Skeletal growth – infl. by external pressures.
Class II or Class III  problem – abnormal
stress on jaws.
Difft. pressure patterns – with trt – change
growth  overcome problem.

Proper fn.  Key – maintain teeth in correct
position.
teeth in proper occl. – force transmitted to
teeth – stimulate bone growth – stabilize teeth
in new position.
Edgewise appl. – “Bone growing appliance” –
capable of controlling root posn. – bodily
movement.

Dentofacial Esthetics:
Professor Wuerpel – tremendous variety – impossible
to specify – ideal.
Angle’s insight:
Reln. of dentition to face
& VARY
esthetics of lower face
Ideal esthetics for each individual – teeth in
ideal occlusion

Calvin Case’s challenge:
arches expanded – teeth aligned –
neither esthetics nor stability satisfactory – long term.
“The Extraction debate of 1911”.
1911 meeting of National Dental Association –
Calvin Case –article – “ the question of extraction
in Orthodontia”.
Following discussions – Cryer, Dewey, Ferris,
Buckley, Bowman & Hinman – published.

Case 
 inherited inharmonies in contiguous
structures – impossible to place all teeth in
the arch.
 Mandible – growing to a normal size – under
ext. infl – depend on – stunted normal growth
dev.
 Malreln’s – point to heredity. Mandible cannot
be made to grow beyond its inherited size –
by artificial stimuli.

1887 – paper – “ irregularities of teeth” –
Ninth International Medical Congress.
First edn. of his textbook.
1890 - A system of Appliances for correcting
irregularities of teeth.
1892 – Angle system of regulating and
retention of the teeth.
1895 – Addn. of Treatment of fractures of
Maxilla.
Publications & Presentations

1899 – Reprint.
- paper – “ The Classification of Malocclusion”
1900 – Malocclusion of teeth and fractures of
the Maxillae.
Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth.

Societies & Study Groups
Graduates from Angles school – organized
continuation study groups.
1900 – graduates from – school in St. Louis –
first Orthodontic Society –
Society of Orthodontists.
1901 – American Society of Orthodontists.
Forerunner of AAO.
American Orthodontist – Quarterly magazine –
1907 – 1912.

1909 – Graduates of New York & New London
Schools – Eastern Association of Graduates of
the Angle School of Orthodontia.
1913 – Angles students – West of Mississippi
river – Pacific Coast Society of Graduates of
the Angle School.

1922 – Edward H. Angle Society of
Orthodontia.
Started – graduates – college in California,
supplemented by – New London & New York
schools.
Nov 17, 1930 – reorganized the society – “to
carry forward Dr. Angles ideals of orthodontia”.
Society – decided publication of the Angle
Orthodontist.

Inability to recognize wide range of diff. in men
– matter of their endowments.
Ridicule – colleagues – scorn & sarcasm.
Weurpel – “ the trouble was that his profession
was more than religion to him: it was his
religion and his god. He would sacrifice
everything for its sake. Anything that in he
slightest degree lessened one’s attitude of
respect towards his profession was wrong.”
Criticisms.

Conclusion
No matter how inventive Angle have been
from a clinical pint of view, it is unlikely he
would have been considered father of Modern
Orthodontics without his ability to
demonstrate his concepts, supported by his
mechanical & metallurgical acumen.

Long after his accomplishments have faded into
history, Angle’s name will be associated with the
onward march of biologic science & his perceptive
mind that could penetrate the empiricism of his day
& proclaim the significance of normal occlusion.
This established Orthodontia as a science and it
will remain Angle’s greatest monument

Biographical account

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