The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. Percival Raymond Begg developed the Begg technique for orthodontic treatment over many years, beginning in the 1920s. He studied under Dr. Angle and was an early user of the Edgewise appliance. Through his own practice, Begg realized some limitations of Angle's methods and made modifications like removing teeth or stripping tooth width to improve outcomes. This evolved into the Begg technique using light wires and brackets to minimize forces and reduce relapse. The technique gained popularity after visits by American orthodontists to Begg's practice and demonstrations of its effectiveness.
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of pitchfork analysis for evaluating changes in cephalometric radiographs over time. It discusses landmarks used for superimposing tracings of the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible. For the cranial base, sella and nasion are commonly used. The maxilla can be superimposed along the palatal plane or contours of the zygomatic arches. For the mandible, the lower border, symphysis, or gonion-gnathion and gonion-menton planes are used. Pitchfork analysis expresses changes in molar and incisor relationships algebraically to quantify treatment effects.
The document outlines a 16-part series on "Common Sense Mechanics" in orthodontics. It discusses various orthodontic mechanics principles like forces, moments, torque, and their clinical applications. Key topics include the diving board concept to control forces, differential torque mechanics, archwire-bracket relationships, extraction mechanics, and various malocclusion treatments. The goal is to help orthodontists understand and apply basic mechanics principles in a common sense manner.
- The ForsusTM FRD is a flexible fixed functional appliance developed by Bill Vogt in 2001 that can be used with a fixed pre-adjusted Edgewise appliance.
- It consists of spring modules, push rods of varying lengths, split crimps, and a measurement gauge.
- The ForsusTM is recommended for Class II cases where patients did not cooperate with class II elastics, and is planned from the beginning of treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. Percival Raymond Begg developed the Begg technique for orthodontic treatment over many years, beginning in the 1920s. He studied under Dr. Angle and was an early user of the Edgewise appliance. Through his own practice, Begg realized some limitations of Angle's methods and made modifications like removing teeth or stripping tooth width to improve outcomes. This evolved into the Begg technique using light wires and brackets to minimize forces and reduce relapse. The technique gained popularity after visits by American orthodontists to Begg's practice and demonstrations of its effectiveness.
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of pitchfork analysis for evaluating changes in cephalometric radiographs over time. It discusses landmarks used for superimposing tracings of the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible. For the cranial base, sella and nasion are commonly used. The maxilla can be superimposed along the palatal plane or contours of the zygomatic arches. For the mandible, the lower border, symphysis, or gonion-gnathion and gonion-menton planes are used. Pitchfork analysis expresses changes in molar and incisor relationships algebraically to quantify treatment effects.
The document outlines a 16-part series on "Common Sense Mechanics" in orthodontics. It discusses various orthodontic mechanics principles like forces, moments, torque, and their clinical applications. Key topics include the diving board concept to control forces, differential torque mechanics, archwire-bracket relationships, extraction mechanics, and various malocclusion treatments. The goal is to help orthodontists understand and apply basic mechanics principles in a common sense manner.
- The ForsusTM FRD is a flexible fixed functional appliance developed by Bill Vogt in 2001 that can be used with a fixed pre-adjusted Edgewise appliance.
- It consists of spring modules, push rods of varying lengths, split crimps, and a measurement gauge.
- The ForsusTM is recommended for Class II cases where patients did not cooperate with class II elastics, and is planned from the beginning of treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Ronald Roth's modifications to the Andrews Straight Wire Appliance philosophy and treatment approach. Roth started using the Andrews appliance in 1970 and later modified the bracket prescription based on his clinical experience. Some key differences between Andrews and Roth include Roth allowing more tipping of teeth initially and building overcorrection into the brackets to account for relapse. Roth also placed more emphasis on achieving a gnathological occlusion goal versus Andrews' focus on anatomical tooth positions. The document outlines Roth's bracket placement, prescription, and rationale for his modifications to the straight wire appliance.
The document discusses the evolution of orthodontic brackets from early appliances like Angle's E-arch and pin and tube appliance to modern brackets. Key developments include Begg's modified ribbon arch bracket in the 1930s, Angle's original edgewise bracket in 1925, and twin wire appliances. Modified edgewise brackets were introduced, including Alexander Sved's twin brackets in 1937. Ceramic and plastic brackets were later created for aesthetics. Self-ligating brackets were introduced more recently to reduce friction. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of the history and developments in orthodontic bracket design.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of intrusion arches used in orthodontics to correct deep overbites. It begins by defining intrusion and describing the biomechanics and principles involved. It then covers 9 specific intrusion arch designs: 1) Rickett's Utility Arch 2) Tipback Springs 3) Burstone's Continuous Intrusion Arch 4) Burstone's Three Piece Intrusion Arch 5) K-SIR 6) Connecticut Intrusion Arch 7) PG Retraction Spring 8) Translation Arch 9) Lingual Arch for intruding lower incisors. For each type, it provides details on materials, design, and mechanics of intrusion.
The document discusses headgear, including:
- A brief history of headgear from the late 1800s to present day.
- The components and assembly of headgear including head caps, neck straps, face bows, molar bands and tubes.
- The types of headgear including high pull, low pull, and combinations.
- The uses of headgear such as for growth modification in class II malocclusions, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
- Guidelines for headgear force prescription, wear time, and expected tooth movements.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Friction less mechanics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Soft tissue cephalometrics analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indirect bonding involves placing orthodontic brackets onto dental models or casts in the lab, then transferring them to the patient's teeth using transfer trays. There are several methods for indirect bonding, including the Thomas method using double sealant technique, Knights method bonding brackets directly to casts, and Sondhi's method using Bioplast trays. Indirect bonding provides more accurate bracket placement compared to direct bonding but requires extra lab time and carries risks of adhesive flash or bracket loss during transfer.
Preadjusted edgewise techniques /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Development of contemporary fixed appliance /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Ronald Roth's modifications to the Andrews Straight Wire Appliance philosophy and treatment approach. Roth started using the Andrews appliance in 1970 and later modified the bracket prescription based on his clinical experience. Some key differences between Andrews and Roth include Roth allowing more tipping of teeth initially and building overcorrection into the brackets to account for relapse. Roth also placed more emphasis on achieving a gnathological occlusion goal versus Andrews' focus on anatomical tooth positions. The document outlines Roth's bracket placement, prescription, and rationale for his modifications to the straight wire appliance.
The document discusses the evolution of orthodontic brackets from early appliances like Angle's E-arch and pin and tube appliance to modern brackets. Key developments include Begg's modified ribbon arch bracket in the 1930s, Angle's original edgewise bracket in 1925, and twin wire appliances. Modified edgewise brackets were introduced, including Alexander Sved's twin brackets in 1937. Ceramic and plastic brackets were later created for aesthetics. Self-ligating brackets were introduced more recently to reduce friction. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of the history and developments in orthodontic bracket design.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of intrusion arches used in orthodontics to correct deep overbites. It begins by defining intrusion and describing the biomechanics and principles involved. It then covers 9 specific intrusion arch designs: 1) Rickett's Utility Arch 2) Tipback Springs 3) Burstone's Continuous Intrusion Arch 4) Burstone's Three Piece Intrusion Arch 5) K-SIR 6) Connecticut Intrusion Arch 7) PG Retraction Spring 8) Translation Arch 9) Lingual Arch for intruding lower incisors. For each type, it provides details on materials, design, and mechanics of intrusion.
The document discusses headgear, including:
- A brief history of headgear from the late 1800s to present day.
- The components and assembly of headgear including head caps, neck straps, face bows, molar bands and tubes.
- The types of headgear including high pull, low pull, and combinations.
- The uses of headgear such as for growth modification in class II malocclusions, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
- Guidelines for headgear force prescription, wear time, and expected tooth movements.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Friction less mechanics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Soft tissue cephalometrics analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indirect bonding involves placing orthodontic brackets onto dental models or casts in the lab, then transferring them to the patient's teeth using transfer trays. There are several methods for indirect bonding, including the Thomas method using double sealant technique, Knights method bonding brackets directly to casts, and Sondhi's method using Bioplast trays. Indirect bonding provides more accurate bracket placement compared to direct bonding but requires extra lab time and carries risks of adhesive flash or bracket loss during transfer.
Preadjusted edgewise techniques /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Development of contemporary fixed appliance /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Evolution of orthodontic appliances /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Fixed appliances are devices attached to teeth that cannot be removed by the patient and are used to precisely move teeth. They are indicated when multiple tooth movements are needed. Components include active items like separators, archwires, and elastics, and passive items like brackets, bands, and molar tubes. Separators create space for banding. Archwires apply force in various planes. Bands are used for teeth requiring heavy forces or multiple attachments. Brackets connect teeth to archwires. Molar tubes house archwires and connect to headgear. Early appliances included E-Arches, pin-and-tube, and ribbon arches. Edgewise appliances provided better control but required complex bends. Contemporary appliances
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History and evolution of edgewise appliance.Sneh Kalgotra
The history of edgewise is interesting because of Tweed's decision to support extraction despite keeping his promise to his mentor Angle for 42 years of his professional life.
Introduction and history of orthodontics 2nd oct 2011गौरव Giri
This document provides a history of orthodontics, beginning with its origins in ancient civilizations. It discusses early Greek and Roman physicians like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen and their contributions to understanding teeth and jaw development. The field advanced during the Renaissance with anatomists like da Vinci, Vesalius, and Eustachio. In the 18th century, pioneers like Fauchard, Hunter, and Blake helped establish orthodontics as a discipline. The document then outlines the development of orthodontics in the United States and Europe in the 19th century, including the founding of the first dental college. It concludes with brief biographies of several orthodontic innovators like Angle, Harris,
This document provides a history of orthodontics from ancient times to modern day. It discusses early materials used in orthodontics such as silk thread, wire, and gold. Notable figures who contributed to the development of orthodontics include Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, and Galen in ancient Greece and Rome. They made early observations about teeth and malocclusions. Orthodontics progressed through the Middle Ages and with Pierre Fauchard in the 18th century. The first dental college opened in 1840. Modern materials include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, nickel-titanium alloys, plastics, and newer titanium alloys.
This document provides an introduction and history of orthodontics. It discusses early concepts and treatments from ancient civilizations through the 14th-17th centuries. Key figures who advanced orthodontic understanding and techniques are highlighted from the 18th century onward, including Fauchard, Hunter, Greenwood, Kingsley, Harris, Farrar, Angell, Baker, and Angle. Angle is described as revolutionizing orthodontics in the late 19th/early 20th century by developing his classification system and innovative appliances like the edgewise bracket. The document traces the evolution of orthodontics to become a recognized specialty.
This document discusses various classifications and causes of malocclusion. It begins by introducing Moyer's classification which categorizes etiology into heredity, development defects, trauma, physical agents, habits, diseases, and malnutrition. White and Gardiner's classification separates causes into dental base abnormalities, pre-eruption abnormalities, and post-eruption abnormalities. Graber's classification divides factors into general factors like heredity, environment, and local factors like anomalies in tooth number. The document then examines specific causes in greater detail such as heredity, congenital defects, environment, anomalies in tooth number including supernumerary teeth and missing teeth.
History of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
This document provides a detailed history of orthodontics from ancient Greece to the modern era. It describes important early contributors such as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, and Pliny and their early concepts and treatments. It then outlines the developments of orthodontics from the 15th century through the 19th century, highlighting influential figures from da Vinci to Farrar. It discusses how orthodontics developed differently in North America under Angle compared to Europe. Finally, it provides biographies of some of the key early orthodontists in the United States and their contributions from the late 19th century through the establishment of Angle's school in the early 20th century.
Activator , functional appliance in orthodontics / orthodontics training Indian dental academy
The activator is a functional appliance used to correct malocclusions like Class II and Class III. It was developed in the 1930s and works by applying intermittent forces to the jaws via acrylic plates and wires. The appliance is trimmed over time to guide tooth movement into the desired occlusion. Modifications include the Herren appliance for Class II corrections and the Bionator, which relies more on tongue position than external forces. The document provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, use, and modifications of the activator and Bionator appliances.
This document discusses the etiology, or causes, of malocclusion. It begins with an introduction and overview of common systems of classification for etiologic factors. It then discusses several of these classification systems in more detail, including White and Gardiner's, Salzmann's, Moyer's, Graber's, and Proffit's classifications. The document outlines the primary sites where etiologic factors act, including the neuromuscular system, bones of the facial skeleton, teeth, and soft tissues. It then discusses hereditary/genetic factors in detail, including twin and familial studies. Other sections cover congenital malformations, environmental influences, and specific conditions like cleft lip and palate.
The document discusses various classifications of malocclusion and their etiologies. White and Gardiner's classification distinguished between skeletal and dental factors, as well as pre-eruptive and post-eruptive causes. Salzmann's classification defined three stages - genetic, fetal environment, and postnatal environment - that influence malocclusion development. Moyer's classification identified four sites of etiologic variation: the craniofacial skeleton, dentition, orofacial musculature, and other soft tissues. Graber's comprehensive classification divided factors into general (e.g. heredity, environment) and local (e.g. anomalies in tooth number, shape).
This document discusses the etiology and classification of malocclusion. It begins with an introduction to malocclusion and normal occlusion. It then reviews several classifications of the etiology of malocclusion proposed by researchers, including Moyer's, White and Gardiner's, Proffit's, and Graber's classifications. Graber's classification divides etiologies into general factors, such as heredity, congenital defects, environment, and local factors like anomalies in tooth number or shape. The document provides examples to illustrate different etiologies, such as cleft lip and palate and how conditions like fetal pressure or thalidomide exposure can lead to malocclusion.
Prepared by Hisham Pasha N K
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ,E-ARCH, EDGEWISE, METALIC BRACKETS, BEGG APPLIANCE(1920), STEPS IN BONDING , etc
A seminar conducted by Dr.Sayyida.N.K @ Government Dental College, Calicut
Etiology of Malocclusion_ Genral Factors Dr.Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
The document discusses the aetiology (causes) of malocclusion. It states that malocclusion is usually caused by distortions in normal development rather than pathology. It can result from complex interactions between multiple factors that influence growth and development. These factors include abnormalities in skeletal relationships, soft tissue factors like muscles and lips, and disproportion between tooth size and arch length. The document provides examples of each type of factor and how they can contribute to malocclusion.
Brackets are an important part of orthodontic appliances. They have evolved over time from early metal bands to today's variety of materials like ceramics and plastics. Edward Angle is considered the father of modern orthodontics for developing the edgewise appliance in the early 1900s, which used identical brackets on all teeth. Over subsequent decades, orthodontists like Tweed and Andrews further refined the bracket and wire systems to allow for more precise tooth movement. Modern brackets continue to be improved through new materials and surface treatments to reduce friction and bacterial adhesion.
Advances in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Magnets in ortho dontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides a history of orthodontics from ancient times to the 21st century. It describes early orthodontic appliances found in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan artifacts. Major developments included Pierre Fauchard establishing orthodontics as a scientific field in the 18th century, John Hunter describing normal occlusion and growth in the 18th century, and Edward Angle establishing orthodontics as a specialty and founding the first orthodontic school and journal in the late 19th/early 20th century. The document outlines many orthodontic pioneers and their contributions throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
The document provides a history of the field of prosthodontics, including historical dates and developments in complete dentures, facebows, surveyors, fixed partial dentures, crowns, bridges, implants, articulators, and dental materials. It traces developments from early carved wood and bone dentures in 700 BC to modern materials like acrylics, metals, and lasers. Key developments mentioned include the first facebow in 1889, the first surveyor in 1917, and advances in dental materials in the 20th century.
The document provides a historical overview of orthodontics from ancient times to the late 19th century. Some key points summarized:
- Ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans practiced early forms of orthodontics by binding teeth with wires and catgut.
- Major figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen contributed early dental anatomy knowledge and descriptions of malocclusions.
- During the Renaissance, da Vinci, Vesalius, and Paré advanced understanding of dental and facial anatomy.
- In the 18th-19th centuries, pioneers like Fauchard, Fox, Greenwood, and the Americans Harris and Angell developed new appliances and treatment techniques, establishing the
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courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
History and evolution of implants raju /orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides a history of implantology from ancient times to the present. It begins with examples of early dental implants from ancient Egypt and other civilizations dating back to 600 AD. Key developments are then discussed chronologically, including the medieval use of ivory and bone implants, early modern experimentation with materials like gold and porcelain in the 1800s-1900s, and pioneering studies on osseointegration by Branemark in the 1950s. The modern era saw advancement of endosteal and subperiosteal implant designs, culminating in the establishment of contemporary implant systems like Nobel Biocare in the late 1970s to the present.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley (7000 BC) and ancient Egypt (3000 BC) to modern times. It traces the evolution of dentistry as a profession from early practices involving tooth extraction to modern practices like dental fillings, root canals, and the use of anesthesia. Key developments include the establishment of the first dental schools in the 19th century and the formation of national dental organizations to regulate the profession.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The document discusses the history and evolution of dental implants from ancient times to modern day. Some key points covered include:
- The earliest evidence of dental implants dates back to 600 AD in Mayan civilization in South America using animal teeth and carved ivory.
- In the late 19th century, experimentation began with various materials like gold, lead, and porcelain being used for root forms and capsules placed into extraction sites.
- In the 1950s-60s, designs incorporated threaded fixtures and subperiosteal frames. Peri-implant bone integration was observed but not well understood.
- In 1965, Professor Branemark began pioneering research demonstrating osseointegration of
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
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This document discusses the evolution of orthodontic appliances from ancient times to the 20th century. It describes how early Greeks and Romans recognized malocclusions and used primitive appliances like gold wire ligatures to correct teeth. It then outlines key developments in orthodontic appliances over time, including the introduction of the expansion arch, wire crib, and edgewise appliances. The document also discusses the materials used in early orthodontic appliances, including gold, platinum, steel and vulcanite, and how alloys like nickel silver and beta titanium were introduced and their properties exploited.
History and evolution of implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
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This document provides an overview of science and technology development during prehistoric times from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. It describes how early humans discovered tools like stone tools during different Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the four fundamental stone tool traditions that developed. It then discusses the Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian, Aurignacian, microlithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age tool technologies and how tools evolved over time from basic stone tools to the use of copper, bronze and eventually iron.
The earliest known metal castings date back to around 3000BC and were typically made of copper for weapons and religious idols. Casting originated in the Middle East and India using clay molds. During World War 2, investment casting became important for producing precision metal parts for military needs. It has since expanded into commercial applications. Around 1100AD, the lost wax method was documented and advanced casting techniques. Today, casting is used to create complex precision parts for applications like aerospace through advanced computer technologies.
Esthetic orthodontic applainces /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides a history of orthodontics from ancient Greece and Rome to modern times. It describes key figures such as Hippocrates, Celsus, Hunter, Fauchard, Angle, Case, Tweed, and Andrews and their contributions to the development of orthodontic techniques and appliances. Major developments include Angle's classification of malocclusions, the debate between extraction vs non-extraction approaches, the introduction of edgewise brackets and pre-adjusted appliances, and the integration of cephalometrics into orthodontic analysis.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Leader in continuing dental education
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. INTRODUCTION
The word orthodontics is derived
from two greek words , ORTHOS
meaning RIGHT OR CORRECT;
and ODONTOS meaning TOOTH.
AND the term “ DENTOFACIAL
ORTHOPAEDICS “ was suggested
…….. By NORMAN BENNET.
ORTHODONTICS may be
described as the study of growth and
development of the masticatory
apparatus and the prevention and
treatment of abnormalaties of this
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Orthodontics has made tremendous
strides as a specialised branch of
Dentistry. In fact, it was the FIRST
Bonafide dental speciality with the
SECOND oldest qualifying Board
in ALL of DENTISTRY and MEDICINE.
ORTHODONTICS was then
considerded a part of the regular
prosthetic course, and accorded
SECONDARY CONSIDERATION.
This academic affliation still exists,
in some areas of the world, and
indicates a primarily mechanical
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. orientation of orthodontic philosphy
and treatment procedures.
Fortunately, the development
of orthodontics as a speciality has
been more successful. Orthodontic
therapy depends upon the reaction
of the teeth, and more generally the
facial structures to a gentle but
persistent force. Orthodontic treatment
is based on the principle that if
prolonged pressure is applied to a
tooth, tooth movement will occur and
the bone around the tooth remodels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. The term EVOLUTION according to
dictionary means –’’ any process of
FORMATION OR GROWTH;
DEVELOPMENT.
And an ORTHODONTIC
APPLIANCE can be defined as—
appliance by means of which mild
pressure may be applied to a tooth
or a group of teeth in a predetermined
direction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. APPLIANCES may be classified as;
MECHANICAL
REMOVABLE
FIXED
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FUNCTIONAL
8. “MEN will never barter their souls or spill
blood for it ; yet this time-tested
stainless steel, with the single exception
of intrinsic value offers more desirable
characteristics to the fine-metal worker
than do the precious metals
themselves. The craftsman asks only
that his material be chemically INERT ,
NATURALLY BEAUTIFUL, STRONG
yet amenable to his artistry ; it is the
buyer who measures precious metals
by PRICE.”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. the starters
Like metallurgy, dentistry has a
long history of artistic creativity .
Over 4500 years ago when the metal
worker was sweating copper from
malachite for weapons, making
primitive tools from “bia n pet”
(meteoric iron), and separating
GOLD from crushed quartz stone
literally using what became known
as the GOLDEN FLEECE, the
“TOOTHER” was likely splinting the
teeth of the Egyptian court.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10.
Time passed from the Bronze Age
to the Iron Age and the industrial
Revolution until, in the latter half
of the 19th century , Henry Clifton
Sorby (1863-1887) and Edward
Hartley Angle (1886-1930)
professionally ascended to
become the pioneers of modern
Metallography and modern
orthodontics, respectively. Yet from
all these artistic developments ,
the formalized scientific under
standing of both fields was limited
to about the last 100 years .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. THE BEGINNINGS
Teeth were regarded by the ancients as
very precious to the extent that “ . . .
Special penalties [ were exacted ] for
knocking out the teeth of an individual,
either freeman or slave.” As early as
400 B.C , Hippocrates referenced in his
writings the correction of tooth
irregularities . And while Greece was in
its Golden Age , the Etruscans ( the
precursors of the ROMANS) were
burying their dead with appliances that
were used to maintain space and
prevent collapse of the dentition during
life. Then in a roman tomb in Egypt
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Breccia finds a number of teeth bound
with a GOLD WIRE , and at the time of
CHRIST , Aurelius Cornelius Celsus
first records the treatment of teeth by
FINGER PRESSURE. Thus , inherent
malocclusions and the use of corrective
force are recognized, the virtue of
maintaining space is appreciated, and
the first orthodontic material is
documented – a gold ligature wire…
IN All these early references , it
was clearly evident that the interest in
treating irregularities of the teeth was
purely esthetic.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. EARLY CONTRIBUTORS
The FRENCH and ENGLISH dominated
the earliest contributions to the field of
orthodontics , which as yet had not been
formally named. Among these
contributors is PIERRE FAUCHARD
(1723) who Invents the expansion arch
and gives the first comprehensive
discussion of appliances . The reputed
father of dentistry details the use of
ligature wires and gold or silver
mechanical devices . He corrects teeth
using finger pressure and silk thread
and intuitively recognizes that the
source of a force does not matter in
mechanotherapy .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14.
In 1819 Delabarre introduces the
wire crib,and this marks the BIRTH
of CONTEMPORARY orthodontics.
Later, Schange would show that
the gold wire crib afforded
adequate anchorage and formed a
base for attachments.
A century later,Lufkin would state
that “...Schange made an invaluable
contribution” because it really
marked the beginning of --www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. EDGEWISE. In the second half
of 19th century(1865), Kingsley
advocates plates as retaining
devices. In the early part of 20th
century, Angle would tout this
device as one of the best tooth
maintainers. Fifteen years later
Kingsley would write his book,
“ORAL DEFORMITIES”, which
would become the most
comprehensive text on the
subject in its day.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. In 1877, Johnston would
recommend placing Zinc in a
predrilled hole of a steel jackscrew,
which was simultaneously invented
by Dwinelle and Gaine (1849),
to “… give it the same immunity
from oxidation as gold or
platinum.”Modern books term this
the concept of the ‘ SACRIFICIAL
ANODE’.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. the enlightenment
In 1908,Norman William Kingsley
already called Angle “…one of the
greatest empirics of his day”.
Angle identified and lauded many
people who sought the truth –
Fauchard,Fox,Harris,Kingsley,
Magill,Schange and Wescott; .He
also criticized and wrote scathing
letters to those he thought were
poisoning the newly formed practice
of “ORTHODONTIA” as it was
called in 1917 . He particularly
admired Kingsley who , like Farrar
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. (1926),was hailed by his
contemporaries as “the father
of orthodontia.”Kingsley made
particularly substantive contributions to
our knowledge of occipital anchorage,
which in that period would have been
using elastic straps, forged
Stubbs’ steel,and a swaged silver
plate.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. On the other hand, a material was the
proximate cause of the rift between
those who used heavy and bulky
NICKEL-SILVER appliances(the
german school) and Angle and his
contemporaries. In 1906, Angle and
most of his graduates resigned from
the society, in part because of their
difference towards nickel- silver
alloys( ie, German silver
or“NEUSILBER”), which were first
introduced by Angle to the U.S in
1887 but which were actually
Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Alloys that
contained no Silver.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. During this period, Gold, Platinum,
Silver, Steel, Gum rubber, Vulcanite
and, occasionally, Wood,Ivory, Zinc
and Copper were used as was brass
in the form of loops, hooks, spurs
and ligatures. 14-18 -karat Gold was
routinely used for wire bands, clasps,
ligatures, and spurs,as were iridiumplatinum bands and archwires and
Platinized gold for brackets. The
advantage of gold was that you
could heat treat it to variable
stiffness(30%) , which was
comparable to today’s beta-titanium
alloy. This was accomplished by
heating at 450°C(842°F) for 2
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. minutes, cooling to 250°C(482°F)
over a period of 30 minutes, and
finally quenching to room
temperature. Gold has excellent
corrosion resistance too.
In 1920, Dewey presents a paper on
clock spring auxiliary as an
“Application of spring forces from
Gold and Platinum removable
Appliances.” This presentation was
credited as being the long awaited
response to the nickel-silver
appliances that caused the rift 14
years earlier.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Finally, in the Dental cosmos(1928)
we see the design of what was to be
known as the edgewise appliance which
was never formally named by EDWARD
ANGLE in his lifetime.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. EDGEWISE PARAPHERNALIA OF 1928
WINGLESS BRACKET
Without an archwire engaged
With an archwire engaged
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. EDGEWISE PARAPHERNALIA OF 1928
PROTOTYPE OF
MODERN BRACKET
Without an archwire engaged
With an archwire engaged
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. On Aug 11,1930,EDWARD ANGLE passed
into history. As a tribute to him, we should
recognize that in a 40 year career, he
truly did understand patients and their
tissues , had knowledge of Biology and
engineering, comprehend mechanical
requirements, and contributed 4 distinct
Biomechanical Appliances–
the Angle E arch(1909),
the pin and the tube appliance(1911),
the ribbon arch(1915), and
the edgewise appliance in the year 1925 .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. No one has yet eclipsed those
accomplishments. One could
readily argue that Edward Angle
was one of the first biomedical
engineers. Yet with all these
accomplishments, Angle was not the
great innovator of novel materials–
others would
fulfill that role.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. STAGNATION ABOUNDS
From the 1930s to the1960s the
proliferation of materials did not occur.
With the death of Angle, a time of
stagnation eventuates .AS
THUROW said, “…the ‘edge-wise men’
literally rode off in all directions at once”
what became more important at that time
because of their lack of development were
CEPHALOMETRICS AND BIOLOGICAL
ASPECTS. And so for a while, those
fields of knowledge were emphasized, as
profound changes to orthodontics
occurred at the expense of novel materials
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. and innovative mechanics .It is during
this period that BEGG gives this
warning to the orthodontic
community: “Orthodontics is ill-served
by presentation of new orthodontic
techniques that are claimed to be based
on adaptations of engineering principles
but that have not been proven suitable
for successful treatment of patients.”
During this materials stagnation, we
learn that gold alloys have deficiencies
too. At the 1931 meeting of the
American Association of Orthodontists
(AOO), Norris Taylor and George
Paffenbarger discussed
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. wrought alloys and intimated that
more springiness and fewer cracks
at tension points were possible. And
at nominally $30 per ounce,Kelsey
said that they were costly. Little did
they know that the cost of gold would
spike to $900 in early 1980.!
By the early 1930s, stainless
steels were generally available.
Although Dumas, Guillet, and
Portevin first made stainless steel in
France, its “stainless” qualities were
first reported inGermany by Monartz
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. also around 1900-1910. Stainless steel
languished until World War 1 spurred
the development of 3 different kinds of
stainless steels, and ironically those
developers received the credit for the
discovery. During that war, the
Germans, British, and Americans
developed an austenitic, a martensitic
and a ferritic stainless steel,
respectively.
On the other world, in the early 1940’s,
Begg would partner with Wilcox to
make what they envisioned to be the
ultimate in resilient orthodontic wires–
Australian stainless steels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Yet it was not until about 1960 that
stainless steel was generally accepted.
Nonetheless, in 1933 we find that
stainless steel and a chromium alloy
are being used, as Archie Brusse (the
founder of rocky mountain metal
product) -- and so the struggle between
gold and stainless steel formally begins.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. PRODUCTS made from ALLOYS that orthodontics adopted
1936 FORD SEDAN made from stainless steel
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. MAINSPRING of WATCH fabricated from COBALT
CHROMIUM alloy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Regarding Acrylics, unaesthetic
Vulcanite plates with 1.02mm(0.040inch) resilient gold wires were replaced
by translucent acrylic plates soon after
acrylic’s discovery in 1937.
Although Cellulose, Phenol
formaldehyde vinyl polymers and
copolymers, styrene, and alkyd resins
were explored, by the 1940s, acrylic
materials were being poly-merized into
plates by reacting, under heat and
pressure, doughs made from Methyl
methacrylate monomer and acrylic
powder the latter of which reduced
shrinkage.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Ultimately, acrylic was so successful
that in 1946, 98 % of all denture bases
were constructed of this polymer or of
its copolymers. Today acrylic is the most
frequently used material for retainers –
they be a Hawley or a lingual-wire
retaining device.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. What Kingsley(1908) said almost 100
years ago still rings true today – that “…
the success of orthodontia as a science
and an art now lies in the retainer”.
But again stainless steel which is
gaining prominence as the soft ligature
wire, which was credited to Angle, is now
displaced by an 0.254mm(0.010-inch)
soft stainless steel wire. Only 3 years
later ,Steiner introduces the
0.457mm×0.711mm (0.018-inch ×0.028
inch) slot for stainless steel wires in lieu
of the 0.599mm ×0.711mm(0.022-inch×
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42. 0.028-inch) slot for gold alloys. And
even Jackson proposes to eliminate
the Crozat appliance by fabricating it
in stainless steel and a nickelchromium alloy (TOPHET metal) but
still gold crozat appliance survives to
today.
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43. SOME PREMIER BRACKETS
OF THE 20TH CENTURY
The GOLD OR CHROMIUM alloy JOHNSON
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FRICTION CAP
47. To close out this age, a glimmer of
things to come is seen as
Buonocore proposes the use of
30- second,85% phosphoric acid
etch to enhance bonding of
acrylic materials to enamel
surfaces.
It is now 1958, and DEWEL
unifies the practice and science
under one aegis ----www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. PROLIFERATION ABOUDS
By the 1960s, gold was universally
abandoned in favor of stainless steel.
This is how stainless steel was
marketed in lieu of gold1) the force
per unit activation of stainless steel was
greater than that of gold (ie, high
stiffness was an advantage)
(2) by being smaller in size, stainless
steel appliances were regarded as
being more esthetic than gold
appliances (ie, the smaller the
appliance is, the more it appears to
disappear). Stainless steel also
had excellent corrosion resistance,
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50. work hardening capabilities, and a
frictional magnitude that was so
low that it became the standard of
the profession.
A FULLY BANDED PATIENT WITH EXTENSIVE
STAINLESS STEEL (SS) LOOP MECHANICS IN
THE YEAR 1965
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51. In the 1960s, bracket bands are
disappearing as the bonded
miniature bracket appears – thereby
punctuating the beginning of
esthetic orthodontics.
Polycarbonate Brackets
with
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Teflon coated Stainless Steel wire
52. Again in the 1960s cobalt-chromium
alloys are introduced. This alloys not
only contain cobalt, chromium, and
molybdenum but also substantial
amounts of nickel and iron. This alloy
have high stiffness, and available in
4 different tempers and are
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53. heat treatable and thus it permits
variable amounts of Formability
which is required to place loops, Vbends and various offsets into the
archwire. Once deformation is
complete, however, heat treatment
increases the resilience of the wire
by a recommended precipitation- or
age-hardening process at
482°C(900°F) for 7-12 minutes.
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54. In 1962 Buehler discovers nitinol at the
Naval Ordinance Laboratory, so-called
because it was acronym for NickelTitanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory.
Nitinol has the lowest modulus for any
cross section and has the most extensive
deactivation (range) capabilities. Now
light forces can be offered over a
protracted range as any of four
combinations of passive or active
behaviour and of martensitic or
austenitic phase are possible. In some
cases the thermoelastic or the
pseudoplastic effects(or) both are also
exploited, the latter of which is also
termed Superelastic, in part because the
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55. material has so much springback after
displaying what appears to be pure
plasticity.
By 1970 Andreason brings the
intermetallic composition of 50% nickel
and 50% titanium to orthodontics through
the university of Iowa.
By 1986, two “superelastic” alloys are
offered– a japanese NiTi and a chinese
NiTi. These are active austenitic alloys
that form stress-induced martensite.
Most recently, nickel-free, titaniumniobium wires have been introduced as
a finishing wire.
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56. Returning to other materials of the
1970s elastics of all sorts find their
niches in the orthodontic profession.
Gum elastics were first employed by
Maynard(1843); Tucker (1850) was the
first to cut rubber bands from rubber
tubing. Plastic coatings on archwire
occur too. One such coating,
poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or teflon has
the lowest friction. When this quite soft
material is placed in the hostile
mechanicochemical
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57. environment of the oral cavity, the
coating skins off or disappears in as
little as 3 weeks.
Self-ligating or ligatureless brackets
reappeared in the mid 1970s as
strite,Ltd, marketed them; these
brackets had a stainless steel body and
a positive-locking ,spring-clip
mechanism. Their advantage was that
unlike conventional ligation, friction is
purportedly reduced– but most
importantly, friction becomes more
reproducible.
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58. In 1977 the beta phase of titanium
was stabilized at room temperature,
and the aerospace titaniummolybdenum alloy (β-ΙΙΙ) was
produced. This beta-titanium
alloy has a modulus closet to that of
traditional gold along with good
springback, formability , and
weldability.
By the end of 1970s, four major
groups of wire materials came into
existence, 3 of developed different
amounts of range for a given
constant force or if you kept the
same range
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59. for a given constant deactivation. As
a consequence, the armamentarium
has expanded from just gold or
stainless steel and two slots have
been popularized – the 0.559mm
(0.022-inch) slot , which was
originally used for gold, and the
0.457mm (0.018-inch)slot, which was
advocated for stainless steel. Within
the capabilities of the present
armamentarium, both slots
become viable alternatives.
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60. CONSOLIDATION OCCURS
In the 1980s we have esthetic
brackets made from single-crystal
sapphire and from polycrystal-line
alumina– both having the same inert
chemical composition, Al2O3.
We also have brackets made from polycrystalline zirconia material,ZrO2 , which
reportedly has the greatest toughness
among all ceramics. Unfortunately, both
these materials inhibit sliding
mechanics and they have debonding
problems. The single-crystal brackets
also exhibit specular
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61. highlights, where as some
polycrystalline ZrO2 have intrinsically
odd colours. In the early 1990s the
first pseudocomposite wire from
optical fibers is marketed, which financially is a failure.
from these examples, we can
see that this was clearly a period of
consolidation, as practitioners were
balking from products that just did not
work very well (as was the case in
the1970s for the early Nitinol wires).
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62. and manufactures were being
compelled either to improve them or
remove them from their inventories.
Such was the case for early singlecrystal sapphire brackets because
during torquing, the tie-wings
tended to break off or, worse yet,
removed facial enamel from the teeth.
Moreover, when placed on mandibular
incisors or canines, for ex; ceramic
brackets abraded or chipped the
opposing maxillary teeth.
As if this was not enough, ceramic
brackets in combination with any
archwire, except nickel-titanium, always
produced the highest frictional forces,
whether in the dry
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63. or in the wet state. Furthermore,
optical fibers, whether coated with
nylon or hot-melt adhesives, had such
low stiffness properties that they
qualified as a “placebo” wire that
would only acclimate a patient to the
general architecture of his or her
appliances. Such a poor performer
would later handicap fiber-reinforced
composites in the corporate mind of
orthodontic manufacturers.
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64. EXTRA-ORAL APPLIANCES
Extra oral forces in the form of
hedagears and chincups, very similar
of those of today was used by
orthodontists of the late 1800s. Both
Kingsley and Angle described and used
astonishingly modern appearing
appliances of this sort with reasonable
success. As orthodontic progressed
in the early 20th century, extra oral
appliances and mixed dentition
treatment were abandoned because
they were considered an unnecessary
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65. complication.
A paper in 1936 by OPPENHEIM
revived the idea that headgear would
serve as a valuable adjunct to
treatment.
Rapid development in headgear
treatment followed in 1950s and 1960s.
with the demonstration in the 1960s of
skeletal changes from headgear force
to the maxilla, interest in chin cups
revive.
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66. Until the 1970s, face mask to bring the
maxilla forward were dismissed as
ineffectual . The French surgeon
DELAIRE, working on cleft palate
children, demonstrated that the maxilla
can be moved forward if the protracting
forces on the maxilla are used at early
ages.
Facemask therapy is an area of
continuing innovations in treatment in
present and it may yet offer a more
satisfactory way of treating maxillary
deficiency problems than in the PAST.
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67. FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
The MONOBLOC developed by
ROBIN in the early 1900s is generally
considered as the forerunner of all
functional appliances, but the
ACTIVATOR developed in norway in
1920 by VIGGO ANDERSON was the
first functional appliance to be widely
accepted. Andersons activator became
the basis of “norwegian system” of
treatment .Both the appliances system
and its theoritic underpinnings were
improved and extended elsewhere in
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68. Europe, particularly by the German
school led by HAUPL.
HERBST APLIANCE
This appliance was first developed
in the 1920s and re-introduced
recently by PANCHERZ and this
is the only FIXED FUNCTIONAL
APPLIANCE. The appliance requires
little patient compliance and produces
a highly variable mixture of skeletal
and dental changes.
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69. FIXED APPLIANCE
According to angle, the first
importance in the evolution of fixed
orthodontic appliance was the “BOW
OF FAUCHARD” of france. This bow
,affixed to the external surface of the
teeth, was the forerunner of the modern
archwire.
MAGILL was the first to use a plain
band cemented to the tooth by oxychloride of zinc cement.
It was on the foundation of the
circumferential archwire and the plain
cemented tooth band that modern
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70. THE COMING OF A NEW
AGE
AS we enter the1990s we look back
on that century in terms of various type
of overall innovations. We had the auto,
aviation, polymer, nuclear, space, and
computer ages. Indeed, it has been
said that more knowledge was
amassed in the 20th century than in all
previous centuries of mankind. And
what we learn about orthodontic
materials comes from many of those
burgeoning fields. From the viewpoint
of true esthetics– in other words
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71. from the viewpoint of not making things
smaller but of making them TOOTHcoloured. Practitioners assert that
esthetics are desirable but that
function is paramount. And so we
close this century we begin to see
attempts to market a continuous fiber
composite, success to manufacture
CP-titanium and its products and
modifications to improve sliding
mechanics through ceramic-bracket
inserts and self-ligating brackets.
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72. CONCLUSION
ORTHODONTICS has achieved the
status of a recognized specialty of
dentistry because of a long period of
craftsmanship and professional
expertise.
While it appears that a certain
stagnation has set in the other
specialties of dentistry at this time ,
that is not to be perceived in
orthodontics, where a great deal of
development is still going on.
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73. Orthodontics, and indeed all of dentistry
if it is to survive as a profession must
continually re-examine its history and
find relevant and significant ideals to
meet the crisis of today.
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‘’
“MEN will never barter their souls or spill blood for it ; yet this time-tested stainless steel,with the single exception of intrinsic value offers more desirable characteristics to the fine-metal worker yhan do the precious metals themselves. The craftsman asks only that his material be chemically INERT , naturally beautiful, strong yet amenable to his artistrty ; it is the buyer who measures precious metals by price.”