Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Computed tomography (CT) was developed by Godfrey Hounsfield to overcome limitations of conventional radiography and tomography. It uses X-rays and radiation detectors coupled with a computer to create cross-sectional images of the body. The first clinically useful CT scanner was installed in 1971. CT provides more accurate diagnostic information than conventional radiography by producing 3D representations of internal structures rather than 2D collapsed images.
CT enteroclysis involves placing a nasojejunal tube and using it to instill contrast into the small bowel under fluoroscopy. CT enterography involves having the patient drink oral contrast. Both techniques use IV contrast to evaluate the bowel wall, enhancement, blood vessels, and for signs of bleeding. CT enteroclysis allows for more distal small bowel evaluation but enterography is more comfortable for patients. Indications include investigating Crohn's disease, small bowel obstruction, and unexplained GI bleeding. The procedure involves bowel preparation, premedication, and imaging the abdomen with thin slices during arterial and venous phases to fully evaluate the small bowel and other organs.
The document summarizes abdominal CT scans of the liver. It defines CT scans as using x-rays and computers to create cross-sectional images. There are two main types of CT scans: conventional scans that stop between slices, and spiral/helical scans that are continuous. The liver's anatomy is described in segments and views. CT scans of the liver are used to examine diffuse diseases like fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatitis, as well as focal lesions including benign tumors and cancers. The technique involves inspiration holds and tri-phasic imaging of the arteries, portal veins, and veins. Examples of normal liver and various conditions seen on CT scans are provided.
This document discusses various principles of medical imaging techniques, including x-ray production and spectra, computed tomography (CT) scans, ultrasound imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It explains that x-rays are produced when high-speed electrons generated from a heated filament strike a metal target. CT scans produce 3D images by combining multiple 2D x-ray images taken from different angles, representing the body in voxels. Ultrasound uses a transducer to transmit sound waves that reflect off tissues, while MRI detects radio signals from hydrogen atoms aligned in a strong magnetic field.
PI-RADS v2 is a standardized reporting system for multiparametric MRI of the prostate to improve detection and characterization of prostate cancer. It assesses T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging on a 1-5 scale. A score of 1 indicates cancer is highly unlikely while 5 indicates cancer is highly likely. PI-RADS v2 aims to improve outcomes for patients by facilitating targeted biopsies and treatment decisions. While it has good performance, limitations include not addressing recurrent cancer or other body parts. Further studies are still needed to validate its accuracy and reduce interpreter variability.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear in ultrasound images, including reverberation, acoustic shadowing, enhancement, edge shadowing, beam width artifact, slice thickness artifact, side lobe artifact, mirror image, double image, and equipment-generated and refraction artifacts. It provides details on what causes each type of artifact and examples of when they may appear.
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Computed tomography (CT) was developed by Godfrey Hounsfield to overcome limitations of conventional radiography and tomography. It uses X-rays and radiation detectors coupled with a computer to create cross-sectional images of the body. The first clinically useful CT scanner was installed in 1971. CT provides more accurate diagnostic information than conventional radiography by producing 3D representations of internal structures rather than 2D collapsed images.
CT enteroclysis involves placing a nasojejunal tube and using it to instill contrast into the small bowel under fluoroscopy. CT enterography involves having the patient drink oral contrast. Both techniques use IV contrast to evaluate the bowel wall, enhancement, blood vessels, and for signs of bleeding. CT enteroclysis allows for more distal small bowel evaluation but enterography is more comfortable for patients. Indications include investigating Crohn's disease, small bowel obstruction, and unexplained GI bleeding. The procedure involves bowel preparation, premedication, and imaging the abdomen with thin slices during arterial and venous phases to fully evaluate the small bowel and other organs.
The document summarizes abdominal CT scans of the liver. It defines CT scans as using x-rays and computers to create cross-sectional images. There are two main types of CT scans: conventional scans that stop between slices, and spiral/helical scans that are continuous. The liver's anatomy is described in segments and views. CT scans of the liver are used to examine diffuse diseases like fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatitis, as well as focal lesions including benign tumors and cancers. The technique involves inspiration holds and tri-phasic imaging of the arteries, portal veins, and veins. Examples of normal liver and various conditions seen on CT scans are provided.
This document discusses various principles of medical imaging techniques, including x-ray production and spectra, computed tomography (CT) scans, ultrasound imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It explains that x-rays are produced when high-speed electrons generated from a heated filament strike a metal target. CT scans produce 3D images by combining multiple 2D x-ray images taken from different angles, representing the body in voxels. Ultrasound uses a transducer to transmit sound waves that reflect off tissues, while MRI detects radio signals from hydrogen atoms aligned in a strong magnetic field.
PI-RADS v2 is a standardized reporting system for multiparametric MRI of the prostate to improve detection and characterization of prostate cancer. It assesses T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging on a 1-5 scale. A score of 1 indicates cancer is highly unlikely while 5 indicates cancer is highly likely. PI-RADS v2 aims to improve outcomes for patients by facilitating targeted biopsies and treatment decisions. While it has good performance, limitations include not addressing recurrent cancer or other body parts. Further studies are still needed to validate its accuracy and reduce interpreter variability.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear in ultrasound images, including reverberation, acoustic shadowing, enhancement, edge shadowing, beam width artifact, slice thickness artifact, side lobe artifact, mirror image, double image, and equipment-generated and refraction artifacts. It provides details on what causes each type of artifact and examples of when they may appear.
Computed tomography (CT) uses x-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT imaging involves data acquisition where x-rays are passed through the body and detected, image reconstruction where computer processing converts the data into images, and image display. Key factors in image quality include spatial and contrast resolution. CT has advanced from single detector to multi-detector systems, allowing faster scanning over larger areas.
Scattered and random events are the main sources of noise in PET images. Scattered events map misplaced counts to sinograms, while random events map false counts. Factors like patient size and count rate affect the levels of true, scattered, and random counts. Improvements in detector technology through faster electronics and scintillators have helped reduce noise by improving coincidence timing and energy resolution windows.
This document describes teleisotope machines used in teletherapy. Teleisotope machines use radioactive isotopes to treat tumors by positioning the tumor at the axis of rotation of the treatment unit. The machines are designed to rotate about a fixed axis located 80-100cm from the radioactive source. Isocentric teleisotope machines position the tumor at the center of rotation to deliver radiation from different angles while keeping the tumor at the center. This technique can be done using stationary beams with a fixed source-axis distance or through rotational therapy where the beam rotates continuously around the tumor.
This document discusses the history and development of radiotherapy machines. It describes early machines that used X-rays and radium to treat cancers from the late 19th century up to the 1950s. The development of cobalt-60 teletherapy units in the 1950s provided a more powerful and practical radiation source. The document focuses on describing the Theratron 780C cobalt-60 teletherapy machine, including its parts, radiation modes, source, controls, specifications and safety features. It also discusses concepts like isocenter, penumbra and the advantages cobalt-60 provided over earlier radiation sources.
1. Computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction involves estimating digital images from measured x-ray projection data. Early methods included back projection, which was simple but produced blurred images.
2. Modern commercial CT scanners use analytical methods like filtered back projection or Fourier filtering to reduce blurring. These methods apply spatial or frequency domain filters to projection data before back projecting to reconstruct the image.
3. Iterative reconstruction methods were also developed and provide better image quality than analytical methods but are too computationally intensive for clinical use. Current research aims to make iterative methods fast enough for real-time medical imaging.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
Non-imaging nuclear medicine devices include gas-filled detectors, dose calibrators, scintillation detectors, gamma well counters, and thyroid probes. Dose calibrators use ionization chambers to measure radioactivity proportional to emission rates. Gamma well counters and thyroid probes use scintillation detectors with high detection efficiency and collimation respectively to measure samples and thyroid uptake. Liquid scintillation counters dissolve samples in scintillating fluid to detect low energy emissions with 100% efficiency.
The document discusses 2D and 3D ultrasound technologies. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of each, their medical and non-medical applications, histories and development over time. Cost information is provided for ultrasound exams and machines.
This document provides guidelines for obtaining radiographic images of the toes and foot. It describes different projection techniques, including AP, oblique, lateral, and tangential views. For each projection, it specifies the image receptor size, patient positioning, part positioning, and central ray direction. Projections are described for visualizing individual toes as well as the entire foot. Weight-bearing techniques are also outlined for evaluating the longitudinal arch of the foot.
L10 radiation sources and equipment used in industrial practicesMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses radiation sources and equipment used in various industrial practices involving radiation such as non-destructive testing (NDT), nucleonic gauges, irradiation, and well logging. It provides details on the types of radiation sources and equipment used in each of these practices. For NDT, it describes x-ray and gamma radiography sources and equipment. For nucleonic gauges, it discusses the various gauge types and radioactive sources used. For irradiation practices, it explains category classifications and design configurations of irradiation facilities. And for well logging, it outlines the nuclear well logging process and sources and equipment involved.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
1) Dose calibrators are gas-filled ionization chambers used to measure the radioactivity of radionuclides by detecting the ionization current produced when radiation interacts with the gas.
2) They operate in the ionization chamber region where a constant voltage collects all ion pairs produced, allowing measurement of high activity levels without dead time effects.
3) Dose calibrators measure the total ionization current rather than individual energy events, so they cannot distinguish between radionuclides in mixed samples like solid scintillation counters can.
The document summarizes the anatomy and radiographic investigation of the thorax. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic wall and cavities. It then discusses various imaging modalities used to examine the thorax, including plain radiography, CT, MRI, PET, and others. It provides details on technical factors and positioning for chest x-rays and interpreting chest x-ray findings based on relative tissue densities.
This document summarizes the anatomy and imaging techniques of the biliary apparatus. It describes the structures of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts. Imaging methods like sonography, cholecystography, cholangiography and ERCP are used to examine the biliary tract and diagnose conditions like gallstones, bile duct stones, infections and cancers. Contrast agents are administered orally, intravenously, via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or during ERCP to visualize the biliary structures.
The document provides information on performing a chest radiograph (CXR), including:
- Basic anatomy and structures seen on a CXR
- Clinical indications for a CXR
- Surface landmarks and how to locate the central ray
- Patient preparation including positioning, breathing instructions, and technical factors
- How to evaluate if a CXR is properly exposed and positioned
- Descriptions of the posterioanterior (PA) and lateral radiographic projections along with evaluation criteria
This document discusses x-ray protective aprons, including their history, materials, categories, testing, and proper care. It notes that lead aprons were first introduced in 1906 and made of 100% lead, weighing over 5kg. Current aprons are made of lead impregnated with PVC or rubber. Aprons generally come in thicknesses of 0.25, 0.35, or 0.5mm lead equivalence and are categorized as standard lead, lead composite, or lead-free. Proper testing and annual integrity checks are recommended to check for defects. Guidelines are provided for the proper use, storage, cleaning, and transport of lead aprons to maximize their lifespan.
The document discusses quality assurance and quality control procedures for computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) systems. It recommends various routine tests to ensure equipment is performing properly and producing high quality images with minimum radiation exposure. Tests include daily, weekly, and monthly checks of monitors, printers, image quality metrics like contrast-to-noise ratio, and performing regular calibration procedures. The summary provides an overview of the key tests and frequencies recommended to maintain quality in CR and DR imaging systems.
Overview of medical imaging, radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Overview of Medical Imaging (radiology). Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging. Definition of Key Concepts. Division of Medical Imaging. Aspects of Radiation Protection. Medical Imaging Training and research.
This document provides an overview of various radiologic equipment used in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. It describes different types of equipment like x-ray machines, mammography machines, ultrasound machines, CT scanners, MRI scanners, nuclear medicine equipment, and radiotherapy machines. For each type of equipment, it provides brief details about their use, radiation type, applicable procedures, and importance of radiation safety. The document contains pictorial illustrations of various radiologic equipment with explanatory captions.
Computed tomography (CT) uses x-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT imaging involves data acquisition where x-rays are passed through the body and detected, image reconstruction where computer processing converts the data into images, and image display. Key factors in image quality include spatial and contrast resolution. CT has advanced from single detector to multi-detector systems, allowing faster scanning over larger areas.
Scattered and random events are the main sources of noise in PET images. Scattered events map misplaced counts to sinograms, while random events map false counts. Factors like patient size and count rate affect the levels of true, scattered, and random counts. Improvements in detector technology through faster electronics and scintillators have helped reduce noise by improving coincidence timing and energy resolution windows.
This document describes teleisotope machines used in teletherapy. Teleisotope machines use radioactive isotopes to treat tumors by positioning the tumor at the axis of rotation of the treatment unit. The machines are designed to rotate about a fixed axis located 80-100cm from the radioactive source. Isocentric teleisotope machines position the tumor at the center of rotation to deliver radiation from different angles while keeping the tumor at the center. This technique can be done using stationary beams with a fixed source-axis distance or through rotational therapy where the beam rotates continuously around the tumor.
This document discusses the history and development of radiotherapy machines. It describes early machines that used X-rays and radium to treat cancers from the late 19th century up to the 1950s. The development of cobalt-60 teletherapy units in the 1950s provided a more powerful and practical radiation source. The document focuses on describing the Theratron 780C cobalt-60 teletherapy machine, including its parts, radiation modes, source, controls, specifications and safety features. It also discusses concepts like isocenter, penumbra and the advantages cobalt-60 provided over earlier radiation sources.
1. Computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction involves estimating digital images from measured x-ray projection data. Early methods included back projection, which was simple but produced blurred images.
2. Modern commercial CT scanners use analytical methods like filtered back projection or Fourier filtering to reduce blurring. These methods apply spatial or frequency domain filters to projection data before back projecting to reconstruct the image.
3. Iterative reconstruction methods were also developed and provide better image quality than analytical methods but are too computationally intensive for clinical use. Current research aims to make iterative methods fast enough for real-time medical imaging.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
Non-imaging nuclear medicine devices include gas-filled detectors, dose calibrators, scintillation detectors, gamma well counters, and thyroid probes. Dose calibrators use ionization chambers to measure radioactivity proportional to emission rates. Gamma well counters and thyroid probes use scintillation detectors with high detection efficiency and collimation respectively to measure samples and thyroid uptake. Liquid scintillation counters dissolve samples in scintillating fluid to detect low energy emissions with 100% efficiency.
The document discusses 2D and 3D ultrasound technologies. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of each, their medical and non-medical applications, histories and development over time. Cost information is provided for ultrasound exams and machines.
This document provides guidelines for obtaining radiographic images of the toes and foot. It describes different projection techniques, including AP, oblique, lateral, and tangential views. For each projection, it specifies the image receptor size, patient positioning, part positioning, and central ray direction. Projections are described for visualizing individual toes as well as the entire foot. Weight-bearing techniques are also outlined for evaluating the longitudinal arch of the foot.
L10 radiation sources and equipment used in industrial practicesMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses radiation sources and equipment used in various industrial practices involving radiation such as non-destructive testing (NDT), nucleonic gauges, irradiation, and well logging. It provides details on the types of radiation sources and equipment used in each of these practices. For NDT, it describes x-ray and gamma radiography sources and equipment. For nucleonic gauges, it discusses the various gauge types and radioactive sources used. For irradiation practices, it explains category classifications and design configurations of irradiation facilities. And for well logging, it outlines the nuclear well logging process and sources and equipment involved.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
1) Dose calibrators are gas-filled ionization chambers used to measure the radioactivity of radionuclides by detecting the ionization current produced when radiation interacts with the gas.
2) They operate in the ionization chamber region where a constant voltage collects all ion pairs produced, allowing measurement of high activity levels without dead time effects.
3) Dose calibrators measure the total ionization current rather than individual energy events, so they cannot distinguish between radionuclides in mixed samples like solid scintillation counters can.
The document summarizes the anatomy and radiographic investigation of the thorax. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic wall and cavities. It then discusses various imaging modalities used to examine the thorax, including plain radiography, CT, MRI, PET, and others. It provides details on technical factors and positioning for chest x-rays and interpreting chest x-ray findings based on relative tissue densities.
This document summarizes the anatomy and imaging techniques of the biliary apparatus. It describes the structures of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts. Imaging methods like sonography, cholecystography, cholangiography and ERCP are used to examine the biliary tract and diagnose conditions like gallstones, bile duct stones, infections and cancers. Contrast agents are administered orally, intravenously, via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or during ERCP to visualize the biliary structures.
The document provides information on performing a chest radiograph (CXR), including:
- Basic anatomy and structures seen on a CXR
- Clinical indications for a CXR
- Surface landmarks and how to locate the central ray
- Patient preparation including positioning, breathing instructions, and technical factors
- How to evaluate if a CXR is properly exposed and positioned
- Descriptions of the posterioanterior (PA) and lateral radiographic projections along with evaluation criteria
This document discusses x-ray protective aprons, including their history, materials, categories, testing, and proper care. It notes that lead aprons were first introduced in 1906 and made of 100% lead, weighing over 5kg. Current aprons are made of lead impregnated with PVC or rubber. Aprons generally come in thicknesses of 0.25, 0.35, or 0.5mm lead equivalence and are categorized as standard lead, lead composite, or lead-free. Proper testing and annual integrity checks are recommended to check for defects. Guidelines are provided for the proper use, storage, cleaning, and transport of lead aprons to maximize their lifespan.
The document discusses quality assurance and quality control procedures for computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) systems. It recommends various routine tests to ensure equipment is performing properly and producing high quality images with minimum radiation exposure. Tests include daily, weekly, and monthly checks of monitors, printers, image quality metrics like contrast-to-noise ratio, and performing regular calibration procedures. The summary provides an overview of the key tests and frequencies recommended to maintain quality in CR and DR imaging systems.
Overview of medical imaging, radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Overview of Medical Imaging (radiology). Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging. Definition of Key Concepts. Division of Medical Imaging. Aspects of Radiation Protection. Medical Imaging Training and research.
This document provides an overview of various radiologic equipment used in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. It describes different types of equipment like x-ray machines, mammography machines, ultrasound machines, CT scanners, MRI scanners, nuclear medicine equipment, and radiotherapy machines. For each type of equipment, it provides brief details about their use, radiation type, applicable procedures, and importance of radiation safety. The document contains pictorial illustrations of various radiologic equipment with explanatory captions.
This document outlines a training course on medical imaging technology for state registered nurses. It introduces key concepts in the field, including a brief history of medical imaging from X-rays to modern modalities like CT and MRI scans. It defines common terminology, describes different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and discusses ionizing radiation, its medical uses, and importance of radiation safety. The goal is for nurses to gain basic knowledge of medical imaging to improve patient care, especially in emergency and rural settings.
Adverse reactions and management of contrast reactions Ashim Budhathoki
The document provides information on contrast media used in medical imaging. It begins with acknowledging those who helped with the project. It then discusses the objectives of the study which are to define contrast media, explain types and reactions, and responsibilities during contrast studies. The document classifies contrast media as positive or negative. Positive contrast media make structures appear brighter on images while negative contrast media make structures appear darker. It provides details on various contrast agents used for different medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound and their routes of administration.
This document discusses the use of radiation in medicine, including its history, current applications, and the International Atomic Energy Agency's role. It describes how radiation is used in diagnostic radiology, radiotherapy, and nuclear medicine. The IAEA's Division of Human Health works in areas like nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, medical physics and more. It also outlines the IAEA's Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) initiative to help more patients access radiation treatment for cancer.
Unveiling the Wonders of Radiologic Technology: A Comprehensive Explorationgreendigital
Introduction:
Radiologic technology has become a cornerstone in modern healthcare, revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the intricate world of radiologic technology, unraveling its history, evolution, current state, and prospects. From the discovery of X-rays to cutting-edge imaging techniques. this article aims to shed light on the pivotal role of radiologic technology in medicine.
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I. The Genesis of Radiologic Technology:
A. The Discovery of X-Rays:
The journey of radiologic technology began with the groundbreaking discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. This serendipitous revelation marked the dawn of a new era in medicine. enabling physicians to visualize the internal structures of the human body without invasive procedures.
B. The Early Years of Radiography:
The initial years saw rapid developments in radiography. with pioneers like Marie Curie contributing to the understanding of radiation properties. As radiologic technology gained momentum, its applications diversified. ranging from fracture detection to identifying internal organ abnormalities.
II. Evolution of Radiologic Technology:
A. Fluoroscopy and Contrast Agents:
The advent of fluoroscopy in the early 20th Century allowed real-time imaging of dynamic processes within the body. Coupled with the introduction of contrast agents, radiologists gained enhanced visibility of blood vessels and soft tissues. opening new avenues for diagnosis and intervention.
B. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:
The 1970s seen the birth of computed tomography. a revolutionary imaging technique that provided cross-sectional body views. The marriage of X-ray technology and computer processing paved the way for three-dimensional reconstructions. offering unparalleled insights into anatomical structures.
C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
In the quest for non-ionizing imaging modalities, MRI emerged as a game-changer. By harnessing the principles of magnetic fields and radio waves. MRI enables detailed visualization of soft tissues. making it indispensable for neurological and musculoskeletal diagnoses.
D. Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography (PET):
The fusion of nuclear medicine with radiologic technology led to the development of PET scans. This modality, relying on detecting positron-emitting radiotracers, became pivotal in oncology and neuroscience. providing functional information alongside anatomical details.
III. Radiologic Technology in the 21st Century:
A. Digital Radiography and PACS:
The transition from traditional film-based radiography to digital systems marked a significant leap in efficiency and accessibility. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) streamlined image storage and retrieval. fostering collaboration and remote diagnostics.
B. Interventional Radiology:
Radiologic technology expanded beyond diagnostics into therapeutic realms with the evolution of
Handout rmn-lecture-application of radiation-in-medicine-and-research-30-12-2013Ramasamy Nehru
The document discusses the application of radiation in medicine and research. It begins with acknowledgements and then provides an outline of topics to be covered, which include the introduction of radiation, its uses in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. It also discusses research applications and radiation accidents. The document contains various images and diagrams to illustrate these applications and historical pioneers of radiation discovery and use.
This document provides an overview of a training module on medical imaging techniques for paramedics. The module focuses on general radiography principles, including terminology, the radiographic system, and plain radiography of the musculoskeletal system. Learners will recognize abnormal radiographic findings and learn about radiation protection. The course aims to help paramedics understand medical imaging to aid in diagnosis and patient care.
This document provides an overview of a training module on medical imaging technology for nurses. It outlines the objectives of demonstrating various radiologic equipment and educating on radiation safety. The bulk of the document consists of over 50 pictures with captions labeling different equipment used in diagnostic radiology, therapeutic radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, and fluoroscopy. It discusses equipment components, use, and safety issues including radiation protection practices. The presentation concludes by announcing the next module will cover conventional radiography.
This document provides information about emergency radiography in hospitals. It discusses how radiography is a vital component of emergency medical care for trauma patients. It describes the steps of evaluating patients and some common conditions that require emergency radiography like broken bones, chest pain, head injuries, and abdominal pain. It also outlines the role of radiographers and some challenges like equipment availability, staffing shortages, and radiation exposure. Finally, it provides examples of different radiography procedures used in emergencies like x-rays, CT scans, and examples of imaging findings.
Radiographers play a key role in patient safety by:
1. Minimizing radiation exposure through justification of exams, shielding, collimation, and following the ALARA principle.
2. Using non-ionizing imaging like ultrasound and MRI to avoid radiation.
3. Preventing infections through cleaning, sterilization, and proper hygiene.
4. Reducing diagnostic errors by using digital imaging, PACS, and correctly marking images.
Radiographers aim to help patients benefit from medical imaging while preventing risks, errors, and harm.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Advanced Nuclear Medicine Through ResearchJMFitness
Nuclear medicine is an evolving field that uses radiopharmaceuticals and imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. Research has led to advancements like improved diagnostic testing, new radiopharmaceuticals, and better treatment therapies. Current areas of focus include developing new molecular imaging agents and radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosing diseases with less radiation exposure. Research is also investigating therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for treating cancers and reducing bone pain from metastases. Clinical trials are helping to establish the safety and efficacy of emerging nuclear medicine techniques and therapies.
Radiography is a technique that uses radiation, such as x-rays, to view the internal structures of the body. It can be used for both medical and industrial purposes. Medically, radiography is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to diagnose diseases and guide treatment. Some common medical radiography techniques include x-rays, CT scans, mammograms, and fluoroscopy. While radiography provides benefits for diagnosing and treating illnesses, it also carries some risks, such as a small increased risk of developing cancer from exposure to ionizing radiation. However, the benefits of radiography for improving health outcomes are considered to outweigh these potential risks.
Here are 7 Applications of Nuclear Medicine Technology: 1. Diagnostic Imaging 2. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging 3. Thyroid Imaging 4. Bone Scans 5. Renal Imaging
Radiologists play an important role in diagnosis and treatment by interpreting medical images. They undergo specialized postgraduate training in modalities like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, CT, and nuclear imaging. As part of their job, radiologists assist other doctors by using these imaging techniques to identify medical issues, guide procedures, and monitor treatment. While radiology provides benefits, it also involves risks from radiation exposure that radiologists must be trained to mitigate.
sustainable capacity building Utilization of Advancements in Medical Technolo...biodun olusesi
This document discusses the role of resident doctors in utilizing and staying immersed in new advances in medical technology. It notes that medical technology is continuously evolving and affecting all areas of medicine. The role of resident doctors is to both utilize current technology and stay informed about future advances in order to provide the best possible care for patients.
43.Merlyn Elizabeth Monsy et al. ROLE OF CBCT IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY – A REVIEW. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020: 10302-10310
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Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
6. November 8, 1895
Sir Wilhem Conrad Roentgen, enclosed the
Crooke Tube with Photographic Plates, while
Working in his Lab in Germany
The goal of covering the Tube in the Dark Room
was such that, no light will escape
Across the room, he noticed that a plate coated
with Barium Platinocyanide (Fluorescent
Material), began to glow
He Placed several materials, including his wife’s
hand and got an image, marking the discovery of
X-rays
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses and Related Paramedics,
6
20. Radiotherapist: A specialized Medical
Imaging professional that uses Ionising
Radiations to treat Diseases
Oncologist: A specialist in the field of
Oncology (study of cancer)
Radiology Nurse: A Professional Nurse,
that works in the radiology department;
assisting in Nursing Interventions
Medical Imaging Modality: A technical
subfield in Medical Imaging, making use
of a particular equipment and Radiation
for Diagnosis or Therapy
Medical Imaging Training Resource
For Nurses and Related Paramedics,
20
47. Current System of Radiological
Protection
– Three principles
Justification
Optimization
Limitation
– Three categories of exposure
Public
Occupational
Medical
– Three exposure situations
Planned
Existing
Emergency