The document provides a history of orthodontics from ancient Greece and Rome to modern times. It describes key figures such as Hippocrates, Celsus, Hunter, Fauchard, Angle, Case, Tweed, and Andrews and their contributions to the development of orthodontic techniques and appliances. Major developments include Angle's classification of malocclusions, the debate between extraction vs non-extraction approaches, the introduction of edgewise brackets and pre-adjusted appliances, and the integration of cephalometrics into orthodontic analysis.
History of orthodontics/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History of orthodontics/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of biographical account of /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History and evolution of implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Evolution of orthognathic surgery /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
History of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of biographical account of /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History and evolution of implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Evolution of orthognathic surgery /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
1. HISTORY OF
ORTHODONTICS
BDS 3rd year
Dr. Gyan P. Singh,
Deptt. Of Orthodontics&Dentofacial Orthopaedics
25/08/2014 ( 12-1 PM),C.P. Govila Auditorium
2. ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE & ROME
HIPPOCRATES (460-377 B.C.)
-Greek physician
-Reference to both teeth & jaw were
found in his writings.
-Gave earliest description of irregularities
of teeth.
-All information collection in text—
Corpus
hippocraticum.
3. 3
Hippocrates , in his Epidemics found that;
‘Among those individuals with long shaped
head some have thick necks, strong bones;
others have strongly arched palate, their
teeth are disposed irregularly arranged,
crowding one on the other.
4. -Aristotle (384 to 322 BC)
- the Greek philosopher , studied the teeth in a broad
manner
-Marked difference between human teeth and those of
animals and, in fact differences between the different
species of animals
5. 5
• AULIUS
CORNELENIUS
CELSUS (25 BC-AD
50 )
“If a second tooth should
happen to grow in
children before the first
has fallen out, that which
ought to be shed is to be
drawn out & the new one
daily pushed towards its
place by means of the
finger until it arrives at
its proper position”.
6. MIDDLE AGES (476 -1450)
-Paul of Aegina (Paulus Aeginata (625 – 690)
- wrote, ‘When supernumerary teeth
causes an irregularity of of dental
arches, they may be corrected by
resection of such teeth or by extraction.
-Stated that ‘irregular teeth were
‘displeasing in women’
7. RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)
LEONARDO DA VINCI
(1452-1519)
-Painted a smile on the lips of
MONA LISA.
-1st to recognize tooth form
-1st to realize that each tooth was
related to another tooth & to the
opposing jaw.
8. SIXTEENTH TO
SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY
The first mention of practicing dentistry was exclusively
made by Pierre Dionis(1658-1718).
He called dentists ‘Operator for the teeth’
and stated that they could also open or widen the teeth
when they are set too close together’
9. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
-Beginning in the 18th century,
leading country
in the field of dentistry was
FRANCE.
-Efforts of one man:
PIERRE FAUCHARD (1678-
1761)
He is referred to as the ‘Founder
of Modern Dentistry
10. 10
In 1728 ,he published the general work on
dentistry, 2 volumes entitled
‘THE SURGEON DENTIST ,A TREATISE ON
THE TEETH’
Fauchard, described first orthodontic appliance
Bandelette.
11. 11
- Consists of horse shoe
shaped strip of precious
metal to which teeth are
ligated.
13. 13
His book-‘THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN
TEETH’ in 1771
• First to describe nomenclature to classify the
teeth(incisors , bicuspids and molars)
• First to describe growth of jaws
14. 14
EUROPEAN PIONEERS OF EARLY
19TH CENTURY
JOSEPH FOX(1776-1816)
- ‘The Natural history and Diseases of Human
Teeth’(1814) to the budding science of
orthodontics.
-First to classify malocclusion (1803) First to observe
that mandible grows mainly by
distal extension beyond the molars,
with little or no increase in the anterior region.
15. 15
AMERICAN PIONEERS OF EARLY 19th
CENTURY
William Lintott (1941)
- Introduced the use of screws
- J. S. Gunnel (1840)
Invented occipital anchorage for mandibular protrusion
16. 16
In the early 1900s ,groundbreaking
scientists ,built the orthodontic
edifice brick by brick.
NORMAN W.KINGSLEY(1825-1896):
Edward H. Angle referred to
Kingsley as;
‘’Orthodontia’s greatest genius”
• Born on 2nd Oct 1825
• Joined Dr. A.W. Kingsley,
Pennsylvania.
• 1852 – first office in Oswego, New
York.
ORTHODONTICS PIONEER OF LATE 19TH
CENTURY
.
17. 17
After 1850, appeared: the most notable was
Kingsley’s book
“A Treatise on “Oral Deformities(1880)”
- Cleft palate prostheses.
Artificial replacement of missing parts.
External immobilization.
18. Over 100 articles on
Cleft palate rehabilitation.
Inadequacies of cleft palate
surgery.
Obturators.
Orthodontic diagnosis.
Orthodontic appliances.
Introduced occipital anchorage
19. 19
- Described “Jump the bite”(1880)
-Main objective was not to protrude lower teeth, but
to change or jump the bite in case of excessively
retreating lower jaw
20. 20
• EMERSON C. ANGELL : open mid palatal suture
with a split plate(1860)
21. 21
• WILLIAM E. MAGILL ; first to cement (platinum)
bands (1871)
23. 23
JOHN NUTTING FARRAR:
( 1839-1913)-Father of American
Orthodontics
- Began the era of biologic tooth
movements.
First to use occipital anchorage to
retract anterior teeth (1850) - His
treatise on “irregularites of teeth
and their correction” (1888) is
considered a great work devoted
exclusively to orthodontics.
24. 24
- He recommended bodily movements of teeth (1888)
- He originated the theory of intermittent forces and
developed a screw to deliver this force in controlled
increments
25. - In 1893, Henry A. Baker,
introduced intermaxillary rubber bands to
correct protrusion, known as ‘Baker
anchorage”.
26. 26
EDWARD H. ANGLE
(1855 – 1930)
- Born in a farm in
Pennsylvania on June 1st,
1855 .
- Marked ability to improve &
create mechanical
equipment on the farm.
- Developed a passion for
simplicity in design.
27. 27
- 1878- Graduated from Pennsylvania College of
Dentistry.
-1887 – Appointed to Chair of Orthodontia in dental
department of University of Minnesota.
Conveyed through his paper, ‘Notes on Orthodontia
with a New System of Regulation & Retention’ at
9th International Medical Congress.
1887 – Ohio Journal of Dental Science.
28. • 1888 – Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society –
demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries.
• 1894 – Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims
College, receiving MD degree the following year.
29. - In 1900, founded the first postgraduate school
of orthodontics (Angle school of Orthodontia)
- In 1907, founded, first orthodontic journal,
(The American Orthodontist)
30. 30
“The best balance, the best harmony, the best
proportions of the mouth in its relation to the
other features require that there shall be a full
complement of teeth & that each tooth shall be
made to occupy its normal position - i.e. normal
occlusion”
31. 31
- Maxillary first permanent molar - stable landmark in
craniofacial anatomy
- Angle developed classification of malocclusions
,published in – ‘Dental Cosmos’in 1899.
33. 33
Angle stated -
“The idea of a postgraduate school was forced upon me
because I wished to see those who had a desire to study
orthodontia better receive the opportunity to do so”.
Angle had commenced informal instructions in
orthodontia in his office in 1900.
34. 34
In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angle’s office, the
students & teachers decided that the time was ripe for
an Orthodontic Society.
The American Society of ‘Orthodontists ’.
On June 11, 1901, 10 members elected Angle as
president.
35. 35
1907 – moved his school to New York.
1908 – moved his school to New London, Conn.,
Decided to give up practice of orthodontia & devote
himself to study, teaching & development of better
appliances.
36. 36
- James Angle – first student of Edward H. Angle
College of Orthodontia in California.
- 1922 – Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New
London formed The Edward H. Angle Society.
- Angle attended the last society meeting on June
1928 in New London, Connecticut.
- The society ceased to exist after his passing
away in 1930.
-17 Nov,1930 – society reorganized & restarted
from former members.
37. 37
- The heavy archwire was
supplied in 4 designs,
depending on treatment
plan -
1. Basic E arch - used in
mandible with Baker
anchorage
1900-E -Arch Appliance
38. 38
- Incredible degree of craftsmanship.
- Impractical in clinical use.
- Poor spring qualities.
1901 Pin and Tube Appliance
39. 39
-Vertically positioned rectangular slot with ribbon arch of 10
x 20 gold wire.
- Good spring qualities.
- Allowed versatile movements.
1910-Ribbon Arch Appliance
-First bracket was introduced
by Angle in 1916 for use with
his ribbon arch mechanism
40. 1925 EDGE WISE
-Most accepted
-Allows tooth movement in
the three plane
- Angle gave edgewise
bracket,,later on C. Tweed gave
edgewise appliance
41. 41
• All said and done, Angle possessed
extraordinary technical skills, a very inventive
mind and an unbending, uncompromising nature
which truly makes him a mechanical, technical
and clinical genius, the repercussions of whose
inventions and contributions are strongly felt
even today.
Very aptly and deservingly he is called the
“Father of Modern Orthodontics’.
42. 42
CALVIN S. CASE (1847-192
• 1871-Graduated from Ohio
college of dental surgery.
- Wrote a practical treatise on
“Technics and principles of
Dental Orthopedia” (1908)
and wrote 123 articles
• First to use along with Henry
Baker Class II elastics and was
the first to attempt bodily
movement.
43. 43
• CONTRARY to Angle ,Case used different type of
appliance for each patient and stressed facial
esthetics in contrast to Angle’s reliance on occlusion
• He advocated changing the name of speciality to
‘Facial Orthopedia’
• 1892-First to stress on root movement & used
rubber elastics in treatment.
• Rehabilitation of cleft palate deformities-Case type
of obturator still in use
44. 44
• Case used headgears for cleft patients and
other
• His greatest contributions to be prosthetic
correction of cleft palate.
- First to use light wires (.016-.018)
Advocated extraction to correct facial deformities
Case’s 1911 paper provoked acrimonious
debate that came to be known as “Great
Extraction v/s non extraction debate”
45. The Great Extraction Controversy
:recommended extraction
:opposed it on the ground that it
inhibits growth
: It warned against undesirable
sequelae
P.FAUCHARD
& CELSUS
HUNTER
DELABARRE
46. 46
CASE :
Appeared in Chicago before National Dental
Association’s annual meeting in July (1911) with his
paper
“The question of extraction in Orthodontia”
Discussion erupted into full scale debate..
He was supported by impressive argument
Matthew Cryer ,a renowned anatomist.
47. 47
Martin Dewey (1881-1933)
.
• Born in 1881, Kansas.
• 1902-attended one of the first
classes of Angle school of
orthodontics.
• 1914- ‘Practical orthodontics’ -
orthodontic philosophy and
mechanical procedures.
• 1911-Dewey school of
orthodontia.
48. 48
MARTIN DEWEY :
- Advocated non extraction and challenged Case.
- ortho thought ,including Early regulation,Heredity, Bone
growing and Evolution.
- But Angle’s follower won the day and for next 30 yrs extraction
disappeared-
49. 49
- Orthodontist such as John Mershon, Joseph Johnson ,George
Crozat ,whose appliances relied on non-extraction
philosophy,helped perpetuate this philosophy.
- But by 1930’s dentist were beginning to notice relapse…
51. 51
Benno E. Lischer (1876-1959)
He wrote;
-1909; Elements of Orthodontia
-1912 ; ‘Principles & methods of Orthodontia’.
Coined terms – mesioocclusion
- distoocclusion
- neutroocclusion
- Stressed ,the relationship between muscles, malformation &
malocclusion.
52. 52
• John. V. Mershon
(1867-1953)
Introduced Removable
Lingual Arch (1909)
based on the principle
that teeth must be free
& unrestricted (if
otherwise rigidly
connected) for
adaptation to normal
growth i.e
- First invisible Appliance
1910 -1920
53. 53
Albert. H. Ketcham - (1870-1935)
-1902 - Graduate of Angle School of
Orthodontics.
• First to introduce Roentgenogram &
Photography.
• 1926 - Comprehensive data on root
resorption..
• A great teacher & guide- ‘Ketcham
Seminar’.
1929 : President of American Board of
Orthodontics
55. - Paul Simon’s (1883 -1957) – studies of facial bones
that introduced the orbital canine rule
- American board of Orthodontics was created in 1929,
& incorporated in 1930.
56. 56
1930 -1940
Justus A. W. von Loon (1915)- first to introduce
cephalometrics into orthodontics
- In 1922,Paccini, gave the term cephalometrics
1931 –B. Holly Broadbent published in the first issue
of Angle Orthodontist – ‘A New X-ray Technique &
Its Application to Orthodontia’
- Herbert Hofrath (1931) from Germany
- Introduced . cephalometric roentgenography,
cephalometric tracing & evaluation
57. 57
1940 - 1950
Charles H Tweed
(1895-1970)
–1941; introduced
edgewise appliance
based on basal bone
concept.
58. 58
Tweed’s contributions –
1. 4 objectives of orthodontic treatment with emphasis
for facial esthetics.
2. Upright mandibular incisors over basal bone.
3. Acceptance of judicious extraction of teeth.
4. Clinical application of cephalometrics
60. 60
1950 – 1960
-1948 – Cephalometric Analysis by William B Downs.
-it presented an objective method of portraying many
factors underlying
any malocclusion,
exclusive of the teeth
61. 61
Thomas .M. Graber (1917-2007)
• Born in St.Louis on May
17th 1917.
• Graduation –
Washington University,
St.Louis.
62. 62
• 20 textbooks, 22 chapters in other textbooks,
180 publications in journals & 930 book &
journal abstract reviews.
• 1964 – Kenilworth Dental Research
Foundation.
• Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15 years.
• Changed to AJO-DO.
63. 63
Lawrence F. Andrews(1929-)
• Father of pre-adjusted
bracket system.
• Nature’s best-120 non-
orthodontic normal cases.
• 6 keys of occlusion – 1972.
• Orthodontia’s best – 1150
treated cases.
• Straight wire
appliance(1970)
64. Functional appliances to midcentury
• The history of the functional appliance can be traced
back to 1879, when Norman Kingsley introduced
the“bite-jumping” appliance
65. 65
• 1902 – ‘Monobloc’ by Pierre Robin.
– Single block of vulcanite.
– To prevent glossoptosis in micromandible
& Cleft lip & palate patients.
Myofunctional therapy
• Alfred P. Rogers (1873-1959; Angle School, 1903)
called the father of myofunctional therapy,
• recognized the importance of the whole orofacial
system.
66. • Rogers was the first to implicate the facial muscles
for the growth, development,and form of the
stomatognathic system
• The activator
In 1909, Viggo Andresen (1870-1950)
67. 67
Herbst appliance
.
-was introduced in 1905
by Emil Herbst (1842-
1917), but his findings
were not published until
1935
- suitable for slightly
older children whose
cooperation might not be
dependable, because it is a
fixed appliance worn 24
hours a day.
68. 68
• Rolf Frankel(1908 -2001) – Frankel Function Regulator in 1957
• Appliance confined to oral vestibule – shields buccal and labial
musculature away from teeth & investing tissues.
• Exercise device – eliminates lip trap, hyperactive mentalis,
aberrant buccinator & orbicularis oris action.
69. 69
• Most frequently used activator modification –
Bionator by Wilhelm Balters
- In 1952, Hans Mühlemann created the propulsor.
It was based on the activator, but it lacked the
metal elements.
- The propulsor was later perfected by Hotz.
71. • Materials
• Metals
• Gold
• SS
• CoCr
• Titanium
• Magnet
• Plastics
• Ceramic
• Ceramic with metal slot
• Zirconia
72. 72
The beginning of Selectivity (1975 to the present)
• Self – ligating brackets.
• Composite – ceramic+polymer advantages.
• Bonding – adhesive pre-coated brackets.
• Curing – Light emitting diodes, Plasma arc
lights (Xenon), Laser lights (Argon laser).
- The tip-edge bracket does just that. Developed by Dr. Peter
Kesling of Westville, Indiana, in 1986
73. Summary
- Pierre Fauchard 1728 Bandelette
-Charles Goodyear 1839 Vulcanite
-Tucker 1846 Rubber elastics
-D William Dwinelle 1849 Jack screw
-Emerson C. Angell 1860 Expansion of plates
-Coffin 1860 Coffin spring
-Kingsley 1861 Headgear
76. • Andrews 1970 Straight wire appliance
• KURZ 1976 LINGUAL ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE
• Pancherz 1977 Herbst appliance
• Clark 1977 Twin block
• Alexander 1978 Vari-Simplex
77. MCQ:
1.Cephalometry was introduced by
(A)Margolis and William Wilson (1925)
(B) Tweed and Mills(1940)
(C) Bjork and Sassouni(1995)
(D)Broadbent and Hofrath(1931)
2. Father of modern orthodontics
(A) Dewey
(B) Angle
(C) Andrew
(D)Clark
78. 3.Angle’s classification was modified by
(A)Dewey
(B) Calvin Case
(C) Andrew
(D)Clark
4. Use of finger pressure to align the irregular teeth was advocated
by
(A) Edward H.Angle
(B) Aulius C. Celsus
(C) Charls H. Tweed
(D) William C. Angell
79. 5.Angle’s contribution in Orthodontics include the following
except
(A)Pin and Tube appliance
(B) Edgewise appliance
(C)E-Arch
(D)Straight wire appliance
6. Activator was introduced by
(A) Dewey
(B) Andresen
(C) Andrew
(D) clark
80. 7.Straight wire appliance was introduced by
(A)Dewey
(B) Angle
(C) Andrew
(D)Clark
8. Edgewise appliance based on basal bone concept was introduced
by
(A) Edward H.Angle
(B) Aulius C. Celsus
(C) Charles H.Tweed
(D) William C.Angell
81. 9. Six Keys of occlusion was given by
(A)Andrew
(B) Roberts Ricketts
(C) Charles H.Tweed
(D)Calvin case
10. Bionator was introduced by
(A) Anderson
(B) Balters
(C) Rolf Frankel
(D) Bjork
82. References:
1.Salzman JA: Practice of Orthodontics,JB Lippincott
company,1966
2.Graber TM:Principles and Practicce Orthodontics,WB
Saunders,1988
3.Proffit WR:Contemporary Orthodontics,Mosby,Inc,2000
4.Asbell M B,A brief history of orthodontics,American journal of
orthodontics,August 1990.volume 98. number 2, p. 176-183.
5.Asbell M B,A brief history of orthodontics,American journal of
orthodontics,August 1990.volume 98. number3, p. 206-213.