This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy, including the structure of teeth and their supporting tissues. It discusses the hard and soft tissues that make up teeth, such as the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. It also describes the different parts of the tooth, including the root and crown. Additionally, it introduces the periodontium and its role in tooth support. The document concludes by explaining different systems for naming and numbering teeth, including the Universal system and Zsigmondy/Palmer system used for primary and permanent dentitions.

1. Unit 1
Introduction to Dental Anatomy
References :
- Nelson, Ash , Wheeler's dental anatomy, physiology, and
occlusion-Saunders_Elsevier (2010)
- K. Rajkumar and R. Ramya - Textbook of Dental Anatomy
and Oral Physiology- JP Medical Ltd (2017)
- Richard W. Brand_ Donald E. Isselhard - Anatomy of
Orofacial Structures_ A Comprehensive Approach-Mosby
(2013)

2. 01
02
Introduction to the structure and the parts
of tooth and supporting tissue :
- Tooth structure
- Tooth parts
- The periodontium
Teeth naming and numbering systems
- Teeth nomenclature
- Dental notation
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL ANATOMY

3. 01
INTRODUCTION TO
THE STRUCTURE
AND THE PARTS OF
TOOTH

4. THE STRUCTURE OF TOOTH
The tooth has hard-tissue and soft-tissue
components.
The hard-tissue components are:
Enamel ‫المينا‬
Dentin ‫العاج‬
Cementum. ‫المالط‬
The soft-tissue component is:
The pulp tissue: ‫اللبية‬ ‫االنسجة‬
- Pulp chamber ‫العصب‬ ‫حجرة‬
- Root canal ‫الجذرية‬ ‫القناة‬
Cementum
Root canal
Pulp chamber
Dentin
Enamel

5. The Pulp
Dental pulp function :
• Dental pulp form and repair dentin of the tooth
• It nourish and supply the tooth with sensory
nerves
The pulp tissue is composed of :
• Blood vessels
• Lymphatic vessels
• Nerve fibers
• Connective tissue
• Special dentin-formation cells called odontoblasts.

6. The Pulp
• When the tooth is newly erupted,
the dental pulp is large
• it becomes progressively smaller as
the tooth ages.
• The pulp is relatively large in primary
teeth and also in young permanent
teeth

7. PARTS OF THE TOOTH
Each tooth has two parts separated by a cervical
line or cementoenamel junction:
• Parts of the tooth :
1- The crown: it is the portion of the tooth which
is covered by enamel.
2- The root-s :it is the portion of the tooth
covered by cementum. The tooth may have
either a single root or multiple roots.
Root
Crown
Cervical line

8. PARTS OF THE TOOTH
Cervical Line
• The cervical line separates the anatomical
crown from the anatomical root.
• It is the junction between two tissues of the
tooth, enamel and cementum, and is known as
the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
Root
Crown
Cervical line

9. The Periodontium
• The periodontium is the supportive
tissues that keep the tooth in the
bony socket
• It’s composed of the
- Gingiva
- Periodontal ligaments
- Alveolar process (bone)
- Cementum

11. 02
TEETH NAMING AND
NUMBERING SYSTEMS

12. Introduction
• The first step in learning dental anatomy is to learn the dental
nomenclature, or the system of naming teeth.
• Dentition is the term used to describe all the teeth present in the
upper and lower jaw bones.
• The teeth are arranged in the upper and lower jaws in the form of a
‘horseshoe’ or ‘U’ shape.
• The teeth present in the maxillary jaw or arch are called maxillary
teeth. (upper teeth)
• The teeth present in the mandibular jaw or arch are called
mandibular teeth.(lower teeth)

13. Classes of human teeth (type)
• There are two classes of human teeth:
1. Anterior teeth: These are teeth present
in the front of the mouth
• The incisors (central and lateral
incisors) (
‫الرباعيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثنايا‬
) ‫القواطع‬
• The canines ‫االنياب‬
2. Posterior teeth: These are teeth present
in the back of the mouth
• The premolars ‫الضواحك‬
• The molars ‫االضراس‬
/
‫الطواحين‬

14. Dentition Sets in human
• In their lifetime, humans develop
two sets of dentition:
- The primary teeth (deciduous )
‫أسنان‬
‫لبنية‬ (20 )
- The secondary (permanent ) ‫أسنان‬
‫دائمة‬ (32)

15. Primary (Deciduous) Dentition
• Primary dentition is the first set of teeth
to be seen in the mouth of a child.
• Primary teeth are : 20
10 maxillary teeth and 10 mandibular
teeth
• They are subdivided into 4 quadrants by
the midline or median line,
• with five teeth in each quadrant.
Upper Right
lower Right
Upper left
lower left
Maxillary teeth
(upper teeth )
Mandibular teeth
(lower teeth )

16. Primary (Deciduous) Dentition
• Deciduous dentition consists of the two
classes of teeth—anterior and posterior
teeth—
Anterior teeth :
• The tooth next to the midline is the central
incisor,
• The lateral incisor,
• The canine,
Posterior teeth :
• The first molar
• The second molar

17. Name the teeth
You should note : the dentition
set , the quadrant , the class of
the tooth (type)
For example :
primary upper right 2nd molar

18. Notation systems (tooth numbering)
• In dental practice, it is necessary to maintain clinical records.
• The full anatomical name such as primary maxillary right central
incisor is inconvenient
• To overcome these problem, various ‘shorthand’ systems have been
devised for tooth numbering(dental notation)
• the three most common tooth numbering systems are :
1. Universal system
2. Zsigmondy/Palmer system
3. FDI system

19. Notation systems (universal system)
• The universal system of notation for the primary dentition uses
uppercase letters for each of the primary teeth:
• For the maxillary teeth, beginning with the right second molar, letters
A through J,
• For the mandibular teeth, letters K through T, beginning with the left
mandibular second molar.

20. Universal System

21. Notation systems (Zsigmondy/Palmer system)
The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation system.
• In this system the teeth are divided into four quadrants
• primary teeth are denoted by letters of the alphabet in capital letters from
A to E in all the four quadrants.
• The starting letter A is used to the teeth adjacent to the midline, i.e. the
central incisor,
• and E represents the tooth at the end of the quadrant, i.e. the second
molar.

22. Notation systems (Zsigmondy/Palmer system)
• so to represent a single tooth,
• The letter represents the tooth
• and the symbol represents the quadrant in which the tooth is present

23. Palmer Notation System
• Numbering begins at the midline
• A through E for primary dentition
• Quadrant denoted by brackets

24. Permanent Dentition
• permanent dentition is the 2nd set of
teeth to be seen in the mouth
• Permanent teeth are : 32
• 16 maxillary teeth and 16 mandibular
teeth
• They are subdivided into 4 quadrants by
the midline or median line
• with 8 teeth in each quadrant.

25. Permanent Dentition
• permanent dentition consists of the two
classes of teeth—anterior and posterior
teeth—
Anterior teeth :
• The tooth next to the midline is the central
incisor,
• followed by the lateral incisor,
• Then the canine,
Posterior teeth :
• The first premolar
• The second premolar
• The first molar
• The second molar
• The third molar

26. Notation systems (universal system)
• The universal system of notation for the permanent dentition uses
numbers for each of the permanent teeth:
• For the maxillary teeth, beginning with the right second molar, start
with number 1 to 16 ,
• For the mandibular teeth, start with number 17 to 32 beginning with
the left mandibular 3rd molar.

27. Universal system

28. Notation systems (Zsigmondy/Palmer system)
The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation system.
• In this system the teeth are divided into four quadrants
• Permanent teeth are denoted by numbers from 1 to8 in each quadrant
• Starting from number 1 to the teeth adjacent to the midline, i.e. the
central incisor,
• and 8 represents the tooth at the end of the quadrant, i.e. the 3rd molar.

29. Notation systems (Zsigmondy/Palmer system)
• so to represent a single tooth:
• The number represents the tooth
• and the symbol represents the
quadrant in which the tooth is present