- Edward Jenner is considered the father of immunology for his pioneering work in the late 1700s demonstrating that exposure to cowpox conferred immunity to smallpox. He inoculated an 8-year old boy with cowpox who was then resistant to smallpox. - Over subsequent decades, scientists isolated various pathogens and discovered antibodies, antitoxins, and defined antigens, advancing the understanding of the immune system and leading to treatments for diseases like diphtheria and tetanus. - Major discoveries in the 20th century included identification of blood groups, acquired immunological tolerance, monoclonal antibodies, and genetic principles underlying antibody diversity. These advances furthered knowledge of immunity and laid the foundations for