From the Ancient period travelling through generations

1. “The heritages of the past are
the seeds that bring forth the
harvest of the future”

2. HISTORY OF
ORTHODONTICS
By, JISHNU S
FIRSTYEAR P.G
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

3. INTRODUCTION
 “Not to know what has been transacted in former times
is to continue always as a child. If no use is made of
the labors of the past ages, the world must remain in
the infancy of knowledge”
Cicero, the great Roman

4. EVOLUTION OF THE FIRST
DENTAL SPECIALTY –
ORTHODONTICS

5. ANCIENT HISTORY
 Even ancient people wanted straight teeth
According to the AAO (American
Association of Orthodontists),
archaeologists have discovered
mummified ancients with crude metal
bands wrapped around individual teeth.
To close gaps, it has been surmised that
catgut did the work now done by today's
orthodontic wire.

6.  While Greece was in its Golden Age, the
Etruscans (the precursors of the Romans)
were burying their dead with appliances that
were used to maintain space and prevent
collapse of the dentition during life.
 Then in a Roman tomb in Egypt, a
researcher found a number of teeth bound
with a gold wire – the first documented
ligature wire.

7. (460 to 377 BC) The Greek physician
Hippocrates
 Pioneer in
medical science
 Corpus Hippocraticum
“Among those individuals with long-shaped heads, some
have thick necks, strong parts & bones. Others have
strongly arched palates, their teeth are irregularly
arrayed, crowding one another & they are bothered by
headaches & otorrhea” (Epidemics, chapter: de
carnibus.)

8. ARISTOTLE
(384 TO 322 BC)
First comparative dental anatomist
De Partibus Animalium (On the
Parts of Animals), he compared the various
dentitions of the known species of animals

9. AULIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS
(25 BC TO AD 50)

10.  First mechanical treatment for correcting
irregularities suggested by Gaius Plinus
Secundus ( Pliny) (23-79 AD) advocated
filing of elongated teeth to produce proper
alignment.

11. GALEN (AD 130 TO 200)
 Described dental anatomy
and embryology by specifically
identifying the origin, growth,
and development of the teeth
and enumerating the functions
of each
 Believed the teeth to be
true bones

12. MIDDLE AGES
635To 690 :
Paul of Aeagina-
Arab Physician
 Irregularities are
displeasing in women
 Supernumerary teeth
to be resected or
extracted

13. RENAISSANCE PERIOD
14-17 CENTURY

14. LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452TO 1519)
Italy
Greek letter Φ = 1.618 033

15. Painted a smile on the lips of Mona Lisa
 First to recognize tooth form and realize
that each tooth was related to another
tooth and to the opposing jaw
“those teeth that are the farthest away
from the line of the temporomandibular
articulation are at a mechanical
disadvantage as compared with those
that are nearer.”

16. ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514 TO
1564)
Belgian physician and
anatomist proved Galen
wrong in many areas of
anatomic knowledge
-On the Fabric of the
Human Body-
described the minute
anatomy of the teeth,
particularly the dental
follicle and subsequent
pattern of tooth eruption

17. AMBROSE PARÉ (1517 TO 1590)
 French surgeon
 Works on
dentofacial
deformities,
especially to the
cleft palate.
 First surgeon to
devise an obturator
for treatment.

18.  1520-1562: Bartholomaeus Eustachio-
Book on the Teeth
 1530 AD- Arzei Buchlein- A book of the
Surgical Art-Unknown author

19. Pierre Dionis (1658-1718)
 Operators for the
teeth.
 “Open or widen the
teeth when they are
set too close together”

20.  Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann (1692) was
the first to report taking wax impressions.
 In 1756, Phillip Pfaff used plaster of Paris
impressions

21. 18 CENTURY -French
 PIERRE FAUCHARD

22. “Father of Modern Dentistry”
 Results of his labors are reflected in the
publication of his two-volume book
entitled Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou Traite
Des Dents (The Surgeon Dentist, A
Treatise on the Teeth) completed in 1723
and published in 1728.

23. FAUCHARDS EXPANSION
ARCH
Precursor of the modern appliance – expansion arch
 1946 that an English-language edition was
printed.
 With reference to orthodontics, as early as 1723,
he developed what is probably the first orthodontic
appliance – “Bandlette”
“Bandeau”

24. (1702- 1788): Robert Bunon
 Wrote Essay on Teeth
(1722-1789) : Etienne Bourdet
 The first record of recommending serial
extraction (1757)- extracting premolars to
relieve crowding.

25. JOHN HUNTER (1728 TO 1793)
 Great teacher of
anatomy, is
numbered as one
of the foremost
surgeons of his
day
 Detailed study of
mouth & jaws of
cadavers.

26. 1771 - The Natural History of the Human
Teeth: Explaining Their Structure, Use,
Formation, Growth and Diseases
 Demonstrated the growth, development,
and articulation of the maxilla and
mandible with the attached musculature
and outlined the internal structure of the
teeth.

27.  Scientific nomenclature – Incisors,
Cupsids & Biscupids.
 Disapproved extracting primary teeth to
permit teeth to erupt.
 Advocated first permanent molar tooth
to be sacrificed if insufficient room in jaw
for all teeth.

28. Joseph Fox (1776-1816)
 ,The Natural History and Diseases of the Human Teeth
(1814)
 First to classify malocclusion (1803),
 The first to observe that the mandible grows mainly by
distal extension.
 The first to give explicit directions for correcting the
irregularities” of teeth.
 He was particularly interested in the judicious removal
of deciduous teeth, treatment timing
 The use of bite blocks to open the bite.
 His other appliances included an expansion arch and a
chincup (about 1802).

29. JOHN GREENWOOD (1760 TO
1819)
 Skills were first
learned from his
father, who was an
instrument maker.
 Advocate of the
care of children's
teeth

30. 1829- Samual S Flitch (American)–
 1st classified malocclusion based on
Incisor Position

31. Frenchman LeFoulon in 1839
introduced the Term
ORTHODONTIA.

32. Christophe-François Delabarre
(1787-1862)
 Introduced the crib and the principle of the lever
and the screw (1815).
 Used swelling threads or wooden wedges
 He is the one first warned against extraction, “it
is much easier to extract teeth than to determine
if it is absolutely necessary”—still good advice.

33.  Baltimore College
of Dental Surgery
– First dental
college in the world
– Opened its door
to a class of 5
students on Nov 3rd
1840.

34. Dr. Charge
 1841- Introduced the term Anchorage
 Multi-rooted teeth should be the basis for
attachment of appliances
 These teeth called anchror teeth.

35. Dr. Mortimer
 1845- Introduced Labial arch
 Narrow gold plate- forrunner of present
labial arch fitted labialy except those need
forward movement
 Silk ligatures are used to move teeth
labially.

36. J. M. Alexis Schange (1807-?)
 A modification of the screw, the clamp
band
 Used rubber bands

37. Friedrich Christoph Kneisel (1797-
1847)
 First to use plaster models to record
malocclusion (1836)
 He fitted his prognathic patient with a
chin strap, the first to use a removable
appliance

38. AMERICAN PIONEERS OF THE
EARLY 19TH CENTURY
 1834, the first American dental
association, the Society of Surgeon
Dentists of the City and State of New
York, was founded.
 In 1839, the first dental journal, the
American Journal of Dental Science.
 Later they invented Vulcanite by Charles
Goodyear, pioneered in electric drill,
discovered anesthesia.

39. CHAPIN A. HARRIS (1806 TO 1860)
 Published the first
modern classic book
on dentistry,
The Dental Art, in 1840
 Gives much attention
to various orthodontic
treatment procedures
 Use gold caps on
molars to open the bite
and knobs soldered to
a band for tooth
rotations.

40. 1841-
William Lintott
 Introduced use of screws
 Premature loss of decidious teeth cause
malocclusion
J S Gunnel –
 Chin strap as occipital anchorage for class III
patients

41.  E.G Tucker -1846
Described the use of rubber elastics
though no importance given until Case &
Baker used it to provide intermaxillary
force & intermaxillary anchorage in 1893

42. ORTHODONTIC PIONEERS IN
LATE 19th CENTURY
 Florence Nightingale began a training school for
nurses.
 Pasteur proved that infections were caused by
microorganisms, and Koch isolated a germ that was
thought to cause tuberculosis.
 William T. Morton, gave the first demonstration of
the use of ether in surgery
 Introduction of Electricity into dentistry
 In 1896, Kells demonstrated the use of Roentgen
rays in dentistry, and “cast gold fillings”

43. Emerson C. Angell (1823 to 1903)
 1860-Probably the first person to advocate the
opening of the median suture to provide space in
the maxillary arch.
 An oversized denture after taking upper
impression

44.  1866- O A Marvin- Objectives of
Ortho treatment
1st : Preservation of correct facial
expression
2nd : Restoration of such expression
3rd: proper articulation of teeth for better
mastication
4th :Their orderly arrangment

45.  Practice of Orthodontics altered forever
with the invention of dental cement in
1871 by William E Magill of Erie,
Pennsylvania.

46. 1875- 1900

47. NORMAN WILLIAMS
KINGSLEY (1829-1913)
‘Orthodontia’s greatest
genius’ – E.H. Angle.
 Born on 2nd Oct 1829.
 Joined Dr. A.W.
Kingsley, Pennsylvania.
 1852 – first office in
Oswego, New York.
 1859 – made his first
obturator.
 1865 – Founder & first
dean of New york
University College of
Dentistry.

48. ‘Treatise on Oral Deformities as
a Branch of Mechanical
Surgery’.– Systematically
described orthodontics.
 Introduced occipital headgear to
apply extraoral force & provide
occipital anchorage.
 Pioneer in the treatment of cleft
Palate
 1880 – described his plate for
jumping the bite – forerunner
of modern functional appliances
mainly to treat crossbite and
Class II div 1 cases.

49. JOHN NUTTING FARRAR
 Referred to as the
Father of American
Orthodontics.
 Began the era of biologic
tooth movement.
 Published Irregularities
of the Teeth and Their
Correction, Vol. 1 in 1888
and Vol. 2 in 1889

50. Laid the foundation for
“scientific orthodontics”.
 1/240 inch every 2hours
attcahment of screw force
in the labial arch.
 Orginator of Intermittent
Force.
 First (1850) to use
occipital anchorage to
retract anterior teeth
 Recommended bodily
movement of teeth (1888).

51. Henry A. Baker
 Remembered because in 1893 he
introduced the so-called Baker
anchorage, or the use of intermaxillary
elastics with rubber bands.

52. 1895- William Conrad Roentgen
 Discovery of X-rays
 Nobel prize in 1901

53.  1900-American Society of Orthodontics
formed
PROFESSIONALIZATION
 Sir James Murray (English, 1909),
Realized that the suffix “ia” properly
referred to a medical condition (eg,
amnesia) and suggested the term
ORTHODONTICS. But it was not until
the 1930s that orthodontics started to be
used by the profession.

54. ANGLE’S ERA
Edward Hartley Angle

56. 1887
 Introduced the Angle System
 Appointed to chair of orthodontia in dental department of
University of Minnesota
 Ohio Journal of Dental Science
1888
 Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society – demonstrated
expansion arch & its auxiliaries
1894
 Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving
MD degree the following year

57. 1899
 “Angle developed classification of
malocclusion– ‘Dental Cosmos’
1900
 Angle had commenced informal instructions
in orthodontia in his office.
 In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angle’s
office, the students & teachers decided that
“the time was ripe” for an Orthodontic
Society.

58.  Thus was born ‘The American Society of
Orthodontists’. On June 11, 1901, 10
charter members elected Angle as
president.
1907
 Moved his school to New York

59. 1908
 Moved his school to New London
 Decided to give up practice of orthodontia &
devote himself to study, teaching & development
of bettera ppliances.
1912- Angle’s American Orthodontist Journal

60. 1916
Made Pasadena, California their permanent
home to avoid the hardships of Eastern winter

61. 1922
 Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New
London formed the Edward H. Angle
Society
1928
 Angle attended the last society meeting on
June in New London
1930.Nov 17
 The society ceased to exist after his
passing away

62. 1930
 Society reorganized & restarted from
former members. At this meeting ‘The
Angle Orthodontist’ was born. Mrs.
Angle – Editor-in-chief.

63. Dr. Anna Hopkins
“Mother Angle”
 Cecil Steiner
said“She was a
suitable counterfoil
for Edward H. &
also she was the
power behind the
throne”

64. Angle believe that every person has the
potential for an ideal relationship of all 32
natural teeth.

65.  Angle’s classification has 4 classes

66. 1907 - “E” arch appliance
1912 - pin and tube appliance
1915- ribbon arch bracket
1926 - edgewise bracket

67. INSTRUMENTATION OF
ANGLE
1880 – “First real appliance” – The Jack &
Traction Screw With Pushing Action.

68. ANGLE’S E ARC – 1907
 Expansion arch that used a
labial wire supported by
clamp bands on the molar
teeth which ligated to the
other teeth.
 Heavy interruptted forces
 Tipping of teeth to new
position
 No precise movemnt.

69. PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE –
1912
 It moves the teeth
bodily and a ‘Bone
growing appliance
which is capable of
great precision in tooth
movement.
 Incredible degree of
craftsmanship.
 Lacks mesiodistal
control

70. RIBBON ARCH 1915
 First bracket.
 Vertically positioned
rectangular slot with
ribbon arch of 10 x
20 gold wire.
 Good spring
qualities.
 Allowed versatile
movements

71.  Unable to achieve mesiodistal tipping
movements.
 Not possible to provide stabilization or
anchorage of posterior teeth.
 Did not allow to torque roots to a new
position.

72. ANGLE’S EDGEWISE
BRACKET -1927
 Latest and the best
at the time.
 Rectangular wire of
0.022 x 0.028 inch
inserted in a
horizontal slot.
 Excellent control of
crown & root
position in all three
planes of space.

73. Dr. Calvin Case-(1847-1923)
 Born on April
24,1847 in
Michigan.
 Military service in
the civil war.
 1871-Graduated
from Ohio college of
dental surgery.

74.  Dr.Clavin Case was a contemporary of
Angle.
 Case was a pioneer in orthodontic
mechanotherapy.
 First to stress on root movement (1892).
 Use rubber elastics in treatment (1892)
 Use small gauge, light, resilient wires for
tooth alignment (1919).
 Pioneered the use of retainers to stabilize
orthodontic results.

75.  1907- Europian Orthodotnic Society
 Bristish Society for study of orthodontics
Later in 1991- BOS

76. Martin Dewey (1881-1933)
 Published his textbook on
orthodontic philosophy and
mechanical procedures in
1914 –
‘Practical Orthodontics’
In 1915 with the help of Dr.
C. V. Mosby, Dewey founded
and became editor of the
International Journal of
Orthodontia (now AJO-
DO). He was the editor for
17 years and also the
President of ADA

77. Victor Hugo Jackson (1850-1929)
 Chief proponent and
pioneer of removable
appliances in US.
 Devised a specially
designed appliance
known as the
Jackson‘s crib.

78. The first decade of 21st century was an era of
manufacture of standardized appliances
 Charles Augustus Hawley
First orthodontist in Washington, DC.
Hawley’s retainer appliance (1908).

79. 1911 - Albin Oppenheim
 Dentist and Physician
 Serious study of tissue changes during
orthodontic tooth movement
 Advocated that root resorption was unavoidable
in orthodontic treatment.

80. Alfred P Rogers (1873-1959)
 Father of Myofunctional Therapy
 In 1906- Myofunctional treatment of
occlusion
 Presented a paper in Northeastern
Dental Association on “Correction of
Facial Disharmonies”
 In 1918: Submitted another paper to
ASO entitled as “Muscle training and
its relation to Orthodontia”

81. John. V. Mershon (1867-
1953)
 Favoured gentle pressure
tooth movement
 Introduced removable
lingual arch-first invisible
appliance 1909 based on the
principle that teeth must be
free & unrestricted for
adaptation to normal growth.

82. Albert H. Ketcham – (1870-1935)
 Worked in the American
Society of Orthodontics and
served as its President in
1929.
 In recognition of his services
to orthodontics and in his
honor the ABO established
what is now considered as the
specialty‟s most coveted prize
– the Albert H. Ketcham
Memorial.

83. Milo Hellman (1873-1947)
 Angle’s student.
 Research in
Anthropology & its
relation to the growth
& development of
human dentofacial
complex.

84.  1913- International journal of
orthodontics and Oral surgery

85. Bernhard W. Weinberger (1885-1960)
 “orthodontia’s
historian”
 Wrote 36 articles
from 1915 to 1918
under the title
“Orthodontics: a
historical review
of its origin and
evolution.”

86. 1922 - James. D. McCoy
Open tube appliance

87.  1928 - George Bernard Crozat
Seeks esthetic non extraction treatment
approach- Developed the Crozat appliance

88.  1883-1957- Paul Simon
Studies of facial bones that introduced the
orbital canine rule (law of canine), gnathostatics
(1924).
 Paul Simon insisted that every diagnosis be
based on 3 dimensions.
 1926- Japanese Orhodontic Society
 1927- Australian Society of Orhtodontics

89. (1888-1969) Joseph E Johnson
Twin arch appliance in 1929.
 He was a pioneer in use of light wires to move
 2 light (.010-in) wires would be more
physiological than 1 heavy one. teeth.

90. 1929
 American board of
Orthodontics
was created,
incorporated in the
state of Illinois in
1930.

91. 1931
 Holly Broadbent
published in the first
issue of
Angle Orthodontist – “A
New X-ray Technique
&
Its Application to
Orthodontia”.
 Bolton-Nasion plane
 Registration point

92. Spencer Atkinson
Introduced Universal appliance 1937 – a
combination of ribbon arch appliance &
edgewise appliance using a flat wire & round
wire in combination produced by Unitek (Universal
Technique) Corporation.

93. Introduction of Preformed Bands
 By the late 1930s, Rocky Mountain
Orthodontics had developed a line of
preformed anterior and molar bands.
 Canine and premolar bands were made by
specially adapting certain sizes of anterior
bands.
 The cost of maintaining an inventory of
different sizes was more than offset by the
savings in chair time. (Robert M Ricketts)

94.  1902- Piere robin –The Monobloc-
developed to treat Pierre Robin
syndrome in children, a modification of
Kingsley’s maxillary plate.
 1932-Vigo Anderson -Activator – tooth
borne, loosely fitting passive appliance.
 Karl Haupl and Anderson called it as
Norwegian system.
 1936-Yearbook of Dentistry Started

95. Invention of Acrylic
 German chemist, Otto Röhm, United
States in 1936 used in aircraft turrets and
windshields.
 1940s, acrylic materials were being
polymerized into pink dental plates.

96. 1940
Oren A. Oliver – labiolingual appliance
 First orthodontist to receive Pierre
Fauchard academy medal
 Also received the Ketcham Award.

97. Charles Tweed (1895-1970)
 1941 – introduced
edgewise appliance
based on basal bone
concept.
 Graduated from
improvised Angle
course by George Hahn
in 1928 age of 33yrs.
 First orthodontic
speciality law in US in
1929

98.  Worked with Angle for 7 weeks to write
an article in Dental Cosmos.
 Returned to Arizona – First pure edgewise
specialty practice in U.S. + Non-
extraction.
 Called traitor, faced criticism. Later
started 4 premolar extraction in some
cases.

99. Tweed’s Contributions-
Tweed’s philosophy:
 Growth trends of patients
 Anchorage preparation- major step.
 Upright mandibular incisors over basal
bone.
 Acceptance of judicious extraction of teeth.
 Clinical application of cephalometrics.
 Tweeds diagnostic facial triangle.

100. 1947
 Danish orthodontist, Arne Bjork
published
‘The Face in Profile’ – anthropologic &
radiographic study of effects of variations
in jaw growth using facial diagnosis.

101. J.A. Salzmann
 Classification of malocclusion

102. A Martin Schwarz (1887-1963)
 ENT Physician and Dentist
 Published a textbook entirely
devoted to treatment with plates,
where designs of different split
plates with various screws were
shown. It was “Lehrgang der
Gebissregulung” which became
the Orthodontic bible in
Europe.
 1956- Double plate developed

103. PHILIP.C.ADAMS
 In Belfast modified
the arrowhead clasp
favoured by
Schwarz into Adams
crib, which became
the basis for
English removable
appliances

104. 1947- Books Boom
 Practical Orthodontist
 Principles of Orthodontia
 Lippincotts Hanbook of dental practice
 Applied Orthodontist
 Prevention of Malocclusion
 Canadian Association of Orthodontia
formed

105. 1950-1960
Post World War- ‘Baby Boom’
Increased Number of Patients
Due to this false shortage of orthodontists

106. Rolf Frankel (1908-2001)
 Recognizing that stability of treatment can occur
only if the structural and functional deviations
of the muscular system are corrected designed
Frankel Functional Regulator (FR)-1957.
 Appliance confined to oral vestibule- shields
buccal and labial musculature away from teeth
& investing tissues.
 1995- Received Ketcham Award.

107. Dr. LEVERN MERRIFIELD
1953: Took TWEED Course
1970:Director: Study of Orthodontic
dentistry & Development of edgewise
appliance
Contributions:-
Proposed: A) Diagnostic concepts
B) Treatment Concepts
Based on edgewise concept
Tweed-Merrifield Philosophy
Steps in Treatment

108.  1967- Journal of clinical Orthodontia

109. Cephalometric Analysis
 1947-William B Downs- First Analysis marked
the end of Model Diagnosis
 1953- Cecil C Steiner
 1953- Mooree’s Mesh Diagram
 1954-Tweed’sTriangle
 1955-Viken Sassouni- Archial Analysis
 1960- R.M. Rickets
 1967-Wits Analysis
 1970- Jarrabak
 1975- Jacobson
 Quadrilateral Analysis – Rocco.J.D. Paolo

110.  1977- Hanz Pancherz resurrected Herbst
Appliance.
 The Herbst was introduced in1905 by
Emil Herbst (1842-1917), but his findings
were not published until 1935.
 Stimulation of mandibular growth by
Herbst appliance.

111. 1977
Clark’sTwin Block.

112. Paul Raymond Begg (1898-1983)
 Born on October
13th, 1898 in
Coolgardie,
Western Australia.
 1923 – B.D.S. from
Melbourne
University
 1924 – Angle
School of
Orthodontia,
Pasadena

113.  Begg & Fred Ishii – first to treat patients
with Angle’s ‘new appliance’.
 Nov. 1925 - Returned to Adelaide.
Edgewise mechanism + nonextraction.
 Serious relapses & poor post-treatment
profiles.
 Feb. 1928 Began extraction.

114.  1956 – Differential force concept amd Attritional
Occlusion.
 Return to U.S. – ‘Begg Technique’ practice with
Dr.Robert A. Rocke.
 “At this point in time the world received another
landmark contribution in the field of fixed appliance. It
was the introduction of multiple-loop, light force wire
appliance by P. R. Begg of Australia
 Introduced Modified Ribbon Arch Bracket
 1940- developed highly resilient , Stainless steel
Australian wire replaced precious metals.
 1965- Textbook “Begg Orthodontic theory and
technique”.

115. Harvold D Kesling (1901-1979)
 Impressed in Begg’s technique practised in
United States.
 Founder ofTooth positioning appliance-
(1944) later called as Pre-Finishers and
formedTP Orthodontics in Denver.
 1977- Aerodynamic Electric car,TheYARE
developed

116. T.M. Graber : (1917-2007)
 Born in St.Louis on
May 17th 1917.
 Graduation-Washington
University, St.Louis.
 1964- Founded the
Kenilworth Dental
Research Foundation
 Orthodontics –
Northwestern
University.

117.  1950 – First PhD to Dentist by
Northwestern University
Medical School
 20 textbooks, 22 chapters in
other Textbooks, 180
publications in journals & 930
book & journal abstract reviews.
 Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15
years and was responsible for
changing its name to AJO-DO in
1985.

118. 1970-1980
 FederalTrade Commission And U S
Supreme Court made Advertisement
Legal
 Pedo-Orthodontics and Perio-
Orthodontics and also General practice
 Orthognathic Surgery and
Temperomandibular Disorders

119. 1972-
 Silverman Et al
Introduced Indirect
bracket bonding
 Alexander Wildman –
Self Ligating Bracket
 Later popularised by
Damon in 1998

120. LAWRENCE F. ANDREWS
 Father of pre-adjusted
bracket system
 6 keys of occlusion –
1972.
 Straight wire appliance
1st Gen.-1979
 Andrews foundation of
Orthodontic science
and research
 Used power arms for
bodily movement

121. DR. ROBERT MURRAY
RICKETTS
 Developed the
bioprogressive therapy
from a background of
edgewise and Begg
technique.
 Introduced utility arch.
 Use of preformed bands.
 Ricketts’ Quad Helix –
0.40 blue elgiloy wire.
 E- line.

122.  Developed the first cephalometric analysis that
allowed clinicians to compare their patients with
norms based on age, sex, and race (Ricketts
analysis).
 Developed the first cephalometric diagnostic
system to project treatment plus growth in
treatment planning–the visualized treatment
objective (VTO).
 A computer-generated method for projecting
growth to maturity using the mandibular archial
growth (long-range forecasting) method.
 Developed computer-driven cephalometric
diagnostics (Rocky Mountain Data Systems)

123. 1975- Craven Kurz with Jim Mulik
 Used plastic brackets
to lingual tooth
surface.
 First gen in 1975
 In 1990 introduced 7th
gen lingual bracket

124. Charles Burstone
 Notable authority on
Biomechanics.
 Introduced TMA, Chinese
NiTi, Fibre reinforced
composite.
 Holography &
Occlusograms.
 Surgical planning analysis
– COGS.
 Segmented arch
technique

125. Ronald Roth
 1976 –Ronald Roth
published a report entitled
“Five year clinical
evaluation of the Andrews
Straight Wire Appliance.
 Recommended the 2nd
generation of preadjusted
brackets (SWA)
(roth-prescription) using
. frictionless mechanics
 Single brackets for both
extraction and Non-Ex cases.

126. Dentofacial orthopedics, suggested
in 1976 by B.F.Dewel

127. 1978- R G “WICK” ALEXANDER
 Introduced: Vari-Simplex
Discipline
 Used:Twin,Lang,Lewis Brackets
 KISS Priniciple
 Edgewise Mechanics

128. 1979 – Kinya Fujita
 To protect Sumo wreslers to soft tissue
injury from labial appliances
 Lingual Orthodontics with mushroom
shaped arch wire
 3 slots

129. 1981- Terrell L Root
 Introduced- Root level Anchorage
System
 Consist of bonded or banded
edgewise appliance with build in tip,
torque and offset and analysis and
treatment planning chart with step
by step treatment procedure for
seven different extraction and
non extraction choices.
 Uses SWA + Anchorage system
by Reed Holdaway

130. 1982- Stephen Piage
 Introduced Ligual light
wireTechnique by using
begg’s wire with labial
bracket

131. 1989-Thomas Creekmore
 Unitwin bracket- Utilised both twin
and single bracket system
advantages
1990- George F Schudy
 Dual Environment Bracket
1995- Anthony DViazis
 Bioeffiicient Bracket

132.  1989- Greekmore- Founded-Vertical
slot lingual, ArchwireTemplate,
Clinical instruments.
 In 1994- Self ligating lingual bracket
by Massimo Ronchin
 Silver Geron- Lingual bracket Jig
 In 1996-Relaunch lingual
orthodontics (Lingual study group)
by Kurz, Laughlin, Greekmore,
Wildman
 1987 American Lingual Orthodontic
Association relaunched in 1997

133. 1997: McLAUGHLIN, BENNET &
TREVISI:
 Third gen. Straight Wire
Appliance:MBT Tehnique
 Work with mechanics of
tooth movement and light
continuous force
 Tooth positioned using
gauges
 Arch forms-oval, tapered,
square.
 Incorporated Archwire
hooks and Ligations,
 Persistence of finishing

134. Hee Moon Kyung
 Introduced Individual
indirect bondingTechnique
 Lingual Straight wire
technique
 Micro screw implant as
Temporary anchorage
Device

135.  2000-World Journal of Orthodontics
 2003- Scuzzo & Takemoto from japan
introduced Light wire lingual bracket
(Ormco)
 2004- Incognito Appliance
 DirkWiechmann- Customized Lingual
brackets

136.  2014 – Introduced Super Cusp by Binnoy
Kurian et al.
 Is a myofunctional appliance, to achieve
mandibular advancement while minimizing the
disadvantages of its precursors.

137. BRITISH ORTHODONTIC
SOCIETY
Disunity among British organizations –
 British Society for Study of Orthodontics
(1907).
 Consultant Orthodontists Group (1964).
 British Association of Orthodontists (1965).
 Community Orthodontists Section (1978)
 July 1st 1994 – British Orthodontic
Society.

138. EUROPEAN ORTHODONTIC
SOCIETY
 Founded on 16th May 1907 by 10
charter members.
 First meeting – 27th Sept. 1907.
 President – Dr. W.G. Laws.
 Dr. E.H. Angle elected honorary
member.

139. RECENT ADVANCES
 Customized brackets.
 Stimulation of Treatment results.
 3D Reconstruction and Bracket positioning.
 Robotics.
 (Xenon), Laser lights (Argon laser).
 Custom made trays INVISALIGN.
 Smile Analysis
 Implants and Distraction Osteogenesis
 Torque angulation reference guide (TARG) &
Orapix System

140. EVOLUTION AT A GLANCE
 1728- Pierre Fauchard Bandlette
 1789- Etienne Bourdet 1722- Ivory splint
 Catalan -- Inclined plane
 1839- Charles Goodyear-Vulcanite
 1846- Tucker Rubber elastics
 1849- Dwinelle Jacks screw
 1860- Emerson Angell Expansion of palate
 1860- Coffin Flexible piano wire
 1861- Kingsley Headgear
 1870- Magill Dental cement
 1880- E.H. Angle Jack & traction screw
 1887- E.H. Angle Angle system

141.  1889- E.H. Angle Classification of malocclusion
 1902- Pierre Robin Monobloc
 1907- E.H. Angle E-Arch
 1908- Charles Hawley- Retainer
 1908- Vigo Andresen- Activator
 Balter -- Bionator
 H.P. Bimler -- Myodynamic appliance
 John Mershon -- Removable lingual arch
 1912- E.H. Angle Pin & tube appliance
 1912- Newell Vestibular screen
 1915- Mosby- First issue of International Journal of
Orthodontia published
 1916- Edward.H. Angle Ribbon arch appliance

142.  1917- John V. Mershon- Lingual arch with soldered
springs
 1918- Elizabeth Richardson- First woman to head an
Orthodontic department
 1918- Alfred P. Rogers- Myofunctional therapy
 1919- George B. Crozat- Crozat appliance
 1922- Benno E. Lischer- First use of the term
“cephalometrics”
 1922- James McCoy Open tube appliance
 1924- Paul Simon Gnathostatics
 1924- First orthodontic college- Angle College of
Orthodontia
 1925- E.H. Angle Edgewise appliance

143.  1925- Norwegian system of orthodontics- Karl Haupl
and Viggo Andresen
 1926- Bernhard W. Weinberger “Orthodontics: An
Historical Overview of its Origins and Evolution”
 1929- Spencer Atkinson- Universal appliance
 1929- Birger Kjellgren- Term “serial extraction” coined
 1930- Broadbent Cephalometrics
 1930- Preformed bands introduced- Rocky Mountain
Metal Products
 1933- P.R. Begg- Begg bracket introduced (i.e., upside-
down ribbon-arch)

144.  1934- Herbst Herbst appliance
 1934- Joseph. H. Johnson- Twin-arch wire appliance
 1936- Karl Häupl- Term “activator” coined
 1937- Otto Rohm- Arylic introduced
 1940- Oren A. Oliver Labio-lingual appliance
 1940- P.R. Begg and A.J. Wilcox- Stainless steel
“Australian wire” developed
 1941- Tweed Edgewise-Tweed philosophy
 1944- H. D. Kesling- Tooth Positioner
 1947- N. Nance- Term “leeway space” coined
 1948- C.P. Adams Adam’s crib
 Hotz- Guide plane plate
 1948- William. B. Downs Down’s analysis- First

145.  1949- Hans Peter Bimler “Gebisformer” (Bimler
appliance)
 Kraus- Double oral screen
 Hotz– Propulsor
 1950- Wilhelm Balter- Bionator
 1952- E. Storey and R. Smith- Light-wire technique
 1953- Jef M.M. Crefcoeur- Magnets used for
orthodontic purposes
 1953- Cecil C. Steiner- Steiner cephalometric analysis
 1953- Charles H. Tweed- Tweed cephalometric analysis
 1956- Martin Schwarz -- Schwarz double plate
 1957- Rolf Frankel- Frankel appliance (Functional
Regulator)

146.  1960- Levern Merrifield- Improvised Edgewise
 1960- Preformed bands- Rocky Mountain and Unitek
 1962- Charles J. Burstone- Segmented arch technique
 1962- Melvin L. Moss- Functional matrix theory
 1969- Robert M. Ricketts- Computerized cephalometrics
 1970- Lawrence Andrews- Straight wire appliance
 1970- Ricketts – Bioprogressive straight wire therapy
 1971- George F. Andreasen- Nitinol wire (Unitek
Corporation)
 1972- Lawrence F. Andrews- Classic article “The six
keys tonormal occlusion” published
 1972- Computed tomography scanning- Godfrey
Hounsfield (EMI Laboratory) and Allan Cormack
(Tufts)

147.  1976- Kinya Fujita- First lingual bracket patented
 1977- Pancherz Herbst appliance
 1977- William. J. Clark- Twin block Appliance
 1977- Bjorn U. Zachrisson- Bonded retainers
 1979- Professional advertising allowed U.S. Supreme
Court
 1980- TMA beta-titanium archwires (Ormco
Corporation) Charles J. Burstone and A.J. Goldberg
 1986-Peter C. Kesling- Tip-Edge system
 1987- Siemans- Digital impression system developed
(CEREC 1)
 1992- James J. Hilgers- Pendulum appliance described

148.  1994- Rohit Sachdeva- Super-elastic Copper NiTi
 1995- World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO)
 1999- Robotic wire bending (Suresmile) Orametrix
 2000- Invisalign
 2001- M. Thomas Wilcko and William M. Wilcko-
Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics
(aka, Wilckodontics, AOO, or PAOO)
 2002- Norman Wahl- Who Was Who in Orthodontics
published
 2003- Custom lingual bracket system (Incognito)
3M/Unitek Corporation
 2012- LayerWise- 3-D printed prosthetic jaw implanted

149. “Ever since Eve flashed Adam her first
grin, we have been concerned about our
smiles….Smile was the first goal ,This
gave orthodontics its scientific
foundation…..
……Now it appears that facial esthetics is
again in the forefront”

150. HISTORY OF
INDIAN ORTHODONTICS

151. 1935
Beginning of Orthodontics as a
Speciality in India

152. INDIAN ORTHODONTIC
SOCIETY – OCT.15TH 1965

153. THE INDIAN ORTHODONTIC
SOCIETY
 Started as a Study Group in Bombay in
1961
 Formally established as the Indian
Orthodontic Society on 15th October
1965
 1st conference – 3rd January 1967 at
New Delhi
 Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society”
conceptualised in the year 1968

154.  P.G. convention every year since 1996.
 Indian Board of Orthodontists – 1998.
 Member ofWorld Federation of
Orthodontics (San Francisco, U.S.A.
1995).

155.  IOS office was inaugurated at Vellore on
12/4/1998 by Dr BP Rajan under the president
ship of Dr Asha Verma.
 At its headquarters in Vellore, the IOS established
a library and the first dental museum in India in
1998.
 1st museum on Dentistry to be established in
India

156. Dr HariKrishan D Merchant, Father
of Indian Orthodontics
 He received his degree in
dentistry from Germany
 He returned to India and gave
the first series of lectures in
Orthodontics in 1935 at
Nair Dental College
 Founder, Professor and Head
of Orthodontics Department
at Nair Hospital Dental
College from 1937 to 1963

157.  Founder Member and first President of the
Indian Orthodontic Society (1965-1968)
 The first editor of JIOS from 1968 to 1974
 Main area of expertize was removable
mechanotherapy.
 Honoured by Pierre Fauchard Academy as
‘Dentist of the year 1976’ for outstanding
contribution to dental education in India.

158. Dr Prem Prakash, IOS President
(1967 to 1969)
 Dr Prem Prakash
received his BDS degree
from De Montmorency
Dental College, Lahore,
Punjab University in
1947
 He attained his MS in
Orthodontics from Tuft’s
University, USA, in
1950

159.  He was the first orthodontist to start
exclusive orthodontic practice in India
 Dr Prem Prakash attended the first course
of Begg Technique given by Dr Begg in
1953.
 In 1954, he joined the CEM Dental
College as a staff member. He ushered in
Begg’s Era in India in the 1960s.

160. Dr Ashok Balwant Rai Modi,
IOS President (1969 to 1971)
 Dr AB Modi did his
BDS in 1955 from Nair
Hospital Dental
College, Mumbai, and
DMD in Orthodontics
in Bonn University,
Germany in 1959
 Founder member and
the third President of
IOS

161. Dr HS Shaikh, IOS President
(1971 to 1973)
 Dr HS Shaikh did his
BDS from CEM Dental
College in 1954 and
MDS in Orthodontics in
1961 from GDC Bombay
 He was an eminent
teacher and one of the
founders of IOS. He
popularized Begg
technique in India

162. Dr Naishad Parikh, IOS President
(1973 to 1975)
 Received his BDS degree from
Nair Dental College 1955
 He was chosen as the first
student to do his internship at
Boston University US by the
Indian Dental Association in
1957
 In 1962, an honorary post was
created for Dr Parikh at Nair
Dental College.
 He was one of the founder
secretary and treasurer of IOS.

163. Dr Keki Mistry, IOS President
(1975 to 1978)
 Dr Keki Mistry, one of
the first dental
specialists who
introduced orthodontics
and specialty dentistry to
India
 Oral Health Day,
celebrated by WHO on
April 7 every year, was
conceptualized by him.

164. Dr Mohandas Bhat
 Received his dental degree from GDC
Bangalore in 1960
 One of the founding members of IOS
 He was also honoured by Indian
Association of Public Health Dentistry
for introducing the discipline of dental
public health in India, by starting the
first ever Department of Preventive
and Social Dentistry at the
Government Dental College,
Bangalore, in 1968

165. CONCLUSION
“The longer you look back, the greater you
can leap ahead .”
“Blessed are those who bring a wonderful
smile, for they shall be called
orthodontist”

166. BIBILOGRAPHY
Proffit – Contemporary Orthodontics, III Ed.
Graber,Vanersdal – Orthodontics: Current
Principles & Techniques, II Ed.
Graber, Swain – Orthodontics: Current
Principles &
Techniques, III Ed.
T.M. Graber – Orthodontics: Principles &
Practice,
III Ed.
Norman Wahl:Antiquity to the mid 19th
Century
AJODO –Feb-2005Vol-127: 255 -259.

167. The professionalization of orthodontics –
AJODOAug-
2005,Vol-128:- 252 – 257.
Facial Analysis before the advent of the
Cephalometer AJODO Feb-2006,Vol-129:- 293-
298.
The Cephalometer takes its place in the
orthodontic armamentariam. – AJODO April
2006,Vol-129:- 574-580.
Functional Appliances to mid century.AJODO
June 2006.Vol: 129- 829 -833.

168. Beginning of Orthodontics in India : Journal of
Orthodontic Society 1980.
Twin block Functional therapy:William J Clark.
2nd edition
WilliamVogt, FRD: Journal of Clinical
Orthodontics, June 2006, 368-377.
The Begg's Applince and Technique – GGT
Fletcher
Contemporary Orthodontics,William R Proffit.
4th ed

169. The rise of Indian orthodontics: a historical
perspective;The Journal of Indian Orthodontic
Society, July-September 2013
Article - The first steps towards
professionalization
of Orthodontics.
http://www.iosweb.net/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._R._Ahmed_
Denta
l_College_and_Hospital