History of orthodontics..

www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

The history of orthodontics has been intimatelyThe history of orthodontics has been intimately
interwoven with the history of dentistry for more thaninterwoven with the history of dentistry for more than
2000 years.2000 years.
The earliest foundations of modern orthodontics - relatedThe earliest foundations of modern orthodontics - related
to the concepts of beauty and ideal facial form developedto the concepts of beauty and ideal facial form developed
in Hellenic Greek civilization.in Hellenic Greek civilization.
Concepts of facial beauty - Classic works asConcepts of facial beauty - Classic works as HermesHermes
Carrying the InfantCarrying the Infant DionsysusDionsysus andand HermesHermes, by, by PraxitelesPraxiteles
in the 4th century BC, and by the anonymously sculptedin the 4th century BC, and by the anonymously sculpted
Apollo Belvedere.Apollo Belvedere.

Hippo cratesHippo crates (460 to 377 BC) the Greek(460 to 377 BC) the Greek
physicianphysician
 His text,His text, Corpus hippocraticumCorpus hippocraticum - many references- many references
to the “crooked teeth” and the tissues of the jawsto the “crooked teeth” and the tissues of the jaws
as part of the medical text.as part of the medical text.
AristotleAristotle (384 to 322 BC), the Greek(384 to 322 BC), the Greek
philosopherphilosopher
 The first comparative dental anatomistThe first comparative dental anatomist
 His famous work entitledHis famous work entitled De Partibus AnimaliumDe Partibus Animalium
((OnOn the Partsthe Parts of Animalsof Animals),),
 Compared the various dentitions of the knownCompared the various dentitions of the known
species of animals of that time.species of animals of that time.

Aulius Cornelius CelsusAulius Cornelius Celsus (25 BC to AD 50)(25 BC to AD 50)
 The first recorded method of treatmentThe first recorded method of treatment
 use of finger pressure to align irregular teeth.use of finger pressure to align irregular teeth.
PlinyPliny (AD 23 – 79)(AD 23 – 79)
 The first mechanical treatment for correctingThe first mechanical treatment for correcting
irregularitiesirregularities
 Advocated filing of elongated teeth to produceAdvocated filing of elongated teeth to produce
proper alignment.proper alignment.

Little reference to dentition during thisLittle reference to dentition during this
periodperiod
AdamandiosAdamandios, ( 5th century A.D.), ( 5th century A.D.)
““Those persons whose lips are pushed outThose persons whose lips are pushed out
because of cuspid displacement are illbecause of cuspid displacement are ill
tempered, abusive shouters and defamers”.tempered, abusive shouters and defamers”.
PaulPaul of Aeginaof Aegina (625 – 690 AD)(625 – 690 AD)
 First person to mention supernumerary teethFirst person to mention supernumerary teeth..

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci (1452 –1519 AD)(1452 –1519 AD)
 First to recognize tooth formFirst to recognize tooth form
 First to realize that each tooth was related toFirst to realize that each tooth was related to
another tooth and to the opposing jawanother tooth and to the opposing jaw
 Described maxillary and frontal sinuses andDescribed maxillary and frontal sinuses and
established their relationship to facial heightestablished their relationship to facial height

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564 AD)(1514 – 1564 AD)
 a Belgian physician and anatomist.a Belgian physician and anatomist.
 in his classic work,in his classic work, On the Fabric of theOn the Fabric of the
Human Body-Human Body- described the minute anatomydescribed the minute anatomy
of the teeth, particularly the dental follicle andof the teeth, particularly the dental follicle and
subsequent pattern of tooth eruption.subsequent pattern of tooth eruption.
Ambrose PareAmbrose Pare (1517 – 1590 AD)(1517 – 1590 AD)
 paid specific attention to dentofacialpaid specific attention to dentofacial
deformities, especially to the cleft palate.deformities, especially to the cleft palate.
 first to devise anfirst to devise an obturatorobturator for treatment.for treatment.

Pierre DionisPierre Dionis (1658 – 1718 AD).(1658 – 1718 AD).
 Advocated “operators for the teeth”;Advocated “operators for the teeth”;
 ““To open or widen the teeth when they are set too closeTo open or widen the teeth when they are set too close
togethertogether”.”.
 considered at length the etiology of dental irregularityconsidered at length the etiology of dental irregularity
and corrective therapy.and corrective therapy.
Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann (Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann (1692)1692)
 First time mention about casts in dentistryFirst time mention about casts in dentistry
 The impressions were taken in wax but the method wasThe impressions were taken in wax but the method was
not described.not described.
Phillip PfaffPhillip Pfaff (1756)(1756)
 First reported the use of plaster of Paris for impressionsFirst reported the use of plaster of Paris for impressions

France became the leader in dentistry throughoutFrance became the leader in dentistry throughout
the world in the eighteenth centurythe world in the eighteenth century
Primarily attributed to one manPrimarily attributed to one man Pierre Fouchard
Referred to as the “Referred to as the “founder of modern dentistry”founder of modern dentistry”
His two-volume bookHis two-volume book The surgeon Dentist, AThe surgeon Dentist, A
Treatise on the TeethTreatise on the Teeth, completed in 1723 and, completed in 1723 and
published in 1728.published in 1728.

With reference to orthodonticsWith reference to orthodontics
 He developed probably the first orthodontic appliance-He developed probably the first orthodontic appliance-
BandeletteBandelette (1723). It was designed to expand the(1723). It was designed to expand the
dental arch.dental arch.
 He described 12 cased of orthodontic treatment inHe described 12 cased of orthodontic treatment in
patients whose ages ranged from 12 to 22 years.patients whose ages ranged from 12 to 22 years.
 Other treatment procedures - the filing of teeth,Other treatment procedures - the filing of teeth,
especially for crowded anterior teeth.especially for crowded anterior teeth.
 the use of a special forceps called thethe use of a special forceps called the pelicanpelican..

Robert BunonRobert Bunon (1702 – 1788 AD). French dental(1702 – 1788 AD). French dental
surgeonsurgeon
 Advocated serial extractionAdvocated serial extraction
 FFirst used the term orthopedics in connection with theirst used the term orthopedics in connection with the
correction of malocclusion.correction of malocclusion.
Etienne BourdeteEtienne Bourdete (1757)(1757)
 Recommended only gold strips on the labial surfaceRecommended only gold strips on the labial surface
for the upper arch and on the lingual surface for thefor the upper arch and on the lingual surface for the
lower arch.lower arch.
 Recommended the extraction of the first premolars toRecommended the extraction of the first premolars to
preserve the symmetry of the jaws.preserve the symmetry of the jaws.
 In children who had protruding chins, advocatedIn children who had protruding chins, advocated
extraction of the mandibular first molars shortly afterextraction of the mandibular first molars shortly after
eruptioneruption

A Flemish artist and anatomistA Flemish artist and anatomist
Used a series of primate skulls and heads represented inUsed a series of primate skulls and heads represented in
lateral view and constructed a method of measuringlateral view and constructed a method of measuring
prognathism,prognathism, Camper’s line and Camper’s angle.Camper’s line and Camper’s angle.
Provided illustrations indicating a progression of skeletalProvided illustrations indicating a progression of skeletal
prognathic types, from monkeys to apes, and finally toprognathic types, from monkeys to apes, and finally to
humans.humans.
The insidious nature of Camper’s analysis is apparentThe insidious nature of Camper’s analysis is apparent
when it is understood that amongwhen it is understood that among Homo sapiensHomo sapiens, the, the
people of obvious African descent are inferior to thepeople of obvious African descent are inferior to the
people of Middle East or Mediterranean descent, whopeople of Middle East or Mediterranean descent, who
are in turn below Europeans.are in turn below Europeans.

John HunterJohn Hunter (1728 – 1793 AD) England(1728 – 1793 AD) England
 Credited as representing the first rigorousCredited as representing the first rigorous
scientific research on craniofacial growth andscientific research on craniofacial growth and
eruption of the dentition. He discovered alizarineruption of the dentition. He discovered alizarin
dye.dye.
KneiselKneisel (1836) German(1836) German
 Published work on malocclusion entitledPublished work on malocclusion entitled DerDer
Schiefstand derSchiefstand der Zahne.Zahne.
 Attempted the first classification of malocclusionAttempted the first classification of malocclusion
 First to advocate the use of a removableFirst to advocate the use of a removable
appliance.appliance.
 Also introduced the modern impression tray.Also introduced the modern impression tray.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

The term “The term “OrthodontiaOrthodontia” was apparently” was apparently
first used by the Frenchmanfirst used by the Frenchman Le FoulonLe Foulon inin
1839.1839.
According to Lischer, the termAccording to Lischer, the term
““OrthodonticsOrthodontics” was first used by the noted” was first used by the noted
philologist,philologist, James Murray.James Murray.

Joseph FoxJoseph Fox
 Wrote the first English dental textbook (1803 & 1806)Wrote the first English dental textbook (1803 & 1806)
 Gave explicit directions for correction malocclusion ofGave explicit directions for correction malocclusion of
the teeth.the teeth.
DelabarreDelabarre (1819)(1819)
 Condemned the premature extraction of deciduousCondemned the premature extraction of deciduous
teeth.teeth.
 Called attention to the lack of knowledge of theCalled attention to the lack of knowledge of the
growth of the face and of the causes of malocclusion.growth of the face and of the causes of malocclusion.
Joseph Sigmond (Joseph Sigmond (1825)1825)
 Recognized habit as a factor in malocclusionRecognized habit as a factor in malocclusion

MauryMaury (1829)(1829)
 commented on heredity and rickets affecting the facecommented on heredity and rickets affecting the face
and the dental arches.and the dental arches.
William ImrieWilliam Imrie (1834)(1834)
 Mentioned first time that thumb sucking as a cause ofMentioned first time that thumb sucking as a cause of
dental abnormalities. This was followed by recognitiondental abnormalities. This was followed by recognition
of tongue habits, soft diet and other contributoryof tongue habits, soft diet and other contributory
causes of malocclusion.causes of malocclusion.
Rodrigues (Rodrigues (1839)1839)
 called attention to abnormal muscular pressure in thecalled attention to abnormal muscular pressure in the
etiologyetiology

The field developed differently in North AmericaThe field developed differently in North America
than in Europe.than in Europe.
Angle was an intellectual and mechanical geniusAngle was an intellectual and mechanical genius
who dominated the orthodontic scene in the newwho dominated the orthodontic scene in the new
world more than any one person in Europe.world more than any one person in Europe.
He improvised clever appliances for the preciseHe improvised clever appliances for the precise
positioning of individual tooth, since, from thepositioning of individual tooth, since, from the
start, he emphasized the importance of correctstart, he emphasized the importance of correct
occlusion.occlusion.
In Europe, on the other hand, early leaders inIn Europe, on the other hand, early leaders in
the field studied more the role of craniofacialthe field studied more the role of craniofacial
skeleton in dentofacial anomalies andskeleton in dentofacial anomalies and
malocclusion.malocclusion.

Perhaps this is the reason that in thePerhaps this is the reason that in the UnitedUnited
StatesStates the field is calledthe field is called OrthodonticsOrthodontics ((from thefrom the
Greek wordGreek word orthosorthos, meaning straight, and, meaning straight, and
odontosodontos, meaning tooth, meaning tooth), whereas in), whereas in EuropeEurope
such terms assuch terms as dental orthopedics, orthopedicdental orthopedics, orthopedic
dentofaciale,dentofaciale, andand Gebissund KieferorthopedieGebissund Kieferorthopedie
are used.are used.
Although the terms are generallyAlthough the terms are generally
interchangeable, they reflect difference ininterchangeable, they reflect difference in
emphasis during historical development andemphasis during historical development and
they betray differences in the aims of appliancethey betray differences in the aims of appliance
therapy among various countries.therapy among various countries.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

In the United States, orthodontic concepts,In the United States, orthodontic concepts,
techniques, and specialized training developedtechniques, and specialized training developed
largely from within the specialty.largely from within the specialty.
Orthodontics in North America from the time ofOrthodontics in North America from the time of
Angle has been a bit more apart from dentistryAngle has been a bit more apart from dentistry
than any other dental specialty.than any other dental specialty.
Therefore, North American concepts ofTherefore, North American concepts of
orthodontics, as well as mechanics, have beenorthodontics, as well as mechanics, have been
oriented differently from European concepts.oriented differently from European concepts.

WeinbergerWeinberger classifies orthodontics in the Unitedclassifies orthodontics in the United
States asStates as
 (1) Early Orthodontia, 1839 – 1880, or from Harris to(1) Early Orthodontia, 1839 – 1880, or from Harris to
KingsleyKingsley
 (2) From 1880 – 1900, or from Kingsley to the(2) From 1880 – 1900, or from Kingsley to the
establishment of Angle School of Orthodontia and theestablishment of Angle School of Orthodontia and the
organization of American Society of Orthodontistsorganization of American Society of Orthodontists
 (3) Modern Orthodontics, from 1900 to the present(3) Modern Orthodontics, from 1900 to the present
time.time.

Samuel S. FitchSamuel S. Fitch (1829)(1829)
 book entitled “book entitled “A System of Dental Surgery”A System of Dental Surgery” isis
considered the first definitive work on dentistry in thisconsidered the first definitive work on dentistry in this
country,country,
 devoted a significant amount of information todevoted a significant amount of information to
irregularities of the teeth. He was the first to classifyirregularities of the teeth. He was the first to classify
malocclusion.malocclusion.
Orthodontics was part of prosthetic dentistry,Orthodontics was part of prosthetic dentistry,
and the literature on the subject describedand the literature on the subject described
orthodontics in the area of partial and totalorthodontics in the area of partial and total
replacement of missing teethreplacement of missing teeth

Chapin A. HarrisChapin A. Harris (1806 to 1860 AD)(1806 to 1860 AD)
 One of the most influential dental surgeonsOne of the most influential dental surgeons
during this period, published the first modernduring this period, published the first modern
classic book on dentistry,classic book on dentistry, The Dental Art,The Dental Art, inin
1840.1840.
 Gave much attention to various orthodonticGave much attention to various orthodontic
treatment procedurestreatment procedures
 His personal technique included the use ofHis personal technique included the use of
gold caps on molars to open the bite andgold caps on molars to open the bite and
knobs soldered to a band for tooth rotations.knobs soldered to a band for tooth rotations.

Materials generally used wereMaterials generally used were
 Cotton or silk ligatures, metallic wedgedCotton or silk ligatures, metallic wedged
arches, and wooden wedgesarches, and wooden wedges
 Discovery of vulcanite— a material used forDiscovery of vulcanite— a material used for
artificial dentures— permitted the constructionartificial dentures— permitted the construction
of bite plates and other forms of removableof bite plates and other forms of removable
appliances.appliances.
 Springs that were to be attached to the metalSprings that were to be attached to the metal
frames for use in individual tooth movementframes for use in individual tooth movement
were introduced.were introduced.

William LintottWilliam Lintott (1841)(1841)
 Introduced the use of screws.Introduced the use of screws.
 Described the premature loss of deciduous teeth as aDescribed the premature loss of deciduous teeth as a
cause of malocclusion.cause of malocclusion.
 Recommended that treatment begin at the age of 14Recommended that treatment begin at the age of 14
or 15 years .or 15 years .
 Described a bite-opening applianceDescribed a bite-opening appliance
Consisted of a labial arch of a light bar of gold or silverConsisted of a labial arch of a light bar of gold or silver
passed around the front surfaces of the teeth by means ofpassed around the front surfaces of the teeth by means of
ligatures (known asligatures (known as Indian twistIndian twist), and the necks of the), and the necks of the
irregular teeth with pressure applied for movement.irregular teeth with pressure applied for movement.

J. M.J. M. A. StrangeA. Strange (1841)(1841)
 Introduced modification of the screw, calledIntroduced modification of the screw, called
thethe crib.crib.
 Also introduced the use of the clamp bandAlso introduced the use of the clamp band
 For retention “use a rubber band attached toFor retention “use a rubber band attached to
some hooks on the appliance surrounding thesome hooks on the appliance surrounding the
molars”molars”
J. S. GunnellJ. S. Gunnell (1840)(1840)
 Introduced the chinstrap as occipitalIntroduced the chinstrap as occipital
anchorage for the treatment of mandibularanchorage for the treatment of mandibular
protrusion.protrusion.

Simon HullihanSimon Hullihan (1848(1848 ))
 Performed the first successful OrthognathicPerformed the first successful Orthognathic
surgery, a partial autoplastic resection of asurgery, a partial autoplastic resection of a
prognathic mandible.prognathic mandible.
William DwinelleWilliam Dwinelle (1849)(1849)
 Introduced the jack screw.Introduced the jack screw.
Emerson C. AngellEmerson C. Angell (1823 to 1903)(1823 to 1903)
 Probably the first person to advocate theProbably the first person to advocate the
opening of the median suture to provideopening of the median suture to provide
space in the maxillary arch (1860), since hespace in the maxillary arch (1860), since he
took a strong stand against extraction.took a strong stand against extraction.

James D. WhiteJames D. White (1860)(1860)
 Perfected a removable vulcanite appliancePerfected a removable vulcanite appliance
with a hinge in a split palatewith a hinge in a split palate
George J. UnderwoodGeorge J. Underwood (1864) of New(1864) of New
YorkYork
 Presented his graduation thesis at thePresented his graduation thesis at the
Pennsylvania College of Dental SurgeryPennsylvania College of Dental Surgery
(Philadelphia) entitled(Philadelphia) entitled ““OrthodontiaOrthodontia."."

O. A. MarvinO. A. Marvin (1828 to 1907 AD), in 1866,(1828 to 1907 AD), in 1866,
outlined the objectives of orthodontic treatment:outlined the objectives of orthodontic treatment:
 1st: the preservation of correct facial expression1st: the preservation of correct facial expression
 2nd: the restoration of such expression2nd: the restoration of such expression
 3rd: the proper articulation of the teeth for better3rd: the proper articulation of the teeth for better
masticationmastication
 4th: their orderly arrangement, with a view to4th: their orderly arrangement, with a view to
preventingpreventing

William E. MagillWilliam E. Magill (1825 to 1896 AD)(1825 to 1896 AD)
 in 1871 cemented bands on the teeth.in 1871 cemented bands on the teeth.
The period of the last three decades of theThe period of the last three decades of the
nineteenth century is studied in thenineteenth century is studied in the
framework of individual dentists and theirframework of individual dentists and their
contributions.contributions.
Each practitioner developed his ownEach practitioner developed his own
theory and practice, some to a greatertheory and practice, some to a greater
degree of excellence than others.degree of excellence than others.

John FarrarJohn Farrar could be referred to as thecould be referred to as the Father ofFather of
American OrthodonticsAmerican Orthodontics..
 Investigated the physiologic and pathologic changesInvestigated the physiologic and pathologic changes
occurring in animals as the result of orthodonticallyoccurring in animals as the result of orthodontically
induced tooth movement (1975)induced tooth movement (1975)
 Published a series of articles between 1881 and 1887Published a series of articles between 1881 and 1887
in thein the Dental CosmosDental Cosmos, one of the leading dental, one of the leading dental
journals, enunciating the principle that "in regulatingjournals, enunciating the principle that "in regulating
teeth, the traction must be intermittent and must notteeth, the traction must be intermittent and must not
exceed certain fixed limits.exceed certain fixed limits.

 Also publishedAlso published Irregularities of the Teeth and TheirIrregularities of the Teeth and Their
CorrectionCorrection, Vol. 1 in 1888 and Vol. 2 in 1889, in which, Vol. 1 in 1888 and Vol. 2 in 1889, in which
he demonstrated the many uses of the screw as thehe demonstrated the many uses of the screw as the
motivating attachment and the basis of what hemotivating attachment and the basis of what he
referred to as a “referred to as a “system ofsystem of orthodontia”orthodontia”
 He stressed the "importance of the observance of theHe stressed the "importance of the observance of the
physiologic law which governs tissues, duringphysiologic law which governs tissues, during
movement of the teeth, the subject being to preventmovement of the teeth, the subject being to prevent
pain."pain."
He was the originator of the theory of intermittentHe was the originator of the theory of intermittent
force, and the first person to recommend root orforce, and the first person to recommend root or
bodily movement of the teeth.bodily movement of the teeth.

Norman W. KingsleyNorman W. Kingsley
 He experimented with appliances for the correction ofHe experimented with appliances for the correction of
cleft palate (1866)cleft palate (1866)
 Associated with a technique known as jumping theAssociated with a technique known as jumping the
bite with the use of a bite plate. It was the treatmentbite with the use of a bite plate. It was the treatment
for protrusion of the maxilla, not necessarily withfor protrusion of the maxilla, not necessarily with
extractions, shaping the dental arches to be inextractions, shaping the dental arches to be in
harmony with each other.harmony with each other.
 He used vulcanite in conjunction with ligatures, elasticHe used vulcanite in conjunction with ligatures, elastic
bands made of rubber, jackscrews, and the chin cap.bands made of rubber, jackscrews, and the chin cap.

Among the first to use extraoral force to correctAmong the first to use extraoral force to correct
protruding teeth. He introduced the terms bite plane andprotruding teeth. He introduced the terms bite plane and
occipital anchorage.occipital anchorage.
In 1880 publishedIn 1880 published A Treatise on Oral DeformitiesA Treatise on Oral Deformities, which, which
remained a textbook for many years.remained a textbook for many years.
Emphasized the importance of the relationship betweenEmphasized the importance of the relationship between
mechanics and biology as the principle on whichmechanics and biology as the principle on which
orthodontics should be based.orthodontics should be based.
His book was the first to recommend that etiology,His book was the first to recommend that etiology,
diagnosis, and treatment planning were the acceptablediagnosis, and treatment planning were the acceptable
bases of practice. "Much success in treating irregularitiesbases of practice. "Much success in treating irregularities
will depend upon a correct diagnosis and prognosis."will depend upon a correct diagnosis and prognosis."www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Isaac B. DavenportIsaac B. Davenport, (1881), (1881)
 developed a theory that the masticatorydeveloped a theory that the masticatory
apparatus was subject to the laws of nature,apparatus was subject to the laws of nature,
that imperfect occlusion was deleterious tothat imperfect occlusion was deleterious to
the dentition, that extraction of teeth inthe dentition, that extraction of teeth in
treatment could affect the efficiency of thetreatment could affect the efficiency of the
masticatory apparatus.masticatory apparatus.
Henry A. BakerHenry A. Baker (1893)(1893)
 introduced the Baker anchorage, or the use ofintroduced the Baker anchorage, or the use of
intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands.intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands.
 The introduction of intermaxillary elastics wasThe introduction of intermaxillary elastics was
interpreted by some practitioners to mean theinterpreted by some practitioners to mean the
elimination of the need for extractionelimination of the need for extraction..

Clark GoddardClark Goddard
 Gave acceptance of an expansion screw for theGave acceptance of an expansion screw for the
forcible separation of the maxilla.forcible separation of the maxilla.
 Also attempted to classify malocclusion, whichAlso attempted to classify malocclusion, which
included 15 separate types of irregularities.included 15 separate types of irregularities.
Eugene S. TalbotEugene S. Talbot
 He stressed the study of the causes of malocclusionHe stressed the study of the causes of malocclusion
to be the key to treatment.to be the key to treatment.
 He advised close attention to disproportion in the sizeHe advised close attention to disproportion in the size
of the maxilla and mandible, "general contour andof the maxilla and mandible, "general contour and
profile of the face," and "the family history includingprofile of the face," and "the family history including
hereditary factors."hereditary factors."www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

He was one of the first to recommend the surgicalHe was one of the first to recommend the surgical
exposure of impacted canines.exposure of impacted canines.
He was the first to mention endocrine glands as possibleHe was the first to mention endocrine glands as possible
agents in the development of malocclusion.agents in the development of malocclusion.
Also, he was the first to use X- rays for orthodonticAlso, he was the first to use X- rays for orthodontic
diagnosis.diagnosis.
In 1891, demonstrated intraoral measurements on castsIn 1891, demonstrated intraoral measurements on casts
with such instruments as the registering calipers and thewith such instruments as the registering calipers and the
T-square with graduated sliding indicator. This was oneT-square with graduated sliding indicator. This was one
of the earliest attempts applying specific analysis ofof the earliest attempts applying specific analysis of
casts that reflected measurements of the jaws.casts that reflected measurements of the jaws.

W. G. A. BonwillW. G. A. Bonwill
 Developed the Bonwill equilateral triangle.Developed the Bonwill equilateral triangle.
 It is based on the mandibular analysis of a tripodIt is based on the mandibular analysis of a tripod
arrangement extending from the center of thearrangement extending from the center of the
condyloid process to the median line at the pointcondyloid process to the median line at the point
where the mandibular central incisors touch at thewhere the mandibular central incisors touch at the
cutting edge.cutting edge.
 His measurements of more than 2000 cases showedHis measurements of more than 2000 cases showed
that from the center of one condyloid process to thethat from the center of one condyloid process to the
center of the other was 4 inches and that from thecenter of the other was 4 inches and that from the
center to the incisor was also 4 inches.center to the incisor was also 4 inches.
 He used this theory in his orthodontic treatment. HeHe used this theory in his orthodontic treatment. He
advocated a specialty of orthodontics many yearsadvocated a specialty of orthodontics many years
before Angle.before Angle.

In 1881,In 1881, CoffinCoffin Plate was introduced.Plate was introduced.
The principles of resorption and deposition ofThe principles of resorption and deposition of
alveolar bone during tooth movement werealveolar bone during tooth movement were
discussed bydiscussed by L. E. CusterL. E. Custer (Ohio) in March,(Ohio) in March,
1888.1888.
In 1899 theIn 1899 the Items ofItems of InterestInterest was the first dentalwas the first dental
journal to devote a section of each issue tojournal to devote a section of each issue to
orthodontia because of the recommendation oforthodontia because of the recommendation of
its editorits editor, R. Ottolengui, R. Ottolengui (1861 to 1937 AD).(1861 to 1937 AD).

The year 1900 is arbitrarily selected as aThe year 1900 is arbitrarily selected as a
date for the beginning of the oldestdate for the beginning of the oldest
specialty of dentistryspecialty of dentistry
 Because it was in that year that the AngleBecause it was in that year that the Angle
School of Orthodontia was founded and in theSchool of Orthodontia was founded and in the
following year that the American Society offollowing year that the American Society of
Orthodontists was formed.Orthodontists was formed.

The most dominant, dynamic, and influentialThe most dominant, dynamic, and influential
figure in the specialty of orthodontics.figure in the specialty of orthodontics.
Through his leadership, orthodontics wasThrough his leadership, orthodontics was
separated from the other branches of dentistryseparated from the other branches of dentistry
(e.g., crown and bridge, prosthetics), and the(e.g., crown and bridge, prosthetics), and the
result was the specialty of orthodontics.result was the specialty of orthodontics.
Angle was the first to limit his practice toAngle was the first to limit his practice to
orthodontics.orthodontics.

In 1878, Angle received his DDS degree fromIn 1878, Angle received his DDS degree from
the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.
In 1887 he was appointed to the chair ofIn 1887 he was appointed to the chair of
orthodontia in the Dental Department of theorthodontia in the Dental Department of the
University of Minnesota.University of Minnesota.
He read his "revolutionary ideas" at the ninthHe read his "revolutionary ideas" at the ninth
International Medical Congress (District ofInternational Medical Congress (District of
Columbia), which received wide attention. TheColumbia), which received wide attention. The
paper was entitled "Notes on Orthodontia with apaper was entitled "Notes on Orthodontia with a
New System of Regulation and Retention." ItNew System of Regulation and Retention." It
was later published in thewas later published in the Ohio Journal of DentalOhio Journal of Dental
ScienceScience (1887).(1887).

In 1888, during a lecture to the Iowa StateIn 1888, during a lecture to the Iowa State
Dental Society on his "system of orthodontia,"Dental Society on his "system of orthodontia,"
Angle demonstrated for the first time theAngle demonstrated for the first time the
expansion arch and its auxiliaries.expansion arch and its auxiliaries.
In 1894 he was appointed the first professor ofIn 1894 he was appointed the first professor of
orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receivingorthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving
the MD degree from that college the followingthe MD degree from that college the following
year.year.

His classification of malocclusion was publishedHis classification of malocclusion was published
in thein the DentalDental CosmosCosmos in 1899.in 1899.
The next year, he organized the first school ofThe next year, he organized the first school of
orthodontia—orthodontia— The Angle School of OrthodontiaThe Angle School of Orthodontia
at St. Louis.at St. Louis.
The course of instruction included art (taught byThe course of instruction included art (taught by
artist Edmund Wuerpel), rhinology, embryology,artist Edmund Wuerpel), rhinology, embryology,
histology, comparative anatomy, and dentalhistology, comparative anatomy, and dental
anatomy, in addition to his appliances.anatomy, in addition to his appliances.

the members organized the first orthodonticthe members organized the first orthodontic
society -society - "The Society of Orthodontists.""The Society of Orthodontists."
In 1935, the society adopted the name it bearsIn 1935, the society adopted the name it bears
today:today: The American Association ofThe American Association of
Orthodontists (AAO).Orthodontists (AAO).
They also established the magazine, a quarterlyThey also established the magazine, a quarterly
titledtitled The American OrthodontistThe American Orthodontist, which we read, which we read
today as thetoday as the American Journal of OrthodonticsAmerican Journal of Orthodontics

1903 - Dr. Anna Hopkins1903 - Dr. Anna Hopkins
was elected the Society’swas elected the Society’s
first secretary.first secretary.
She completed one of theShe completed one of the
early Angle courses, butearly Angle courses, but
was never to practicewas never to practice
orthodontia.orthodontia.
In 1906 she became Mrs.In 1906 she became Mrs.
Edward Hartley Angle.Edward Hartley Angle.

In 1907, Angle started a school in New YorkIn 1907, Angle started a school in New York
City, and then, from 1908 to 1911, his schoolCity, and then, from 1908 to 1911, his school
was in New London, Conn., where 6-weekwas in New London, Conn., where 6-week
sessions were offered at tuition of $200.sessions were offered at tuition of $200.
In 1916 Angle moved again, this time toIn 1916 Angle moved again, this time to
Pasadena, Calif., for reasons of health.Pasadena, Calif., for reasons of health.
From 1924 to 1927, his course was extended forFrom 1924 to 1927, his course was extended for
1 year.1 year.

School at Pasadena, CFSchool at Pasadena, CF

Angle had an uncompromising positionAngle had an uncompromising position
against extraction. It was his credo thatagainst extraction. It was his credo that
"the best balance, the best harmony, the best"the best balance, the best harmony, the best
proportions of the mouth in its relation to theproportions of the mouth in its relation to the
other features require that there shall be a fullother features require that there shall be a full
complement of teeth, and that each tooth shallcomplement of teeth, and that each tooth shall
be made to occupy its normal position— i.e.,be made to occupy its normal position— i.e.,
normal occlusion."normal occlusion."

Angle filed 32 patents, the first was in 1889 and the lastAngle filed 32 patents, the first was in 1889 and the last
was in 1934, after his death.was in 1934, after his death.
His 30 patents focused on arches, on tools to modifyHis 30 patents focused on arches, on tools to modify
them, and on the best means of engaging banded teeththem, and on the best means of engaging banded teeth..
His first patent was a regulating screw, with an ingeniousHis first patent was a regulating screw, with an ingenious
push-type jackscrew for increasing width.push-type jackscrew for increasing width.
His other patents include E-arch appliance, pin and tubeHis other patents include E-arch appliance, pin and tube
appliance, ribbon arch appliance, and edgewiseappliance, ribbon arch appliance, and edgewise
appliance.appliance.
He also introduced soldering and a nickel-silver alloy toHe also introduced soldering and a nickel-silver alloy to

1926 - edgewise bracket1926 - edgewise bracket1915- ribbon arch bracket1915- ribbon arch bracket
1912 - pin and tube appliance1912 - pin and tube appliance
1899 - “E” arch appliance1899 - “E” arch appliance

His interest in orthodontics, devising originalHis interest in orthodontics, devising original
appliances and the use of intermaxillary elasticsappliances and the use of intermaxillary elastics
(a technique for which both he and Baker were(a technique for which both he and Baker were
to claim originality).to claim originality).
His special attention to the cleft palate patientHis special attention to the cleft palate patient
was a pioneering work,was a pioneering work,
He developed a classification of malocclusionHe developed a classification of malocclusion
that included 26 divisions.that included 26 divisions.

He was the leader of the group that advocatedHe was the leader of the group that advocated
extraction of teeth.extraction of teeth.
It was his reintroduction of the concept that theIt was his reintroduction of the concept that the
removal of certain teeth will enable the correctionremoval of certain teeth will enable the correction
of malocclusion and improve general health andof malocclusion and improve general health and
comfort that proved to be a "bombshell."comfort that proved to be a "bombshell."
It met with great opposition from manyIt met with great opposition from many
practitioners, especially those influenced bypractitioners, especially those influenced by
Angle.Angle.

In 1921 Case published his major work,In 1921 Case published his major work, A PracticalA Practical
Treatise on the Technics and Principle of DentalTreatise on the Technics and Principle of Dental
Orthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of the Cleft PalateOrthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of the Cleft Palate..
Case was a strong advocate of the relationship ofCase was a strong advocate of the relationship of
malocclusion to facial improvement. Facial improvementmalocclusion to facial improvement. Facial improvement
was a guide to treatment.was a guide to treatment.
He developed a technique for root movement, introducedHe developed a technique for root movement, introduced
the use of rubber elastics, pioneered the use of retainersthe use of rubber elastics, pioneered the use of retainers
and was the first to use thinner and resilient wires forand was the first to use thinner and resilient wires for
tooth movement.tooth movement.
He introduced the use of plaster casts of the face toHe introduced the use of plaster casts of the face to
illustrate different kinds of facial features.illustrate different kinds of facial features.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Originally, Case was a genuine admirer ofOriginally, Case was a genuine admirer of
Angle. In fact, he gave up the general practice ofAngle. In fact, he gave up the general practice of
dentistry because of Angle's influence.dentistry because of Angle's influence.
The discord started over the claim that AngleThe discord started over the claim that Angle
attributed the origin of the use of intermaxillaryattributed the origin of the use of intermaxillary
elastics to Baker, while Case thought that heelastics to Baker, while Case thought that he
should have received that credit.should have received that credit.
In fact, when Angle described this procedure, heIn fact, when Angle described this procedure, he
never mentioned Case. This led to charges andnever mentioned Case. This led to charges and
countercharges between them in 1903.countercharges between them in 1903.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

The second point of contention was— and is the oneThe second point of contention was— and is the one
usually remembered— the question of the extraction ofusually remembered— the question of the extraction of
certain teeth as a means of treatment.certain teeth as a means of treatment.
Angle's thesis was that "there shall be a full complementAngle's thesis was that "there shall be a full complement
of teeth, and that each tooth shall be made to occupy itsof teeth, and that each tooth shall be made to occupy its
normal position."normal position."
Case defended the discreet use of extraction as aCase defended the discreet use of extraction as a
practical procedure, while Angle believed inpractical procedure, while Angle believed in
nonextraction.nonextraction.
However, the unexpected result of this controversy wasHowever, the unexpected result of this controversy was
that it convinced general practitioners that they shouldthat it convinced general practitioners that they should
not attempt orthodontic treatment but should refernot attempt orthodontic treatment but should refer
patients to the specialist.patients to the specialist.

The extraction story was continued into 1911The extraction story was continued into 1911
withwith Martin DeweyMartin Dewey (1881-1933) an ardent(1881-1933) an ardent
champion of nonextraction. He modified Angle’schampion of nonextraction. He modified Angle’s
classification of malocclusion.classification of malocclusion.
The climax of this conflict was a debate in 1911The climax of this conflict was a debate in 1911
at the annual meeting of the National Dentalat the annual meeting of the National Dental
Association (former name of the ADA).Association (former name of the ADA).
It took many years after this episode for theIt took many years after this episode for the
problem to become a matter of calm andproblem to become a matter of calm and
objective evaluation and respectful appreciationobjective evaluation and respectful appreciation
of various points of view, each of which hasof various points of view, each of which has
made its contribution to orthodontics.made its contribution to orthodontics.

George C. AinsworthGeorge C. Ainsworth 19041904
 patented a regulating appliance that usedpatented a regulating appliance that used
vertical tubes and the principle of the loopvertical tubes and the principle of the loop
wire.wire.
Victor H. JacksonVictor H. Jackson (1850-1929)(1850-1929)
 Devised a specially designed applianceDevised a specially designed appliance
known as the Jackson crib, whichknown as the Jackson crib, which
incorporated the use of an auxiliary springincorporated the use of an auxiliary spring
(finger) as an aid in tooth movement.(finger) as an aid in tooth movement.
 His appliance was one of the first "systems" ofHis appliance was one of the first "systems" of
treatment to influence the development oftreatment to influence the development of
modern orthodontics.modern orthodontics.

Used a celluloid sheet containing a geometricUsed a celluloid sheet containing a geometric
figure that, when adapted to a model,figure that, when adapted to a model,
determined the extent of proposed toothdetermined the extent of proposed tooth
movement (1905)movement (1905)
Introduced the retainer appliance that bears hisIntroduced the retainer appliance that bears his
name (1908).name (1908).

In 1907 founded the International School of OrthodontiaIn 1907 founded the International School of Orthodontia
in 1912, he publishedin 1912, he published Principles and Methods of OrthodontiaPrinciples and Methods of Orthodontia..
He was an advocate of early treatment.He was an advocate of early treatment.
He introduced the terms neutro-occlusion, disto-occlusion andHe introduced the terms neutro-occlusion, disto-occlusion and
mesio-occlusion to describe the varieties of malocclusionmesio-occlusion to describe the varieties of malocclusion
Gave the suffix “version” to describe the wrong position ofGave the suffix “version” to describe the wrong position of
individual tooth.individual tooth.

Albin OppenheimAlbin Oppenheim (1911)(1911)
 The serious study of tissue changes duringThe serious study of tissue changes during
orthodontic tooth movementorthodontic tooth movement
 Beginning of a major interest in diet, nutrition, andBeginning of a major interest in diet, nutrition, and
genetics as reflected in orthodontic diagnosis .genetics as reflected in orthodontic diagnosis .
Alfred RogersAlfred Rogers (1873-1959)(1873-1959)
 Introduced the concept of myofunctional therapyIntroduced the concept of myofunctional therapy
(1918).(1918).
John V. MershonJohn V. Mershon (1867-1953 D)(1867-1953 D)
 Introduced the removable lingual arch based on theIntroduced the removable lingual arch based on the
principle that teeth must be free and unrestricted forprinciple that teeth must be free and unrestricted for
adaptation to normal growth.adaptation to normal growth.

Albert H. KetchamAlbert H. Ketcham (1870-1935)(1870-1935)
 a devoted researcher, was one of the first to introducea devoted researcher, was one of the first to introduce
the roentgenogram and photography into orthodonticthe roentgenogram and photography into orthodontic
practice.practice.
 He did studies on root resorptionHe did studies on root resorption
 His studies did much to alert the profession to theHis studies did much to alert the profession to the
pathologic results of improperly guided treatment andpathologic results of improperly guided treatment and
to awaken a feeling of “biologic sense”.to awaken a feeling of “biologic sense”.
A. LeRoy JohnsonA. LeRoy Johnson
 reemphasized the biologic concept in orthodonticsreemphasized the biologic concept in orthodontics..

Research in the science of anthropology and itsResearch in the science of anthropology and its
relation to the growth and development of therelation to the growth and development of the
human dentofacial complex.human dentofacial complex.
Introduced craniometric measurements and aIntroduced craniometric measurements and a
classification of dental development (1935).classification of dental development (1935).
He coined the term ‘divergence of face’He coined the term ‘divergence of face’
His motto was” Perfection in the Goal, AdequacyHis motto was” Perfection in the Goal, Adequacy
in the Standard.in the Standard.

Demonstrated a high percentage of upper firstDemonstrated a high percentage of upper first
molar rotation and warned against categorizingmolar rotation and warned against categorizing
malocclusion without first checking this rotationalmalocclusion without first checking this rotational
tendency and mentally replacing the tooth.tendency and mentally replacing the tooth.
pioneered in the use of hand and wrist X-rays topioneered in the use of hand and wrist X-rays to
determine the growth age and status for patients.determine the growth age and status for patients.

The INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFThe INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ORTHODONTIA AND ORAL SURGERY wasORTHODONTIA AND ORAL SURGERY was
started in 1915.started in 1915.
Decade of the 1920’s was noted for theDecade of the 1920’s was noted for the
introduction of several new appliances:introduction of several new appliances:
 Open tube byOpen tube by James D. McCoy (1922)James D. McCoy (1922)
 Removable appliance with springsRemovable appliance with springs George CrozatGeorge Crozat
(1928)(1928)
 Universal appliance byUniversal appliance by Spencer P. AtkinsonSpencer P. Atkinson-- thethe
that was a combination of the ribbon arch appliancethat was a combination of the ribbon arch appliance
and the edgewise appliance.and the edgewise appliance.
 Introduction of stainless steel to appliance fabricationIntroduction of stainless steel to appliance fabrication
by-by- Lucien de CosterLucien de Coster

Paul SimonPaul Simon's (1883-1957)'s (1883-1957)
 studies of facial bones that introduced the orbital-caninestudies of facial bones that introduced the orbital-canine
rule, gnathostatics (1924)rule, gnathostatics (1924)
Alex LundströmAlex Lundström
 The research of the apical baseThe research of the apical base
Albert HAlbert H.. KetchamKetcham
 Studies of root resorptionStudies of root resorption
Under the guidance ofUnder the guidance of Albert H. KetchamAlbert H. Ketcham, the, the
American Board of OrthodonticsAmerican Board of Orthodontics was created inwas created in
1929 and incorporated in 1930.1929 and incorporated in 1930.

PaciniPacini (1922)(1922)
 Introduced a method for standardized head radiography.Introduced a method for standardized head radiography.
The disadvantage was the high amount of distortionThe disadvantage was the high amount of distortion
because of head movement during prolonged exposurebecause of head movement during prolonged exposure
time.time.
B. Holly BroadbentB. Holly Broadbent (1931)(1931)
 Published an article in the first issue of the newPublished an article in the first issue of the new AngleAngle
OrthodontistOrthodontist entitled "A New X-ray Technique and Itsentitled "A New X-ray Technique and Its
Application to Orthodontia."Application to Orthodontia."
 It was the introduction to the specialty and to dentistry ofIt was the introduction to the specialty and to dentistry of
cephalometric roentgenography and of course,cephalometric roentgenography and of course,
cephalometric tracing and evaluation.cephalometric tracing and evaluation.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

HofrathHofrath ((GermanyGermany ))
 In the same year independently introduced aIn the same year independently introduced a
standardized cephalometric technique using a high-standardized cephalometric technique using a high-
powered X-ray machine and a head holder called apowered X-ray machine and a head holder called a
cephalostat or cephalometer.cephalostat or cephalometer.
BroadbentBroadbent
 Devised the roentgenographic cephalometer, whichDevised the roentgenographic cephalometer, which
is the instrument that accurately positions the headis the instrument that accurately positions the head
relative to the film and x-ray source.relative to the film and x-ray source.
 His study, supported by the Bolton family, consistedHis study, supported by the Bolton family, consisted
of a longitudinal study of 3500 schoolchildren fromof a longitudinal study of 3500 schoolchildren from
birth to adulthood. In honor of his sponsor,birth to adulthood. In honor of his sponsor,
 Established a new point of reference on the skull,Established a new point of reference on the skull,
known as the Bolton point.known as the Bolton point.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

SchwartzSchwartz (1932)(1932)
 described the pressure-tension theory todescribed the pressure-tension theory to
explain the movement of teeth duringexplain the movement of teeth during
orthodontic treatment.orthodontic treatment.
 defined the optimum orthodontic force asdefined the optimum orthodontic force as
28 g per sq. cm of root surface.28 g per sq. cm of root surface.
The principle ofThe principle of panoramic radiographypanoramic radiography
was described bywas described by NumataNumata (1933)(1933) andand
independently byindependently by PaateroPaatero (1948).(1948).

Oren A. OliverOren A. Oliver (1887-1965 )(1887-1965 )
 Established the labiolingual appliance (1940Established the labiolingual appliance (1940).).
Robert R. W.Robert R. W. StrangStrang (1881-1982)(1881-1982)
 Founded a postgraduate school inFounded a postgraduate school in
ConnecticutConnecticut
 His book,His book, AA Textbook of OrthodontiaTextbook of Orthodontia (1933),(1933),
was widely used and became a guide to thewas widely used and became a guide to the
"Strang technique.""Strang technique."
Joseph JohnsonJoseph Johnson (1888-1969)(1888-1969)
 introduced the twin-arch appliance (1938)introduced the twin-arch appliance (1938)

Wilton M. KrogmanWilton M. Krogman (1903-1987 )(1903-1987 )
 Applied the principles of physical anthropology to theApplied the principles of physical anthropology to the
dentofacial complex with craniometry anddentofacial complex with craniometry and
roentgenographic cephalometry. (1940’s)roentgenographic cephalometry. (1940’s)
 Brought to orthodontics a set of criteria for growth andBrought to orthodontics a set of criteria for growth and
development of the child and adolescent that set thedevelopment of the child and adolescent that set the
standard for all future research.standard for all future research.
Allan G. BrodieAllan G. Brodie
 Contributed to the study of the growth patterns of theContributed to the study of the growth patterns of the
human head from the third month of life to the eighthhuman head from the third month of life to the eighth
year.year.
WeinmannWeinmann andand SicherSicher (1940’s)(1940’s)
 The Sutural theory of growth controlThe Sutural theory of growth control

In 1941 introduced into theIn 1941 introduced into the
literature an "edgewise" appliance,literature an "edgewise" appliance,
based on the basal bone concept.based on the basal bone concept.
Developed the concept of uprigthting the teethDeveloped the concept of uprigthting the teeth
over the basal bone with emphasis onover the basal bone with emphasis on thethe
mandibular incisors.mandibular incisors.
Made the extraction of teeth for the OrthodonticMade the extraction of teeth for the Orthodontic
correction acceptable and popularize thecorrection acceptable and popularize the
extraction of first premolars.extraction of first premolars.

Enhanced the clinical application ofEnhanced the clinical application of
Cephalometrics.Cephalometrics.
Developed diagnostic facial triangle.Developed diagnostic facial triangle.
Developed the concept of orderly treatmentDeveloped the concept of orderly treatment
procedures and introduced the concept ofprocedures and introduced the concept of
anchorage preparation as a major step.anchorage preparation as a major step.
Developed serial extraction of primary andDeveloped serial extraction of primary and
permanent teeth.permanent teeth.

H. D. KeslingH. D. Kesling (1945)(1945)
 introduced his philosophy of tooth movementintroduced his philosophy of tooth movement
by using a rubber tooth-positioning device inby using a rubber tooth-positioning device in
which the teeth were moved into a more idealwhich the teeth were moved into a more ideal
cuspal relationship after major correction hadcuspal relationship after major correction had
been accomplishedbeen accomplished
WilliamWilliam WildingWilding (1940’s)(1940’s)
 received a basic patent for the use of alginatereceived a basic patent for the use of alginate
as a dental impression material.as a dental impression material.

Up to 1940, wrought gold alloys were the main sourceUp to 1940, wrought gold alloys were the main source
for arch wires.for arch wires.
In 1940’s austenite stainless steel was introduced byIn 1940’s austenite stainless steel was introduced by
Robert AustenRobert Austen,,
Although it was between 1903 and 1921 thatAlthough it was between 1903 and 1921 that HarryHarry
BrearlyBrearly of Sheffieldof Sheffield,, F.M. BeckettF.M. Beckett of United Statesof United States,,
Benno StraussBenno Strauss andand Edward MaurerEdward Maurer of Germanyof Germany
shared the honors for development of the Stainlessshared the honors for development of the Stainless
steelsteel..
By 1950’s the type 300 series of stainless steel alloysBy 1950’s the type 300 series of stainless steel alloys
were used for most of the orthodontic materialwere used for most of the orthodontic material..

Adolf MartenAdolf Marten
 A German metallurgist introducedA German metallurgist introduced martensiticmartensitic
stainless steel.stainless steel.
Elgin Watch CompanyElgin Watch Company
 Also in 1950’s the developed a complex alloyAlso in 1950’s the developed a complex alloy
whose primary ingredients were cobalt,whose primary ingredients were cobalt,
chromium, iron and nickel. This alloy waschromium, iron and nickel. This alloy was
marketed asmarketed as ElgiloyElgiloy by Rocky Mountainby Rocky Mountain
Orthodontics.Orthodontics.

Cephalometric analysis introduced byCephalometric analysis introduced by
 William B. DownsWilliam B. Downs (1899-1966).(1899-1966). ItsIts
significance was that it presented an objectivesignificance was that it presented an objective
method of portraying many factors underlyingmethod of portraying many factors underlying
any malocclusion and that there could be aany malocclusion and that there could be a
variety of causes of malocclusion exclusive ofvariety of causes of malocclusion exclusive of
the teeth (1948).the teeth (1948).
 Wendell L. WylieWendell L. Wylie (1913-1966),(1913-1966), whosewhose
research was directed to some underlyingresearch was directed to some underlying
determinants of facial pattern applied to thedeterminants of facial pattern applied to the
anteroposterior relationships, calledanteroposterior relationships, called
assessment of anteroposterior dysplasia.assessment of anteroposterior dysplasia.

. Other analyses were presented by. Other analyses were presented by
 C. C. SteinerC. C. Steiner (1953)(1953)
 C. H. TweedC. H. Tweed (1953)(1953)
 S. E. CobenS. E. Coben (1955)(1955)
 R. M. RickettsR. M. Ricketts (1966)(1966)
 V. SassouniV. Sassouni (1969)(1969)
 H.D. EnlowH.D. Enlow (1969(1969))
 R. JarrabakR. Jarrabak (1970)(1970)
 A. JacobsonA. Jacobson (1975)(1975)

James ScottJames Scott (1950’s)(1950’s)
 The nasal septum theoryThe nasal septum theory to explain growthto explain growth
control, which states that cartilage is thecontrol, which states that cartilage is the
primary determinant of skeletal growth, whileprimary determinant of skeletal growth, while
bone responds secondarily and passively.bone responds secondarily and passively.
Melvin MossMelvin Moss (1960)(1960)
 The functional matrix theoryThe functional matrix theory of growth, whichof growth, which
stated that the soft tissue matrix in which thestated that the soft tissue matrix in which the
skeletal elements are embedded is theskeletal elements are embedded is the
primary determinant of growth, and both boneprimary determinant of growth, and both bone
and cartilage are secondary followers.and cartilage are secondary followers.

BuonocoreBuonocore (1955)(1955)
 Introduced of the acid etch techniqueIntroduced of the acid etch technique
BowenBowen (1962)(1962)
 Developed BIS-GMA system by combining acrylic andDeveloped BIS-GMA system by combining acrylic and
epoxy resin.epoxy resin.
NewmannNewmann (1965)(1965)
 introduced bonding in orthodontics.introduced bonding in orthodontics.
WilsonWilson andand KentKent (1972)(1972)
 Introduced glass ionomer cementIntroduced glass ionomer cement

WhiteWhite (1986)(1986)
 Popularized glass ionomer cement inPopularized glass ionomer cement in
MaijerMaijer andand SmithSmith (1979)(1979)
 introduced crystal growth theory for promotingintroduced crystal growth theory for promoting
bonding between resin and enamel by usingbonding between resin and enamel by using
sulfated polyacrylic acid solution.sulfated polyacrylic acid solution.
SilvermanSilverman (1995)(1995)
 introduced light cure GICin orthodonticintroduced light cure GICin orthodontic
bonding procedure.bonding procedure.

Raymond BeggRaymond Begg ofof Adelaide,Adelaide,
Australia introduced his multiple-Australia introduced his multiple-
loop light-force wire appliance inloop light-force wire appliance in
1954, which continues to be in1954, which continues to be in
use today.use today.
In 1924 he was accepted at theIn 1924 he was accepted at the
Angle School of Orthodontia inAngle School of Orthodontia in
Pasadena, California.Pasadena, California.
He worked with Angle from MarchHe worked with Angle from March
1924 to November 1925.1924 to November 1925.

In November 1925 he returned to Australia and began toIn November 1925 he returned to Australia and began to
use edgewise mechanism.use edgewise mechanism.
In February 1928 he began, when indicated, to removeIn February 1928 he began, when indicated, to remove
teeth and/ or reducing their widths by stripping.teeth and/ or reducing their widths by stripping.
In the early 1940s, Begg metIn the early 1940s, Begg met Arthur J. WilcockArthur J. Wilcock,, aa
metallurgist at the University of Melbourne. After manymetallurgist at the University of Melbourne. After many
years of research, Wilcock produced a cold-drawn, heat-years of research, Wilcock produced a cold-drawn, heat-
treated wire that combined a balance between hardnesstreated wire that combined a balance between hardness
and resilience with the unique property of zero stressand resilience with the unique property of zero stress
relaxation.relaxation.

Soon after his return to Australia, Begg began toSoon after his return to Australia, Begg began to
study the natural wearing away of human tooth,study the natural wearing away of human tooth,
as evidenced by the skulls of Australianas evidenced by the skulls of Australian
aborigines.aborigines.
In his 1939 doctoral dissertation, “In his 1939 doctoral dissertation, “TheThe
Evolutionary Reduction and Degeneration ofEvolutionary Reduction and Degeneration of
Man’s Jaws and TeethMan’s Jaws and Teeth”, Begg related attrition, or”, Begg related attrition, or
rather lack of it, to the increased incidence ofrather lack of it, to the increased incidence of
malocclusion and other dental problems inmalocclusion and other dental problems in
modern man.modern man.

In 1954, Begg summarized this work on attritionalIn 1954, Begg summarized this work on attritional
occlusion in a classic paper entitled “occlusion in a classic paper entitled “Stone AgeStone Age
Man’s DentitionMan’s Dentition”, at the end of which he”, at the end of which he
described his new ‘round wire’ techniquedescribed his new ‘round wire’ technique
featuring the use of .018” round stainless steelfeaturing the use of .018” round stainless steel
wire in modified ribbon arch brackets.wire in modified ribbon arch brackets.

In 1956 Begg introduced the concept ofIn 1956 Begg introduced the concept of
differential force. In his 1956 article, Begg alsodifferential force. In his 1956 article, Begg also
reported that more than 200 patients could bereported that more than 200 patients could be
treated each year demonstrated that histreated each year demonstrated that his
technique and theories of treatment were able totechnique and theories of treatment were able to
produce acceptable results in unbelievably shortproduce acceptable results in unbelievably short
treatment times for all types of malocclusions.treatment times for all types of malocclusions.
H.D. KeslingH.D. Kesling andand Robert RockeRobert Rocke introducedintroduced
Begg concept in the United States.Begg concept in the United States.

EnlowEnlow (1965)(1965)
 The area relocation theoryThe area relocation theory to explainto explain
craniofacial growth.craniofacial growth.
Alexandre PetrovicAlexandre Petrovic (1970’s)(1970’s)
 Servo system theoryServo system theory of craniofacial growth.of craniofacial growth.
 He reasoned that it is the interaction of aHe reasoned that it is the interaction of a
series of casual change and feedbackseries of casual change and feedback
mechanism, which determines craniofacialmechanism, which determines craniofacial
growth.growth.
 The control of primary cartilage takes aThe control of primary cartilage takes a
cybernetic form of command whereas that ofcybernetic form of command whereas that of
secondary cartilages has the direct effect ofsecondary cartilages has the direct effect of
cell multiplication.cell multiplication.

van Limborgh (van Limborgh (1970)1970)
 Multifactorial theory to explain craniofacial growth.Multifactorial theory to explain craniofacial growth.
 He suggested that intrinsic genetic factors, localHe suggested that intrinsic genetic factors, local
epigenetic factors, general epigenetic factors, localepigenetic factors, general epigenetic factors, local
environmental factors and general environmentalenvironmental factors and general environmental
factors control growth.factors control growth.
HounsfieldHounsfield (1972)(1972)
 Announced the invention of the first CT technique,Announced the invention of the first CT technique,
which he called computerized axial transversewhich he called computerized axial transverse
scanning.scanning.
 Recently, dedicated three-dimensional CT scans forRecently, dedicated three-dimensional CT scans for
the maxillofacial area has been introducedthe maxillofacial area has been introduced
(NEWTOM –9000).(NEWTOM –9000).

In 1972In 1972,, developeddeveloped Straight WireStraight Wire
applianceappliance..
It was a modification of edgewiseIt was a modification of edgewise
appliance, in which the brackets areappliance, in which the brackets are
fully pre-programmed to accomplishfully pre-programmed to accomplish
the desired tooth movement in all thethe desired tooth movement in all the
three planes of space.three planes of space.
This is considered a majorThis is considered a major
advancement in improving orthodonticadvancement in improving orthodontic
treatment results with minimal possibletreatment results with minimal possible
wire bending.wire bending.

Peter KeslingPeter Kesling (1980)(1980)
 introduced tip-edge appliance, as a combination ofintroduced tip-edge appliance, as a combination of
Begg and the straight wire appliances.Begg and the straight wire appliances.
The history of archwire starts from piano wire,The history of archwire starts from piano wire,
passes through stainless steel and cobalt-passes through stainless steel and cobalt-
chromium to nickel-titanium wires.chromium to nickel-titanium wires.
 George Andreasen( 1970’s)George Andreasen( 1970’s) nickel-titanium alloy namednickel-titanium alloy named
NitinolNitinol
 BurstoneBurstone (1980)(1980) developed a stabilizeddeveloped a stabilized beta-phasebeta-phase
titaniumtitanium alloy, marketed as TMAalloy, marketed as TMA

Tien Hua ChengTien Hua Cheng (1985) -(1985) -Chinese NiTiChinese NiTi
Miura FMiura F et alet al (1986)-(1986)- Japanese NiTiJapanese NiTi
Rohit SachdevaRohit Sachdeva -copper NiTi-copper NiTi
A.J. WilcockA.J. Wilcock JrJr alpha-phase titaniumalpha-phase titanium wire.wire.
Rohit SachdevaRohit Sachdevatitanium-neobiumtitanium-neobium finishing archwirefinishing archwire
DevaDeva DevanathanDevanathan of TP Labs –of TP Labs –TimoliumTimolium
In 1986, the first brackets made of ceramic materialIn 1986, the first brackets made of ceramic material
became available and in May 1987, almost all majorbecame available and in May 1987, almost all major
orthodontic manufacturers had either announced or wereorthodontic manufacturers had either announced or were
about to announce ranges ofabout to announce ranges of ceramic brackets.ceramic brackets.

While the American orthodontists wereWhile the American orthodontists were
showing keen interest in improving fixedshowing keen interest in improving fixed
appliances, their European counterpartsappliances, their European counterparts
continued to develop removable andcontinued to develop removable and
functional appliances for guidance offunctional appliances for guidance of
growth.growth.
The principle of functional appliances wasThe principle of functional appliances was
first articulated in a paper in Germany byfirst articulated in a paper in Germany by
RouxRoux in 1883 .in 1883 .

Pierre RobinPierre Robin (1902)(1902)
 introducedintroduced MonoblocMonobloc, which protruded the, which protruded the
mandible forward in patients with Pierre Robinmandible forward in patients with Pierre Robin
Syndrome.Syndrome.
Viggo AndresenViggo Andresen of Norway (1910)of Norway (1910)
 developed thedeveloped the ActivatorActivator (Norwegian system),(Norwegian system),
which made use of the facial musculature towhich made use of the facial musculature to
guide the growth of the jaws.guide the growth of the jaws.

BimlerBimler developeddeveloped thethe Bimler applianceBimler appliance
(Elasticher Gebissforner).(Elasticher Gebissforner).
Bionator byBionator by BaltersBalters in early 1950sin early 1950s
Rolf FrankelRolf Frankel in 1969-1973 proposed thein 1969-1973 proposed the
Function Regulator to treat a variety ofFunction Regulator to treat a variety of
skeletal malocclusions.skeletal malocclusions.
William ClarkWilliam Clark developed the Twin Blockdeveloped the Twin Block
technique in 1977technique in 1977

Phillip Adams(Phillip Adams(1948)1948)
 Introduced Adams Clasp. It is the most widelyIntroduced Adams Clasp. It is the most widely
used clasp in orthodontics today.used clasp in orthodontics today.
Emil HerbstEmil Herbst (1909)(1909)
 Introduced the first fixed functional appliance,Introduced the first fixed functional appliance,
Scharnier or Joint, which is a fixed biteScharnier or Joint, which is a fixed bite
jumping device, and it was popularized byjumping device, and it was popularized by
Hans PanchersHans Panchers in 1977.in 1977.
 Also developed Quad-helix appliance, whichAlso developed Quad-helix appliance, which
was popularized by Ricketts.was popularized by Ricketts.

The beginning of orthodontics in India was madeThe beginning of orthodontics in India was made
in 1935, asin 1935, as Dr.Dr. H.D.MerchantH.D.Merchant gave the firstgave the first
series of lectures in orthodontics at the Nairseries of lectures in orthodontics at the Nair
Hospital Dental College, Bombay.Hospital Dental College, Bombay.
He is considered to be the “He is considered to be the “the father of Indianthe father of Indian
orthodonticsorthodontics”.”.
The first department of orthodontics wasThe first department of orthodontics was
properly established in 1939 in Nair Hospitalproperly established in 1939 in Nair Hospital
Dental College under him.Dental College under him.

At that time, the appliances used wereAt that time, the appliances used were
 Mershon’s Lingual Arch and High Labial Arch,Mershon’s Lingual Arch and High Labial Arch,
Hawley’s Plate, Catalan’s ApplianceHawley’s Plate, Catalan’s Appliance
 later on Badcock’s Expansion Plates andlater on Badcock’s Expansion Plates and
Norwegian Appliances were introduced.Norwegian Appliances were introduced.
Dr. N.H. ParikhDr. N.H. Parikh (1957)(1957)
 Introduced Jarabak’s Technique.Introduced Jarabak’s Technique.
Dr. A.B. ModiDr. A.B. Modi
 Introduced Frankel’s Appliance andIntroduced Frankel’s Appliance and
functional appliances.functional appliances.

Dr. Prem Prakash (1954)Dr. Prem Prakash (1954)
 Introduced edgewise applianceIntroduced edgewise appliance
Dr. Henriques (1955).Dr. Henriques (1955).
 Introduced labio-lingual applianceIntroduced labio-lingual appliance
Dr. Prem Prakash (1963)Dr. Prem Prakash (1963)
 Introduced Begg’s technique.Introduced Begg’s technique.
The Post-Graduate courses were startedThe Post-Graduate courses were started
at the Bombay colleges in 1959at the Bombay colleges in 1959

The Indian Orthodontic Society was establishedThe Indian Orthodontic Society was established
on Friday the 5th October 1965 at Mumbai withon Friday the 5th October 1965 at Mumbai with
(Late) Dr. H.D.Merchant as the Founder(Late) Dr. H.D.Merchant as the Founder
President and Dr. Parikh as the FounderPresident and Dr. Parikh as the Founder
Secretary and Treasurer.Secretary and Treasurer.
The First Annual Conference of the IndianThe First Annual Conference of the Indian
Orthodontic Society was held along with theOrthodontic Society was held along with the
Indian Dental Conference during January 1967Indian Dental Conference during January 1967
at New Delhi with a scientific session.at New Delhi with a scientific session.

The quarterly publication of the Journal of IndianThe quarterly publication of the Journal of Indian
Orthodontic Society (JIOS) was started byOrthodontic Society (JIOS) was started by
Dr.H.D.Merchant as the first Editor.Dr.H.D.Merchant as the first Editor.
In 1996, firstIn 1996, first Post Graduate Student ConventionPost Graduate Student Convention
was conducted in Mangalore, to expose thewas conducted in Mangalore, to expose the
postgraduate students of the entire country to apostgraduate students of the entire country to a
cross section of teachers on different facets ofcross section of teachers on different facets of
In 1999, theIn 1999, the Indian Board of OrthodonticsIndian Board of Orthodontics,, firstfirst
dental specialty to establish a professionaldental specialty to establish a professional
certifying board in India, was formed and the firstcertifying board in India, was formed and the first
specialty Board Examination was conducted onspecialty Board Examination was conducted on
29th September at Bangalore.29th September at Bangalore.

The first orthodontist in Kerala was Dr.The first orthodontist in Kerala was Dr.
P.P. Jacob , who is still practicing inP.P. Jacob , who is still practicing in
Kerala.Kerala.
Department of Orthodontics was started inDepartment of Orthodontics was started in
Government Dental College, Trivandrum,Government Dental College, Trivandrum,
in 1959.in 1959.
 Dr. P.P. Jacob was the first HOD.Dr. P.P. Jacob was the first HOD.
 Postgraduate programme started in 1972, andPostgraduate programme started in 1972, and
in 1997 the department celebrated the silverin 1997 the department celebrated the silver
jubilee year.jubilee year.

In Calicut, the postgraduate programmeIn Calicut, the postgraduate programme
started in the academic year 1999.started in the academic year 1999.
Department of Orthodontics in Govt.Department of Orthodontics in Govt.
Dental College, TrivandrumDental College, Trivandrum was approvedwas approved
by theby the Royal College of Surgeons ofRoyal College of Surgeons of
Edinburgh, Scotland, as the examinationEdinburgh, Scotland, as the examination
center for M. Orth. RCS from 2000center for M. Orth. RCS from 2000
onwards.onwards.

Kerala hosted two IOS conferences, first in 1989Kerala hosted two IOS conferences, first in 1989
in Trivandrum and second in Cochin in 2001.in Trivandrum and second in Cochin in 2001.
Prof. K. Jyothindra Kumar, the present HOD,Prof. K. Jyothindra Kumar, the present HOD,
GDC, Trivandrum, was IOS president duringGDC, Trivandrum, was IOS president during
2000-2001.2000-2001.
Dr. K. Jyothindra Kumar served as vice-Dr. K. Jyothindra Kumar served as vice-
president of IOS several times, and was inpresident of IOS several times, and was in
executive committee of IOS for a long period. Heexecutive committee of IOS for a long period. He
was the editor of Journal of Indian Orthodonticwas the editor of Journal of Indian Orthodontic
Society in 1980s.Society in 1980s.
Dr. George Jacob, the former HOD, was IOSDr. George Jacob, the former HOD, was IOS
president during 2001-2002.president during 2001-2002.

Kerala Orthodontic Study Group (KOSG) wasKerala Orthodontic Study Group (KOSG) was
started in 2000.started in 2000.
It started with the purpose of promotingIt started with the purpose of promoting
interaction between the members and to keepinteraction between the members and to keep
the orthodontists up to date with the currentthe orthodontists up to date with the current
advances in orthodontic scenario.advances in orthodontic scenario.

Orthodontics has achieved the status of a recognizedOrthodontics has achieved the status of a recognized
specialty of dentistry because of a long period ofspecialty of dentistry because of a long period of
craftsmanship and professional expertise.craftsmanship and professional expertise.
Our objective has always been to provide for theOur objective has always been to provide for the
preservation of dental health through the conservation ofpreservation of dental health through the conservation of
oral structures and the maintenance of dental function.oral structures and the maintenance of dental function.
Orthodontics, and indeed all of dentistry if it is to surviveOrthodontics, and indeed all of dentistry if it is to survive
as a profession, must continually reexamine its historyas a profession, must continually reexamine its history
and find relevant and significant ideals to meet the crisesand find relevant and significant ideals to meet the crises
of today.of today.

History of orthodontics..

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (7)

Similar to History of orthodontics..

Similar to History of orthodontics.. (20)

More from Indian dental academy

More from Indian dental academy (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

History of orthodontics..