- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
4. Dental Skills … in brief
Course specification = Your rights and duties
5. By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
1- Identify the oral cavity parts and its divisions into arches and quadrants.
2- Nominate the permanent and deciduous teeth
3- Apply the different teeth numbering systems.
4- Identify the teeth surfaces and the division of surfaces.
5- Recognize the line and point angles in the teeth.
17. • 5 teeth
2 incisors
1 canine
2 molars
How many deciduous teeth in each quadrant ?
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First molar
Second molar
18. • 8 teeth
2 incisors
1 canine
2 Premolars
3 molars
How many permanent teeth in each quadrant ?
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First premolar
Second premolar
First molar
Second molar
Third molar
19. • the 5 deciduous teeth are also called
(predecessors)
• And the 5 succeeding permanent is
called
(succedaneous or permanent successor)
• The remaining 3 permanent teeth are
called permanent
(not called successor, as they are not
preceeded by deciduous teeth)
Each deciduous tooth will be replaced by a permanent tooth
20. 1- Permanent central incisors (replacing the deciduous central incisor)
2- Permanent lateral incisor (replacing the deciduous lateral incisor)
3- Permanent canine (replacing deciduous canine)
4- First premolar (replacing the deciduous first molar)
5- Second premolar (replacing the deciduous second molar)
The 3 permanent molars are erupted directly (not preceeded by deciduous)
So, they are called permanent (not successor)
Details
21. Very important
Deciduous central incisor
Deciduous lateral incisor
Deciduous canine
Deciduous first molar
Deciduous second molar
First premolar
Second premolar
Permanent first molar
Permanent second molar
Permanent third molar
3 permanent successors replacing
deciduous teeth of same type
2 permanent successors
replacing deciduous teeth
of different type
3 permanent
not replacing deciduous teeth
(not a successor)
permanent central incisor
Permanent lateral incisor
permanent canine
33. • permanent upper right central incisor (caries)
• permanent lower left canine (extraction)
• permanent upper right first molar (crown)
• permanent lower left second premolar (endo)
• permanent lower left lateral and central incisors (missing)
• permanent upper right third molar (caries)
• permanent upper left third molar (filling)
• permanent lower right third molar (crown)
• permanent upper left lateral incisor (fractured)
• ………………………………………………….
• TOO LONG !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
** Dear colleague Dr. Omar
34. Numbering systems
Dear Dr. Omar
8 3 1 2 5 8
8 6 1 1 8
Dear Dr. Omar
8 3 1 2 5 8
8 6 1 1 8
C
C
C
F F
F
M M
M E
M
35. 1) Universal system (American system)
The permanent teeth are represented by numbers (from 1 to 32)
The tooth number 1 is :
Upper right third molar 1
The tooth number 32 is :
Lower right third molar
32
36.
37. The deciduous (primary) teeth
are represented by letters
(from A to T)
What about the deciduous teeth?
38. What is the number of this tooth?
Exercise 1
?
Answer: 7
39. 2) Palmer notation system (Zsigmondy system)
1
1- Draw a horizontal line separating upper & lower arches
2- Draw a vertical line separating right & left quadrants
3- write the number of the tooth
(if the tooth is permanent) in the corresponding quadrant
N.B. there is 8 teeth in the quadrant
And the numbering starts from central incisor :
1- central incisor 2- lateral incisor
3- canine
4- first premolar 5- second premolar
6- first molar 7- second molar 8- third molar
41. The deciduous teeth are represented
by the same method
but the teeth are represented by
letters (from A to E) not numbers
Can you expect the deciduous teeth numbering?
42. 3) Two Digit system (FDI system) (Binomial system)
A- each tooth is represented by 2 numbers (no letters)
B- the left digit represents the quadrant
** 4 permanent and 4 deciduous quadrants numbered as follows:
5 6
7
8
1 2
3
4
1- permanent upper right quadrant
2- permanent upper left quadrant
3- permanent lower left quadrant
4- permanent lower right quadrant
5- Deciduous upper right quadrant
6- Deciduous upper left quadrant
7- Deciduous lower left quadrant
8- Deciduous lower right quadrant
C- the right digit represents the tooth (according to palmers numbering “starting from midline”)
FDI: Federation Dentaire Internationale
43. Summary
Note: The 2 digits is pronounced separately not as a number (e.g. tooth no #22 is pronounced “TWO TWO” not “Twenty two”
45. ** Write the FULL name of these teeth
22
34
20
56
6
56= Not applicable
46. • Sometimes there is a number which is confusing
(indicates tooth with more than one numbering system)
Note
• E.g.: What is the tooth 22?
By FDI: It is the permanent upper left lateral incisor
By Universal system: It is the permanent lower left canine
• So, Sometimes: the symbol (#) is used to differentiate between the FDI &Universal system
• Tooth #22 (This means that we are SURE using the FDI system)
• Important: This DOESN’T MEAN that if you read in a research or book the statement (tooth
22) that this is SURE a universal system. The FDI system can be also denoted without “#”
•
بالعربي
:
ِّكلِّسنةِّمكتوبةِّومعهاِّرمز
"
#
"
ِّفهيِّمكتوبةِّبال
FDI
ِّولكنِّليسِّكلِّسنةِّمكتوبةِّبدون
"
#
"
ِّتكونِّبالضرورة
Universal
...
ِّممكنِّتكون
FDI
ِّأو
Universal
47. For better tooth description ..
The tooth will be viewed from 5
aspects (surfaces)
Step 2 in the terminology
48. Surfaces of the teeth
Lingual surface
(towards the tongue)
Palatal surface
(towards the palate)
Can be called lingual also
Facial surface (outer surface )
(towards the face)
In anterior teeth called (Labial)
In posterior teeth called (buccal)
49. Occlusal surface
(masticatory surface
of posterior teeth)
Incisal (edge)
(masticatory surface
of anterior teeth)
Mesial surface:
facing the neighboring tooth
nearer to midline
Distal surface:
facing the neighboring tooth
away from midline
Proximal surface: the surface of the
tooth facing the neighboring tooth
50. • For better surface description ..
The surface is divided into thirds
Division of the surfaces
Root apex
Crown
Cervical line
Root
51. Division of the surfaces horizontally
Cervical third
Middle third
Incisal third
Cervical third
Middle third
Apical third
Occlusal third
52. Division of the surfaces horizontally
Cervical third
Middle third
Incisal third
Cervical third
Middle third
Apical third
Occlusal third
57. 8 Line angles in posterior teeth
Occluso-distal
Occluso-lingual
Disto-buccal
disto-lingual
Occluso-buccal
Occluso-mesial
Mesio-lingual
mesio-buccal
58. 6 Line angles in Anterior teeth
No inciso-distal
Inciso-lingual
Disto-labial
disto-lingual
Inciso-labial
Mesio-lingual
mesio-labial
No inciso-mesial
63. Wheeler's Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion". APA (6th ed.) Ash,
M. M. (1993).
Ads AH, El-Zainy MA, , Shenaishen SF, Halawa AM. Fundamentals Of
Tooth Morphology&Physiology. Faculty of Dentistry Ain Shams
University. 2020.