The document provides a timeline of important discoveries in physiology and medicine that were awarded the Nobel Prize, beginning with Emil von Behring receiving the first prize in 1901 for developing an antitoxin to treat diphtheria. It summarizes several seminal findings and the researchers recognized in subsequent decades for advances such as the discovery of insulin, the role of chromosomes in heredity, the structure of DNA, genetic control mechanisms, the genetic code, and monoclonal antibodies. Many pioneers in cellular and molecular biology are highlighted.

1. Saiful Alom Siddique
Ph.D Research Scholar
Dept .of Biochemistry & Biotechnology
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

2. Alfred Nobel
(1833-1896)
……really a man bringing fame to others
Stockholm, Sweden

3. -(The Merchant of death is death)
Invention of Dynamite (Explosive) and Controversies
“Dr. Alfred Nobel ,Who became rich by
finding ways to kill more people faster
than ever before …”
Nitroglycerin exploded in Nobel’s factory ; died 5 people
including Nobel's younger brother Emil Nobel.
Alfred was disappointed with what he read in newspaper
Alfred invented 355 different patents, dynamite
being the most famous.

4. Alfred Nobel’s final will

5. When he died he left more than 31 million SEK
(186 million US dollar) of his fortune to set up the
Nobel prizes.
The foundations of the Nobel Prize were laid in
1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving
much of his wealth for its establishment. Since
1901, the prize has honored men and women for
outstanding achievements .

6. Awarded for
Outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of,
Physics
Chemistry
Literature
Physiology or Medicine
Peace
Economic Sciences

7. Presented by
Swedish Academy
Nobel committee of Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences
Nobel committee of Karolinska Institute
Norwegian Nobel Committee

8. Nobel Prize Awarded 549 times to 856 individuals
(791 men & 44 Women)
Were given to
one
Laureate
Shared by two
Laureates
Shared by three
Laureates
Physics 47 29 29
Chemistry 63 22 18
Medicine 38 31 33
Literature 100 4 -
Peace 62 28 2
Economic
Sciences
22 16 5
Total number: 332 130 87

9. Years when Nobel Prize wasn’t given
Nobel Prize Year
Physics 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942
Chemistry 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942
Medicine 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942
Literature 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943
Peace
1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940,
1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972
Economic
Sciences
-

10. Wilhelm C Röntgen Van’t Hoff Sully Prudhomme
Frederic Passy Henry Dunant
Emil von Behring
First Nobel Prizes-1901

11. MEDAL FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY
AND MEDICINE
Front Side Back Side

12. NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE
NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS
NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY AND
PHYSICS

13. 24 carat gold
175 grams
2.6 inch in Diameter
Medal
Award money 10 million SEK ( €950,000)
Nobel diploma

14. Timeline
Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine

15. The first Physiology & Medicine Prize went to the German
physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring in 1901.
During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat
diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths
each year.
Emil von Behring

16. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908
was awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and
Paul Ehrlich in recognition of their work on
immunity in 1882.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich

17. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 was
awarded to Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the
contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made
through his work on proteins, including the nucleic
substances" in 1896.
Albrecht Kossel

18.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was
awarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting and
John James Rickard Macleod "for the discovery of
insulin” in 1916.
Frederick Grant Banting John James R.Macleod

19. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was
awarded to Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the
mechanism of the electrocardiogram (1903). Well known as
a father of Electrocardiography.
Willem Einthoven

20. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930
was awarded to Karl Landsteiner "for his discovery
of human blood groups” in 1900.
Karl Landsteiner

21. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was
awarded to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries
concerning the role played by the chromosome in
heredity" in 1910.
Thomas Hunt Morgan

22. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was
awarded to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of
the production of mutations by means of X-ray
irradiation” (1926).
H.J.MULLER

23.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was
divided equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his
discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert
Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its
importance for intermediary metabolism” (1930).
Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

24.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 was
divided, one half jointly to George Wells Beadle and
Edward Lawrie Tatum "for their discovery that genes act
by regulating definite chemical events" and the other half
to Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries concerning genetic
recombination and the organization of the genetic material
of bacteria"(1951).
George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum Joshua Lederberg

25. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 was
awarded jointly to Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological
synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
(1956).
Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg

26. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was
awarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James
Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for
their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of
nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in
living material” (1953).
Francis Crick James D. Watson Maurice Wilkins

27. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 was
awarded jointly to François Jacob, André Lwoff and
Jacques Monod "for their discoveries concerning genetic
control of enzyme and virus synthesis" in 1961.
François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod

28. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was
awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind
Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their
interpretation of the genetic code and its function in
protein synthesis’’ in 1961.
Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg

29. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 was
awarded jointly to Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and
Salvador E. Luria "for their discoveries concerning the
replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses“(1952).
Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria

30. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was
awarded to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries
concerning the mechanisms of the action of
hormones“(1953).
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

31. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was
awarded jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R.
Porter "for their discoveries concerning the chemical
structure of antibodies“ (1960).
Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

32. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 was
awarded jointly to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and
George E. Palade "for their discoveries concerning the
structural and functional organization of the cell".
Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade

33. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 was awarded
jointly to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard
Martin Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell".
(1968).
David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin

34. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 was divided,
one half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for
their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of
the brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow "for the
development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones".
(1950)
Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally Rosalyn Yalow

35. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was
awarded jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and
Hamilton O. Smith "for the discovery of restriction
enzymes and their application to problems of molecular
genetics“ in 1970.
Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith

36. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983
was awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her
discovery of mobile genetic elements“ in 1948.
Barbara McClintock

37. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 was
awarded jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler
and César Milstein "for theories concerning the
specificity in development and control of the immune
system and the discovery of the principle for production
of monoclonal antibodies” in 1975.
Niels K. J.Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein

38. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986
was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita
Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth
factors"
Stanley Cohen Rita L. Montalcini

39. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was
awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall
Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas

40. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was
awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "for
their discoveries concerning the function of single ion
channels in cells” in 1970.
Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann

41. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was
awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G.
Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible
protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory
mechanism"
Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs

42. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was
awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A.
Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes in 1978.
Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp

43. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was
awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin
Rodbell "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role
of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell

44. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was
awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-
Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their discoveries
concerning the genetic control of early embryonic
development".
Edward B. Lewis C.N.Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus

45. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was
awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner "for his discovery of
Prions - a new biological principle of infection". 1982.
Stanley B. Prusiner

46. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was
awarded jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro
and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric
oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular
system".
R.F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad

47. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 was
awarded to Gunter Blobel "for the discovery that
proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their
transport and localization in the cell” in 1990.
Gunter Blobel

48. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 was
awarded jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and
Eric R. Kandel "for their discoveries concerning signal
transduction in the nervous system and dopamine".
Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel

49. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 was
awarded jointly to Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir
Paul M. Nurse "for their discoveries of key regulators of
the cell cycle".
Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse

50. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was
awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz
and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning
'genetic regulation of organ development and
programmed cell death'".
Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston

51. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was
awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter
Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic
resonance imaging” (MRI).
Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield

52. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was
awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello "for
their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA” in 1998.
Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello

53. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 was
awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans
and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for
introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use
of embryonic stem cells".
Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies

54. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 was
divided, one half awarded to Harald zur Hausen "for his
discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical
cancer", the other half jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
and Luc Montagnier "for their discovery of human
immunodeficiency virus” (HIV).
Harald zur Hausen F.B.Sinoussi Luc Montagnier

55. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 was
awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W.
Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how
chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme
telomerase".
Carol W. GreiderE.H. Blackburn Jack W. Szostak

56. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was
awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the
development of in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Robert G. Edwards

57. • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was
divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A.
Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation
of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M.
Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its
role in adaptive immunity".
B.A. Beutler J.A. Hoffmann R.M. Steinman

58. Sir John B. Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was
awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya
Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can
be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

59. James Rothman Randy SchekmanThomas C.Sudhof
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 was
awarded jointly to Thomas C.Sudhof, James Rothman
and Randy Schekman for their work on vesicle
trafficking.
Award Ceremony video

60. Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine -2014
Jhon O’ Keefe May- Britt MoserEdvard I.Moser

64. Brain
“inner GPS”
system

65. Nobel Publications

66. Controversies and criticisms

67. The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for
the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January
1948.Later members of the Committee expressed regret that he was not given the
prize.Geir Lundestad, Secretary of NBC in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106
year history is undoubtedly that Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi
could do without the Nobel Peace prize. In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel
Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that "there was no suitable living
candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989,
the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of
Mahatma Gandhi.

68. Only 44 Nobel Prizes were given to women!
Marie Curie Barbara McClintock Toni Morrison

69. Men
Women

70. Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by
authorities to decline the Nobel Prize!
Richard Kuhn
Gerhard Domagk
Adolf Butenandt
Boris Pasternak

71. Three Nobel Laureates have declined the
Nobel Prize!
Jean- Paul Sartre Le Duc Tho & Henry Kissinger

72. Three Nobel Laureates were in prison at the time of
the award.
Carl von
Ossietzky
Suu Kyi Liu Xiaobo

73. James Watson Sells Nobel Medal for 4.1M dollar on 4 Dec/2014
Mr Watson said he
would use some of
the proceeds to
make donations to
the “institutions
that have looked
after me”, such as
University of
Chicago and Clare
College, Cambridg.

75. Discussion
Why an Indian scientist hasn’t won the Novel prize in
Physics ,Chemistry and Medicine after independence ….!?
Science in India has developed a great deal since
C.V.Raman particularly after the country gained
Independence but we are yet to win a Nobel Prize in
Chemistry or medicine.
Is it a reflection on quality of Indian science?
Or It has to do with politics of Nobel prize.

76.  1,500,000,000 people
 325 languages spoken
 550 Universities and 33,623 Institutions
 800 Research Centre and R & D Lab
 40,000 Professor
 Five year Plan (2002–2007) we spent 438
billion for education
 We are publishing 10,000 articles in peer reviewed
journals /year

77. LIST OF INDIAN CITIZEN NOBEL LAUREATES
IN
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
1………NIL……………..
2………NIL……………..
3………NIL……………..
4………NIL……………..
(1901-2014)
Uffs….Sorry…Data not found……

79. Indian birth but Foreign citizenship

80. THEWOLDOFSCIENCE
@Nature

81. RESEACHOUTPUT-ASIAPACIFIC
@Nature

82. COLLABOATIONTENDS
@Nature

83. UNIVERSITYAFFILIATION
Universityaffiliationshowstheuniversityaffiliations
ofwinnersoftheNobelPrize

84. Acknowledgement
http://www.nobelprize.org/ Official