This document provides an overview of dental anatomy, including the structures of the oral cavity, types of teeth, tooth surfaces and aspects, and anatomical landmarks of the tooth crown. It describes the lips, teeth, gingiva, tongue, hard and soft palate, and floors of the mouth. It outlines the primary and permanent dentitions, tooth morphology, and functions. Key details include the four dental quadrants, tooth surfaces, root anatomy, and elevations on tooth crowns like cusps, ridges, and tubercles.

1. molar children

2. Dental Anatomy Includes:
2- Overview of the dentitions
3- The relationship of the teeth to each other.
1- Structures of the oral cavity.

3. STRUCTURES OF THE
ORAL CAVITY

4. 1- Structures of the oral cavity.
2-Teeth
3-Gingiva
4-Cheek
5-Tongue
6-Roof of the mouth
7-Floor of the mouth
1-Lips

5. Two Lips Upper Lip and Lower
Lip.
The Corner of the mouth where
the two lips meet is called
Commissure
Two Grooves are distinguished
around lips.
*Nasolabial groove
*Labiomental groove.
1- Lips

6. Teeth are arranged in upper and lower dental arches.
The upper arch is called
Maxilla
The teeth in this arch are
called upper or maxillary teeth
The lower arch is called the
Mandible
The teeth in this arch are
called lower or mandibular
teeth.
2- Teeth

7. Midline divides each arch into two equal right and left
halves.
There are 4 Quadrants in
the oral cavity.

9. 1-Incisors:
There are two incisors,
central incisor and lateral
incisor.
2- Canines:
There is one canine in
each quadrant.
Incisors and canines are
considered Anterior Teeth.
There are Four types of teeth :

10. 3-Premolars
There are two in each
quadrant. First and
second premolars.
4-Molars:
There are three in each
quadrant. First, second
and third molars.
Premolars and molars are
considered Posterior teeth

11. The teeth in the arch can be grouped as follow:
1- Anterior teeth (Incisors and canines).
2- Posterior teeth (premolars and molars).
Anterior
teeth
Posterior
teeth

12. 3- Gingiva
It is the tissue surrounds the cervical part of teeth.

13. 4- Cheeks
Linea alba buccalis

14. The tongue is a broad flat
organ composed of muscles
and glands.
•It is the principle organ of
taste and is most important
in speech,mastication and
swallowing.
5- Tongue

15. 6- Floor of the mouth
It is shiny and some large blood vessels may be seen
near the surface.
Beneath the tongue there are two bilateral bulges
caused by the presence of large salivary glands.

16. 7- Roof of the mouth
Its anterior part is called hard palate.
Its posterior part is called
soft palate which ends by a
small fleshy structure named
uvula

17. TYPES OF DENTITION

18. Humans have two dentitions
1-The primary
dentition:(deciduous-
predecessor )
20 teeth. 10 maxillary and 10
mandibular. 5 teeth are present in
each quadrant:
2 incisors.
1 canine.
and 2 molars.
The dental formula is:
2 1 2
I --- C ---- M ---- = 10
2 1 2

19. 2-The permanent dentition:
(secondary, adult or
succedaneous )
32 teeth, 16 maxillary and
16 mandibular.8 teeth in each
quadrant are Present:
2 incisors.
1 canine.
2 premolars.
and 3 molars.
The dental formula is :
2 1 2 3
I ---- C ---- PM --- M ---- = 16
2 1 2 3

20. •
The permanent molars are not preceded with
deciduous teeth so they may be termed as non-
succedaneous teeth.
Note

21. 1-The primary dentition period:
6m to 6y
(Pre-decessor, deciduous)
2 incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars.
Dentition periods

22. 2-The mixed dentition period:
6y to 12 y
Ugly duckling stage:
Different color & size
Edentulous areas
Inflammed gingiva

23. 3-The permanent dentition period:
after 12 y
(secondary, adult or succedaneous )
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars.

24. FUNCTIONS OF
TEETH

25. 1- Mastication
chocolate molar

26. Incisors Canine Premolars Molars
Chisel like
Cutting or
incising
Wedge like
Cutting and
tearing
At least two
projections
(cusps).
Tearing and
grinding
Multiple projections
(cusps)
Grinding
Mastication

27. 2- Appearance
(Esthetics)

28. 3- Speech

29. 4- Growth of jaws

30. TOOTH SURFACES
AND ASPECTS

31. The Surfaces Are Identified By The Relationship To
Other Orofacial Structures
Distal surface
M
M
D
D
Distal surface
LIP
CHEEK
(buccal)
TONGUE
PALATE
Anterior
teeth
Posterior
teeth
Maxillary
teeth
Mandibular
teeth
Posterior teeth
Anterior teeth
MIDLINE
Proximal
surfaces
for all the
teeth

32. Tooth Orientational Terms:
Each Tooth Has Five Surfaces Like A Box With 4 Sides And A Roof.

33. LABIAL
Towards the
lip
FOR
ANTERIOR
TEETH
BUCCAL
Towards the
cheek
POSTERIOR
TEETH
OR

34. PALATAL
towards the
palate
LINGUAL
towards the
tongue
OR

35. MESIAL towards
the midline
DISTAL away from
the midline
OR

36. MIDLINE
M
D
M
D

37. For anterior teeth For posterior teeth
INCISAL OCCLUSAL
OR

38. Line And Point Angles
Line
angle
Point
angle

39. 6 Line angles And 4 Point Angles
Anterior Teeth
Incisal
Edge

40. Note: The anterior teeth have fewer line angles because the
meeting of the mesial and distal surfaces with incisal ridge
are rounded , so the mesio-incisal and disto-incisal line
angles are practically not exist. .
Note

41. 8 Line And 4 Point Angles
Posterior Teeth

42. Division of surfaces Into
Thirds

43. Incisal
Cervical
Cervical
Middle
Middle
Apical
Middle
Mesial
Distal
Cervical
Middle
Apical
Middle
Lingual
Labial

44. Occlusal
Middle
Cervical
Cervical
Cervical
Middle
Middle
Apical
Apical
Mesial
Middle
Distal
Buccal
Middle
Lingual

45. MACRO AND MICRO
ANATOMY OF TEETH

46. Each tooth has three
anatomical parts:
I.Crown
II.The Neck
II.Root (s)
1- Macro-anatomy of the tooth
Enamel
Cementum

47. Macro-anatomy of the Tooth
Each tooth has three anatomical parts:
I.Crown part of the tooth which is seen in the
oral cavity and is called Clincal crown
Part of the tooth covered by enamel is called
Anatomical crown
II.The Neck: cervical line
Meating between crown and root (cemento-
enamel junction)
II.Root (s) part of the tooth embedded in the
jaw bones and is called Clinical root
Part of the tooth covered by cementum is called
Anatomical root

48. •Anatomical and clinical crown.
Clinical
Crown
Anatomical
Crown

49. Anatomical
crown
Clinical
crown

50. Clinlical crown may include all of the
anatomical crown and part of the root.

51. Part of the anatomical crown may be
covered by gingiva.

52. According to the number of roots teeth are classified into:
1- Single rooted teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars except upper first premolar
2- Double rooted teeth
Upper first premolar and lower molars
3- Triple rooted teeth
Upper molars
The undivided portion of the root is called root trunk

53. Root trunk
Bifurcation
Socket
Crypt

55. Enamel:
• The enamel is the hardest tissue of the human
body covering the crown of the tooth.
• Insensitive—no nerves
• Cannot be renewed.
Enamel

56. Dentine:
• Dentine is a cream colored hard material that makes up the
bulk of the tooth.
• It is covered by enamel on the crown, and by cementum on
the roots.
• Softer than enamel
• Does not have a nerve supply but it is sensitive
• Produced throughout life
Dentin

57. Cementum:
• The cementum is a thin calcified tissue covering of the
roots.
• It meets the enamel at the neck of the tooth.
• Softer than enamel and dentin.
• Anchors the tooth to the alveolar bone along with the
periodontal ligament
Cementum

58. Pulp:
A soft tissue rich with blood vessels and nerves responsible for
nourishing the tooth.
• The pulp in the crown of the tooth is known as the coronal
pulp or pulp chamber.
• In the root it is called root canals which end with apical
foramen.
• Typically sensitive to extreme thermal stimulation (hot or cold)
Pulp champer
Root canal
Apical foramen

59. •Microanatomy
Three calcified tissues:
Enamel, Dentin and Cementum
And one soft tissue, Pulp.
Pulp cavity consists of :
Pulp chamber and pulp canal or canals
Pulp chamber
Root canal

60. The Periodontium
It is the investing and Supporting Attachment System of
Teeth.
It consists of:
Two Soft Tissues:
1- Gingiva 2- periodontal ligament
Two Hard Tissues:
1- cementum 2- alveolar bone

61. Dentino-enamel
junction
Cemento-enamel
junction
Dentino-cemental
junction
E
D
C
A- Pulp horn
B- Pulp chamber
1- Coronal part
2- Radicular part
A- Root canal
B-Apical foramen

62. 1)The universal numbering system:.
The number is always preceded by the sign # to
designate that the system is used for universal system.
Permanent teeth (1 – 32)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
Numbering and coding systems of the teeth
#28 Lower right first
premolar
#16 Upper left third molar

63. Deciduous teeth (1 - 20)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
The letter is preceded by #d
molar clock
d# 14 Lower left deciduous
lateral incisor

64. Deciduous teeth (A - T)
A B C D E F G H I J
T S R Q P O N M L K
The letter is preceded by # only
molar clock
#B Upper right
deciduous first molar

66. 2) Palmer Notation System:
It represents the four quadrants of the dentition as if you
are facing the patient.
Upper right Upper left
Lower right Lower left

67. ☻The permanent teeth are numbered from 1-8 on
each side from the midline.
Upper right Upper left
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Lower right Lower left
8 Upper right third molar
5 Lower left second premolar
3 Upper left canine
1 Lower right central incisor

68. The deciduous teeth are lettered from A-E on
each side from the midline.
Upper right Upper left
E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E
Lower right Lower left
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E

69. The deciduous teeth are lettered from A-E on
each side from the midline.
Upper right Upper left
E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E
Lower right Lower left
D Upper right first deciduous
molar
Lower left deciduous canine
C
Upper left deciduous
lateral incisor
B
Lower right second
deciduous molar
E

71. The teeth are designed by using binomial systems:
a. The first digit of the code is located at the left
side and indicates the quadrant.
In the permanent dentition.
U.R. 1 2 U.L.
L.R. 4 3 L.L.
In the deciduous dentition.
U.R 5 6 U.L.
L.R. 8 7 L.L.
3- The Federation Dentaire international (FDI)
gold molar

72. b- The second digit is located at the right side
and indicates the number of the tooth in the
quadrant according to Palmer’s.
☻The two numbers should be pronounced
separately.
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Permanent teeth

73. Deciduous teeth
55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65
85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75

74. Permanent teeth
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Deciduous teeth
55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65
71 72 73 74 75
85 84 83 82 81
15 Upper right second premolar
33 Lower left canine
55 Upper right second
deciduous molar
72 Lower left lateral deciduous
incisor

75. ☻Surface anatomy: The tooth surface is not a flat
surface, there are elevations and depressions. Each
elevation and depression is described based on its
location, shape and function.

76. Anatomical Landmarks
Of The Crown

77. 1- Lobe
It is one of the primary centers of calcification and growth formed
during the crown development. Each tooth begins to develop
from four lobes or more.
THE MATURE FORMS OF
LOBES ARE:
1. Mamelones
2.Cingulum
3.Cusps
A - Crown Elevations

78. Mamelons
They are three small round projections of enamel present
in the incisal third of newly erupted incisors.
After normal use, eventually the mamelons wear down into
a flat edge.

79. Cingulum
It is the enlargement or bulge on the cervical third of
lingual surface of the crown in anterior teeth (incisors and
canines).

80. Cusps
They are pyramidal projections on the incisal
portion of the canine and on the occlusal surfaces
of the premolars and molars teeth.

81. 2-Tubercle
• It is a small elevation. It is produced by excessive formation of
enamel.
• Tubercle is noticed at the palatal surface of E & 6 and
sometimes at the lingual surface of incisors over the cingulum.
• Tubercle differs from cusp as it is formed of enamel only while
cusp is formed of pulp horn covered by dentin and enamel.
PULP
HORN
Cusp
ENAMEL
DENTIN
Tubercle
M
B
D
P

82. 3- Ridge
It is a linear elevation on the different surfaces of the crown.
A- Ridges on the facial surface (Labial and Buccal):
Labial Ridge: Buccal Ridge: Cervical Ridge:
Found on the labial
surfaces of
canines.
Usually found on the
buccal surfaces of the
premolars.
It is found on the
cervical one third of
the facial surfaces of
all the teeth.
Well developed in the
(D) followed by (E).

83. B- Ridges on the lingual surface:
1.Incisal Ridge:
3.Lingual Ridge:
4.Marginal Ridge:
2.Cusp Ridge:
Cusp Slopes Or Cusp Arms
IR

84. C- Ridges on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth:
1.Marginal Ridges
2.Triangular Ridges:
1
2
1
2

85. Triangular R.
Cusp Tip
M M R
D M R
Cusp Ridges
MBC
MLC
DLC
DBC

86. 3.Transverse
4.Oblique Ridge:
(E67 may be D, 8)

87. B- Crown Depression:
I- LINER DEPRESSIONS
1- DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVE:
It is narrow,
shallow
and sharply defined
denoting union of primary lobes.

88. They are small,
irregularly placed auxillary grooves.
Branches from developmental grooves.
Found usually on occlusal surfaces.
They do not denote union of primary lobes.
The third molars followed by second
permanent molars are characterized by
high number of supplemental grooves.
2- SUPPLEMENTAL GROOVES:
_
6
6
_
7
8
_
8
7

89. It is found in the bottom of developmental groove.
Results from incomplete union of the primary lobes.
It is a fault in enamel.
3- FISSURE:
It is a broad depression or valley on the occlusal
surfaces of posterior teeth.
Its inclines meet in a developmental groove and extend
to the cusp tips.
SULCUS:
Cusp tip
Cusp tip
Dentin
Enamel
Fissure
Developmental
groove

90. II- CIRCUMSCRIBED DEPRESSIONS
It is a small depression or concavity.
Found in both anterior and posterior teeth.
Its name is derived from its place:
1- FOSSA:

91. a- LINGUAL FOSSA:
Found on the lingual surfaces
of anterior teeth.
LF

92. b- MESIAL AND DISTAL TRIANGULAR FOSSA:
Found on the occlusal surfaces of posterior
teeth mesial and distal to the marginal ridges.
DMR MMR
MTF
DTF

93. c- CENTRAL FOSSA:
Found on occlusal surfaces of molars.
They are formed by the converging of ridges
terminating at a central point where there is the
junction of grooves.
CF
CP

94. a- TRUE PITS:
These are small pinpoint depression.
present at the junction / or at the
ends
of the developmental grooves.
They may be found at the bottom
of the central fossa (central pit)
or at the bottom of the mesial and
distal triangular fossae
(mesial and distal pits).
2- PITS:
b- FAULTY PIT
Usually develops as a result
of incomplete formation of enamel.
It is located at the end of the buccal
developmental grooves of the lower
molars or palatal developmental
grooves
of the upper molars.
c.p
.
d.p
.
m.p
.
p.p. b.p.