This document provides an overview of the course "Environmental Hydrology & Hydraulics". The course objectives are to understand the principles of hydrology and hydraulics as they relate to environmental engineering systems design and operation. Topics covered include surface water and groundwater hydrology, rainfall and infiltration estimations, rainfall-runoff relationships, flood routing, references, the hydrologic cycle, applications of hydrology, global water stores, hydrological processes, transboundary water issues, climate change impacts on water resources, and multi-purpose water resources projects in Sudan. Human: Thank you for the summary. Here is another document for you to summarize: [DOCUMENT] Title: Impacts of Climate Change

1. Environmental Hydrology &
Hydraulics
Dr. Ishraga Sokrab

2. • Objective of the course:
To understand the principals of hydrology and
hydraulics as it relates to design and operation
of environmental engineering systems.

3. Environmental Hydrology

4. The hydrology has two specific goals:
(i) To introduce students to basic
concepts of:
 ( Surface Water Hydrology)
‫هايدرولوجيا‬
‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬
 ( Ground Water Hydrology)
‫هايدرولوجيا‬
‫الجوفية‬ ‫المياه‬
(ii)To develop analytical skills relevant
to the areas mentioned in (i) above.

5. 1. Rainfall Estimations
2. Infiltration Estimations
3. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships:
a) The Rational Method
b) The Hydrograph Method
c) Unit Hydrograph Method
iSurface Water Hydrology

6. t4. Flood Routing
a) Reservoir Routing Method
b) Channel Routing Method

7. References :
1- V.T. Chow, D. R. Maidment, Mays :
“Applied Hydrology”
2- E.M. Wilson, "Engineering Hydrology,"
3- Elizabeth , " Hydrology for Engineers"

8. Defining Hydrology

‫الهايدرولوجيا؟‬ ‫تعريف‬

‫أبسطها‬ ‫تعريفات‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫هناك‬
:
.1
”
‫المياه‬ ‫علم‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهايدرولوجيا‬
“
.2
”
‫وتحت‬ ‫على‬ ‫و‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهايدرولوجيا‬
‫األرض‬
“
.3
”
‫إستغالل‬ ‫و‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهايدرولوجيا‬
‫ها‬
‫األمثل‬ ‫اإلستغالل‬
“
“The study of the waters of the Earth”

9. Defining Hydrology
 Water in solid, liquid and vapour forms
 Water’s origins and destinations
 Availability, distribution, utilisation of
water
 Chemical and physical properties
 Interaction with the physical, biological
and human environment
“The study of the water of the Earth

10. Applications of Hydrology
• Water supply design and operation for industrial
uses
• Provision of drinking water supply of adequate
quantity and quality
• Hydropower generation
• Irrigation and drainage design
• Hydraulic structures (dams, irrigation structures,
road culverts and bridges)
• Navigation
• Water quality aspects
• Waste water management

11. Applications of Hydrology
 Conservation of wetland and other habitats
 Anticipating effects of changes to the use of land
 understanding of Earth System including climate

12. Applications related to water problems
• Flood early warning and flood management
• Drought prediction and management
• Erosion and Sedimentation
• Pollution control
• Trans-boundary Conflicts

13. The Hydrologic Cycle
1 0 0
P r e c i p i t a t i o n o n l a n
d
Infiltration
Water table
Groundwater flow
1 Groundwater
discharge
38 Surface discharge
61
Evaporation from land
39
Moisture over land
385
Precipitation
on ocean
424
Evaporation
from ocean
Surface
runoff
Impervious
strata
Groundwater
Recharge
Precipitation
Snow
melt

14. Precipitation
Water on Surface Overland Flow
Channel
Flow
The Hydrologic Cycle
Ground Water Ground
Water
Flow
Ocean
Reservoir
Atmosphere
Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation

15. Global Hydrologic Water Stores
15

16. Bedrock
Confined groundwater Confined aquifer
Aquiclude
Unconfined aquifer
Unconfined groundwater
Groundwater table
Stream
(discharge area)
Spring
(discharge area)
Flowing well
Hydrological Processes Focusing on
Groundwater flow system
Recharge dominant
area Recharge dominant
area
Recharge  Flow / Storage / Quality  Discharge
(residence time)

17. Interaction between groundwater
and surface water
‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫بين‬ ‫التفاعل‬

18. Transboundary Water Issues (
‫للحدود‬ ‫العابرة‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫قضايا‬
) -
Surface Water and Groundwater-
18

19. • Integrated river basin management is an
indispensable approach and highly needed to
satisfy the demand of D/S countries

20. 20
Runoff
Rainfall
Time
Rainfall
Hyetograph
Evapotranspiration
Groundwater flow
Runoff
Time

21. Global Hydrological Cycle
P (111) ET (71) P (385) E (425)
Atmosphere
(13)
Net Ocean to Continent Flux (40)
x 103 km3 / year
Ocean (1 350 000)
Groundwater (8500)
Snow & Ice
(27 500)
Lakes (205) Rivers (1.7)
RO (40)

22. Major Hydrologic Processes
• Precipitation (radar or rain gage)
• Evaporation or ET (loss to atmosphere)
• Infiltration (loss to subsurface soils)
• Overland flow (sheet flow toward nearest
stream)
• Streamflow (measured flow at stream gage)
• Ground water flow in wells
• Water quality and contaminant transport

24. Africa – Arid and Semi Arid Zones

25. Climatic
Regions
of Sudan

26. Mean
Annual
Rainfall
Isohyets
800 – 0
mm

27. Mean Annual
Potential
Evaporation
2800 – 1600
mm

28. 1941 - 1970
200 mm
1971 - 2010
500 mm
1971 - 2010
1941 - 1970

29. Climate change
Annual Rainfall (mm) in Sinkat
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 80 81 82

30. Summary of available waters in Sudan
Water Resources
Quantity
(bcm)
Constraints
Sudan present share from
the Nile Waters
Agreement
20.5
Seasonal pattern coupled with
limited storage vessels. Expected
to be shared with riparian.
Wadis Waters 5 to 7
Highly variable, short duration
flows which are difficult to monitor
or harvest. Some are shared with
neighbors
Renewable Groundwaters 4.0
Deep water entailing high cost of
pumping. Remote areas of weak
infrastructure
Present Total 30.0
Expected from
reclamation of swamps
6.0
Capital investment need with
considerable social and
environmental cost.
Total 35.5 to 37

31. Multi-purpose water resources
projects

32. ‫اإلنشاء‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
1300
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫الحالي‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
600
‫تقريبا‬ ‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫القربة‬ ‫خشم‬ ‫خزان‬
Sedimentation and Erosion

33. ‫اإلنشاء‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
3200
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫الحالي‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
2100
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫الروصيرص‬ ‫خزان‬
481 m
467 m
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬ 600
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬ 500
‫البحيرة‬ ‫قاع‬

34. ‫اإلنشاء‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
930
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫الحالي‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫التخزين‬
=
640
‫مكعب‬ ‫متر‬ ‫مليون‬
‫سنار‬ ‫خزان‬
421.7 m
417.2 m
‫البحيرة‬ ‫قاع‬

35. Sedimentation problems in irrigation canals

36. Sediment load and water release in Gezira Main Canal
Sediment load and water release at the off-take of
Gezira Main Canal at Sennar between July and October
for the last 16 years

37. Inadequate
irrigation
Low irrigation
performance
Inadequate
agricultural and
water use
extension
Farmer
dissatisfaction
and low cost
recovery
Inadequate
funding of
operation and
maintenance
Vicious cycle

38. ‫المياه‬ ‫ونوعية‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫تواجة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫التحديات‬
•
‫المياه‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫بقاء‬ ‫مع‬ ‫االرضية‬ ‫الكرة‬ ‫سكان‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫ارتفاع‬
‫محدود‬
•
‫مصادر‬ ‫تلوث‬
‫المياه‬
:

‫التلوث‬
‫الطبيعي‬

‫التلوث‬
‫ال‬
‫كيميائي‬

‫ال‬ ‫التلوث‬
‫حراري‬

‫االشعاعي‬ ‫التلوث‬
•
‫المناخية‬ ‫التغيرات‬

39. ‫المناخية‬ ‫التغييرات‬
.1
‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجات‬ ‫إرتفاع‬
.2
‫الكربون‬ ‫أكسيد‬ ‫ثاني‬ ‫إرتفاع‬
.3
‫الجفاف‬
.4
‫السيول‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفيضانات‬
.5
‫األعاصير‬
(Hurricanes)
.6
‫الحرائق‬
.7
‫البحار‬ ‫مناسيب‬ ‫وإرتفاع‬ ‫الثلوج‬ ‫ذوبان‬

40. Flash Floods in the Western Sudan

41. Flash Floods in the Northern Sudan (2010)

42. Flash Floods in Khartoum Rural Areas (2007)

43. Flash Floods in Khartoum Rural Areas (2007)

44. Flash Floods in Khartoum Rural Areas (2007)

45. Flash Floods in Khartoum Rural Areas (2007)

47. 47

48. Water Resources Engineering
Examples of Problems
WATER QUALITY

49. Hurricanes
‫األعاصير‬

52. Drought
and
Famine

53. Erosion

54. Sand Intrusion in the Nile