Radiographers play a key role in patient safety by:
1. Minimizing radiation exposure through justification of exams, shielding, collimation, and following the ALARA principle.
2. Using non-ionizing imaging like ultrasound and MRI to avoid radiation.
3. Preventing infections through cleaning, sterilization, and proper hygiene.
4. Reducing diagnostic errors by using digital imaging, PACS, and correctly marking images.
Radiographers aim to help patients benefit from medical imaging while preventing risks, errors, and harm.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
Current literature on dental radiology was reviewed in order to seek justification for radiological protection of patients in dental radiography, to explore the different factors affecting patient dose and to derive practical guidance on how to achieve radiological protection of patients in dentistry. Individual doses incurred in dental radiology are in general relatively low, however it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no matter how low the doses received are, there is a mathematical probability of an effect. Hence appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep the exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The literature review demonstrated that there is considerable scope for significant dose reductions in dental radiology using the techniques of optimization of protection.
Most dental professionals are not convinced of the need for regulatory control of dental radiography practice. They believe doses are too low to warrant regulatory control and consequently patient protective measures. This study shows that individual doses in dental radiology are relatively low. However, there is no safe level of radiation dose and that no
matter how low the doses received are, there is a
mathematical probability of an effect. Consequently, appropriate patient protection measures must be instituted to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orl...robinsonayot
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
RADIOLOGY and US Imaging for Protozoal Diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To understand the basic principles of imaging techniques used in medical parasitology, including X-ray imaging, CT scanning, MRI, ultrasound, endoscopy, and radionuclide imaging.
To identify the common imaging findings in protozoal diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and babesiosis.
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orl...Donc Test
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orl...robinsonayot
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
RADIOLOGY and US Imaging for Protozoal Diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To understand the basic principles of imaging techniques used in medical parasitology, including X-ray imaging, CT scanning, MRI, ultrasound, endoscopy, and radionuclide imaging.
To identify the common imaging findings in protozoal diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and babesiosis.
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orl...Donc Test
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
TEST BANK Essentials of dental radiography 9th edition by Evelyn Thomson, Orlen Johnson.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. Invention of Radiography
German physicist,
William Roentgen on
November 8,1896
during an experiment
accidentally discovered
an unknown radiation
he called X-rays.
WILLIAM ROENTGEN,
FATHER OF RADIOGRAPHY
FIRST RADIOGRAPH EVER
PRODUCED
4. MASSIVE ADOPTION OF X-RAYS
1920 ritter dentist radiography
Patient positioned for a chest radiograph in 1900s
5. X-RAY ( The beauty and the beast)
The Good part The bad part
Pelvis radiograph 1922 Dr Friedrich otto walkhoff, first dental radiograph
6. PATIENT SAFETY
•Patient safety is a health care
discipline aims to prevent and
reduce risks, errors and harm that
occur to patients during provision
of health care
7. How are Radiographers at the forefront of
patient safety?
1. Preventing radiation- induced hereditary effect and cancer
induction
2. The use of non- ionizing radiation
3. Infection prevention and control
4. Preventing Diagnostic errors
8. Preventing radiation- induced hereditary effect and
cancer induction
a) Justification ( assessing the request
form)
b) Lead Apron/ Gonad shielding
A request form
Lead Apron
9. Preventing radiation- induced hereditary effect
and cancer induction
d) ALARA PINCIPLE:
ALARA is an acronym that
stands for As low as
Reasonably Achievable
c) Collimation
X-ray of the skull
10. Preventing radiation- induced hereditary effect
and cancer induction
• E) Optimization
• Optimization entails avoiding repeat exposures as much as possible so
as to prevent the patient from overexposure to radiation.
• Ways optimization can be achieved include:
oProper patient preparation
oShort exposure time( to prevent motion blurness), etc.
11. The use of non- ionizing Radiation
ULTRASOUND Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
12. Infection prevention and control
• Routine decontamination
• One gown/patient and regular washing of the gowns
• Proper sterilization of materials used for interventional radiography
• Proper cleaning of transducers
13. Preventing Diagnostic errors
• Diagnostic errors in medicine are diagnoses that are delayed, wrong
or missed together.
• Radiographers play a role in reducing diagnostic errors by:
oUse of Digital radiography
oPicture Archiving and communication system(PACS).
15. CONCLUSION
• The role of radiographers at the forefront of patient’s safety cannot
be overemphasized as we constantly evolve to make our patients and
the entire world benefit from radiation with minimal or no risks.
