1. contemporary business environment (ITB ECO)
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The document discusses key concepts in business and economics, including: - Business aims to provide goods/services and earn profits by exceeding revenues over expenses. - Economic systems can be planned, market-based, or mixed, and determine how a country allocates its resources. - Market economies rely on supply and demand to determine production and allocation, while planned economies use central government control. - Mixed market economies have aspects of both planned and market economies.
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Organization development
This document provides an overview of organizational development and interventions. It defines organizational development as a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's relevance and viability. The key aspects covered include:
- The meaning, definitions, objectives, assumptions, values and process of organizational development.
- Common organizational development interventions like team building, coaching, large group interventions and leadership development.
- The assumptions underlying organizational interventions, which include viewing groups as the basic building blocks and aiming to reduce inappropriate competition between parts of an organization.
- The effectiveness of organizational development in providing opportunities for employees and organizations to reach their full potential and treating people with dignity and respect.
Chapter 16 Summary
Organizational culture refers to the shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that govern behavior within an organization. It consists of artifacts, assumptions, and core values. Subcultures can either enhance or oppose the dominant culture. Organizational culture serves important functions like social control, cohesion, and sensemaking. A strong, appropriate culture typically leads to better performance, but should not be so rigid that it prevents change or dissent. Mergers require assessing cultural compatibility and strategies like integration or separation. Socialization is how new employees learn norms and roles through stages like encounter and role management.
Political environment
The document discusses the political environment for business in Nepal. It defines political environment and outlines the key components that make up Nepal's political system, including political ideology, structure, government branches, and political parties. It also examines the relationship between business and government, highlighting how each relies on and influences the other. Key challenges in Nepal's political environment that could impact business are political instability, lack of consensus among parties, and weak rule implementation.
Socio cultural environment
The socio-cultural environment in Nepal influences business in several ways. Key factors of the socio-cultural environment that affect Nepalese business include attitudes, beliefs, religion, language, education, and family structure. Religion influences areas like food, dress, and travel. Family structure is predominantly joint and extended, which can discourage individual incentive. Socio-cultural values shape management practices, work attitudes, entrepreneurship, and change management in Nepalese business. Management style tends to be autocratic and professionalism is lacking. Risk-taking is also limited due to socio-cultural influences.
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To get the more advantages from this ppt please open it with MS OFFICE 2013 bcoz its been made in MS OFFICE 2013 and there are new effects which are really awesome.....if you play it with other versions less than 2013 for eg:- MS OFFICE 2007 you wont get that attractive effects...It's very attractive if u open it in MS OFFICE 2013 or newer..........Thanks
Internal and external business environment
This document discusses the internal and external business environment. It defines the business environment as consisting of all external forces that affect a business outside of their control. It then describes the key features of the business environment and divides it into internal and external factors. The internal environment includes factors like management structure and values that a business can control. The external environment includes micro factors like customers and suppliers and macro factors like economic, social, political, and legal conditions that are outside a business's control.
Technological environment
This document discusses the technological environment and the impact of technology. It notes that technology applies scientific knowledge to practical tasks and helps convert ideas into useful products. Technology is constantly changing and has widespread effects that feed on themselves. The impact of technology includes social implications like social changes; economic implications like increased productivity and competition; and changes at the plant level like more complex systems. Technology can change business models, as seen with low-cost airlines and Facebook, and can present opportunities or threats. Developing technology requires in-house research, alliances, or acquisitions. The document also discusses issues with technology policy in India like government dominance, stagnant research, import restrictions, and outdated imports.
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This document provides an overview of organizational development and interventions. It defines organizational development as a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's relevance and viability. The key aspects covered include:
- The meaning, definitions, objectives, assumptions, values and process of organizational development.
- Common organizational development interventions like team building, coaching, large group interventions and leadership development.
- The assumptions underlying organizational interventions, which include viewing groups as the basic building blocks and aiming to reduce inappropriate competition between parts of an organization.
- The effectiveness of organizational development in providing opportunities for employees and organizations to reach their full potential and treating people with dignity and respect.
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Organizational culture refers to the shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that govern behavior within an organization. It consists of artifacts, assumptions, and core values. Subcultures can either enhance or oppose the dominant culture. Organizational culture serves important functions like social control, cohesion, and sensemaking. A strong, appropriate culture typically leads to better performance, but should not be so rigid that it prevents change or dissent. Mergers require assessing cultural compatibility and strategies like integration or separation. Socialization is how new employees learn norms and roles through stages like encounter and role management.
Political environment
The document discusses the political environment for business in Nepal. It defines political environment and outlines the key components that make up Nepal's political system, including political ideology, structure, government branches, and political parties. It also examines the relationship between business and government, highlighting how each relies on and influences the other. Key challenges in Nepal's political environment that could impact business are political instability, lack of consensus among parties, and weak rule implementation.
Socio cultural environment
The socio-cultural environment in Nepal influences business in several ways. Key factors of the socio-cultural environment that affect Nepalese business include attitudes, beliefs, religion, language, education, and family structure. Religion influences areas like food, dress, and travel. Family structure is predominantly joint and extended, which can discourage individual incentive. Socio-cultural values shape management practices, work attitudes, entrepreneurship, and change management in Nepalese business. Management style tends to be autocratic and professionalism is lacking. Risk-taking is also limited due to socio-cultural influences.
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To get the more advantages from this ppt please open it with MS OFFICE 2013 bcoz its been made in MS OFFICE 2013 and there are new effects which are really awesome.....if you play it with other versions less than 2013 for eg:- MS OFFICE 2007 you wont get that attractive effects...It's very attractive if u open it in MS OFFICE 2013 or newer..........Thanks
Internal and external business environment
This document discusses the internal and external business environment. It defines the business environment as consisting of all external forces that affect a business outside of their control. It then describes the key features of the business environment and divides it into internal and external factors. The internal environment includes factors like management structure and values that a business can control. The external environment includes micro factors like customers and suppliers and macro factors like economic, social, political, and legal conditions that are outside a business's control.
Technological environment
This document discusses the technological environment and the impact of technology. It notes that technology applies scientific knowledge to practical tasks and helps convert ideas into useful products. Technology is constantly changing and has widespread effects that feed on themselves. The impact of technology includes social implications like social changes; economic implications like increased productivity and competition; and changes at the plant level like more complex systems. Technology can change business models, as seen with low-cost airlines and Facebook, and can present opportunities or threats. Developing technology requires in-house research, alliances, or acquisitions. The document also discusses issues with technology policy in India like government dominance, stagnant research, import restrictions, and outdated imports.
Human resource management in global organisations
This document discusses human resource management in global organizations. It covers three main areas of international human resource management: 1) managing HR in global corporations, 2) managing expatriate employees, and 3) comparing HR practices across countries. HR laws, regulations, and practices influence where companies locate subsidiaries based on factors like wages, benefits, and ease of dismissal. For example, some countries require higher unemployment benefits or limit overtime more than others. Managing subsidiaries requires considering these legal differences. The document also discusses approaches to staffing subsidiaries and factors influencing international HR management.
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A strategic business unit is a fully functional and distinct unit of a business that develops its own strategic vision and direction.
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1. It defines the economy as how people use their environment to meet material needs through production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
2. It notes the tension between unlimited human needs and limited resources.
3. It states that the world's dominant economic system is capitalism, which is based on private ownership and market competition.
4. Key economic agents in a capitalist system are private individuals/families, private companies, and the public sector/state. Factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
Ch 02
The document provides an overview of economic resources, systems, and key concepts:
1) It defines scarcity and the four factors of production - natural resources, human resources, capital resources, and entrepreneurial resources.
2) It describes the differences between market economies where decisions are made by supply and demand, and command economies where the government makes decisions.
3) Most countries use a mixed economy that combines aspects of market and command economies. It ensures basic needs are met while allowing freedom in the marketplace.
Griffin chap01 business_notes (ITB ECO)
The document provides an overview of the U.S. business system. It discusses the concept of business and profit, different economic systems, factors of production, and the economics of the U.S. market system including demand, supply, and competition. It also summarizes the history of business in the U.S. from the industrial revolution to the current internet era.
Griffin chap01 business_notes - itb - ayesha aman - Economics
The document provides an overview of the US business system. It discusses that the US has a market economy based on capitalism where demand and supply determine prices. Businesses are privately owned and operate for profit. Competition varies across industries from perfect to monopolistic. The evolution of business in the US progressed from factories to large corporations to a focus on marketing and globally integrated operations.
acu
This document outlines and compares the trade policies of Australia's major political parties - Labor, the Coalition, and the Greens. Labor emphasizes sharing the benefits of trade liberalization domestically and internationally, while also providing short-term support for workers and sectors adjusting to trade. The Coalition focuses on increasing exports through fast-tracking free trade agreements in Asia to increase foreign investment. The Greens prioritize fairness and democracy in trade and assisting developing countries. The parties differ in their stances on issues like labor rights, healthcare, intellectual property and more. Implications of each party winning the election are discussed.
E unit #1 student
The document provides an overview of basic economic principles including:
1. Economics is the study of how people make choices with scarce resources. Societies must answer what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced.
2. The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs take risks by combining factors of production to create new products and drive competition.
3. The US economy is a mixed economy that incorporates both private markets and government intervention to achieve goals like economic equity and security.
Us Business System Leonardo Matarrese
The document provides an overview of business and economic systems in the United States. It defines key concepts like business, profit, and different types of economic systems. It describes the US system as a mixed market economy with private enterprise, including private property rights, freedom of choice, profits, and competition. It also discusses important economic goals of stability, full employment, and growth that countries aim to achieve.
Enu international competition 120812
This document provides an overview of global economic environment and international competition. It discusses various international trade theories such as absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and Porter's Diamond model of national competitive advantage. The theories explore factors that determine a country's trade patterns and competitive strengths in global trade, including factor endowments, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and firm strategy/rivalry. The presentation aims to analyze the underlying factors contributing to competitive success in international markets and how nations can develop globally competitive industries.
Wild Ib5e Ppt Instructor 05
The document summarizes several theories of international trade:
- It describes mercantilism and identifies its inherent flaws in assuming trade is zero-sum and constraining production.
- Absolute and comparative advantage theories are explained, showing how specialization allows nations to produce more.
- Factor proportions theory links a nation's exports to its abundant resources and imports to scarce resources.
- International product life cycle theory ties a product's exports and investment over its lifetime.
- New trade theories examine increasing returns to scale, first-mover advantages, and national competitive advantage from clusters of related industries.
International Trade Theories
The document discusses several theories of international trade:
1. Mercantilism held that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver through trade surpluses. It advocated subsidies for exports and tariffs/quotas on imports.
2. Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory argued that countries should specialize in goods they produce most efficiently and trade for other goods. Both countries can benefit through specialization and trade.
3. David Ricardo's comparative advantage theory extended this, showing that trade can benefit both sides even if one country is more efficient overall. Countries should import goods they have a comparative - not absolute - disadvantage in.
4. Later theories examined factors like differences in factor endowments
HHM Finance Night - Economics 101
Economics 101 was presented by Jennoa R. Graham, Ph.D. on April 4, 2014. The presentation covered key concepts in economics including microeconomics focusing on small portions of the economy and macroeconomics focusing on entire countries or the world. It discussed tangible goods that can be touched versus intangible services and how supply and demand impact price in the economic system and financial markets. The presentation also reviewed different types of economic systems including traditional, market, command, and mixed systems.
Chapter 1 PowerPoint
1. The document discusses the foundations of business including the nature of business, the goal of profit, economic systems like capitalism and socialism, and factors of production.
2. It explains key economic concepts such as supply and demand, productivity, and economic cycles. Business operates within the context of the global economy and economic environments.
3. Stakeholders, management, marketing, and financial resources are important parts of how businesses are organized and operate. Ethics and social responsibility are also discussed as important considerations for businesses.
Pe unit 1 student notes
This document provides an introduction to economics, including its key concepts and the American economic system. It discusses that economics is the study of how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It also covers the three basic economic questions of what, how, and for whom to produce. Additionally, it explains the characteristics of the American mixed economy, including limited government role, freedom of enterprise and choice, the profit incentive, private property rights, and competition.
Ch. 17 the economic system
The document discusses the key aspects of different economic systems and how businesses operate within a market economy. It covers the following main points:
1) There are three basic types of economic systems - traditional, command, and market economies. The US has a market economy also known as capitalism where economic decisions are made by individuals and businesses.
2) Businesses operate in a market economy to make a profit by providing goods and services to consumers. Supply and demand determines prices. Competition and incentives for innovation are important aspects of capitalism.
3) Most American businesses started as sole proprietorships or partnerships and later grew into corporations to raise more money through selling stock and bonds. Corporations function through elected directors and boards.
Economics Presentation
The document discusses four key questions that all economic systems must address: what to produce, how to produce it, who the goods and services are produced for, and how much to produce. It also covers different types of economic systems including command economies, socialism, mixed economies, and free market economies. A mixed economy, like in the US, combines elements of private ownership and government involvement in an attempt to balance efficiency with social welfare.
Lecture1 Basic Economic Concepts (1)
This document provides an overview of microeconomics concepts including:
1. Economics is defined as the study of how scarce resources are allocated among alternative uses.
2. Key concepts in microeconomics include rational choice, incentives, marginal analysis, and opportunity cost.
3. Economic systems must answer questions about what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives it given the constraints of scarce resources.
Similar to 1. contemporary business environment (ITB ECO) (20)
2. understanding the environments of business - itb - ayesha aman - Economics
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Communicating at work chapter 1 (buss. English)
The document discusses communication in the workplace. It outlines the communication process and barriers to effective communication like lack of listening skills. It also discusses how communication can break down as messages are transmitted through organizations, distorting the original intent. Overcoming barriers requires understanding that communication is imperfect and adapting messages for different audiences. Changes in the modern workplace like new technologies and diverse teams make communication skills more important.
Chapter 11 (buss. English)
The document provides an overview of business report writing, including the planning, research, organization, and presentation of reports. It discusses the common formats and styles of reports, the writing of informational and analytical reports, documenting sources, and following citation styles like MLA, APA, and Chicago. Key aspects covered include outlining the problem and purpose, researching primary and secondary sources, organizing content, and providing citations and a reference list.
Bc presentation chapter 13(2) (buss. English)
The document discusses different types of typical business reports including periodic reports, situational reports, investigative reports, compliance reports, analytical reports, justification/recommendation reports, and feasibility reports. It provides examples of each type of report and discusses their purpose, format, and key elements. The document aims to provide guidance on writing different business reports for various audiences and situations.
Time management ( SMS )
The document discusses the importance of time management for students. It identifies several common time wasters for students such as procrastination, lack of focus, and not taking notes. It then provides suggestions for effective time management including setting goals, prioritizing tasks, planning your week, and using leisure time effectively. Fifteen specific time management tips are also outlined such as writing things down, prioritizing tasks, and avoiding "filler" activities.
Session 10 listening ( SMS )
The document discusses different types of listening and the importance of being a good listener. It defines listening and outlines some common myths. It also describes four main types of listening: pleasurable, informational, critical, and empathetic. For each type, it provides the goal and ways to increase effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some faulty listening behaviors and reasons for poor listening.
Session 15 emotional intelligence ( SMS )
The document discusses the differences between IQ and EQ. IQ refers to a person's intelligence quotient and measures how smart someone is, while EQ refers to emotional intelligence and measures how well someone can use their smarts and manage their emotions. Emotional intelligence involves being self-aware of one's own emotions and the emotions of others. There are five essential skills of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy, and handling relationships. People with high emotional intelligence can identify and understand their emotions, control emotional responses, recognize past emotional triggers, and manage emotions in constructive ways.
Session 14 stress ( SMS )
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it and can be caused by both external and internal factors. The effects of stress include emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral impacts. While some stress is normal and can be motivating, too much stress without adequate coping resources can negatively impact health and well-being. It is important to learn to manage stress through awareness, reducing stressors when possible, moderating emotional and physical reactions, maintaining physical and emotional reserves, and using stress reduction techniques like exercise, relaxation, and social support.
Session 11 conflict management ( SMS )
The document discusses conflict, its nature, sources, and strategies for resolution. It defines conflict as contradictory values, perspectives or opinions between two or more parties. Conflict can be intraindividual or interactive. Effective conflict resolution requires negotiation skills and managing conflict in a supportive climate rather than a defensive one. The document outlines a "core process" for managing internal conflict which involves identifying the issue, gaining perspective, considering alternative actions, discussing the best option, acting on it after a cooling off period, and reevaluating if needed.
Session 6 leadership ( SMS )
The document discusses leadership concepts including:
- The objectives of learning about leadership, understanding myths and qualities of good leaders
- Common myths about leaders being born vs made and that leaders can lead in any situation
- Definitions of leadership as the ability to influence others towards goals and create an environment for success
- Functions of leadership including defining tasks, motivating followers, and developing individuals and groups
- Key qualities of good leaders including integrity, emotional maturity, confidence, using power to benefit others, and having energy to handle stress
Session 5 self esteem ( SMS )
The document discusses the concepts of self-esteem, including its importance and signs of low self-esteem. It explains that self-esteem develops from childhood experiences and one's inner voice. People with low self-esteem often consider themselves unworthy and seek approval, while those with high self-esteem have confidence and feel deserving. The pillars of self-esteem are self-acceptance, living consciously, taking responsibility, assertiveness, living purposefully, and integrity.
Session 4 discipline ( SMS )
This document discusses the importance of self-discipline and provides examples of how to strengthen it. It defines self-discipline as controlling desires and feelings to achieve goals instead of instant gratification. The principles of self-discipline are setting goals, having a strong desire to achieve them, persevering despite failure, and taking things one step at a time. Ways to strengthen self-discipline include committing to its development, being accountable, practicing self-discipline, doing enhancing activities, and eliminating harmful habits.
Session 3 overcoming some obstacles ( SMS )
The document discusses communication apprehension, which refers to the fear of communication. It identifies two types of communication apprehension: trait apprehension which is a general fear of communication, and state apprehension which refers to fear specific to a given situation. Factors that can increase communication apprehension are discussed such as the degree of evaluation, unpredictability, and dissimilarity in a situation. Theories for managing communication apprehension include cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization, and skill acquisition. Suggestions are provided for empowering apprehensive communicators such as practicing active listening and speaking to one person at a time.
Session 2 positive thinking and attitude ( SMS )
The document discusses positive thinking and its benefits. Positive thinking involves focusing on opportunities rather than difficulties and expecting positive outcomes. It can improve health, help achieve goals, increase happiness and energy. Developing positive thinking involves using positive self-talk, visualizing success, reading inspiring materials, and believing in one's abilities rather than dwelling on negatives.
Session 12 assertiveness ( SMS )
The document discusses assertiveness and how to be more assertive. It defines assertiveness as being direct and appropriately expressive while standing up for yourself in a respectful manner without blaming others or violating their rights. It contrasts assertiveness with aggression and passive behavior. The document provides tips for how to be assertive such as being honest about your feelings and needs, expressing yourself firmly, saying no to unreasonable expectations, and respecting others' rights.
Session 9 motivation and peak performance ( SMS )
This document discusses motivation and peak performance. It defines motivation and explains the motivation process, which involves identifying needs, finding ways to satisfy them, engaging in goal-directed behavior, performing acts, receiving rewards or punishments, and reassessing needs. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are explained. Motivational theories covered include expectancy theory, drive reduction theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, goal setting theory, and McClelland's theory of needs. Demotivating factors and the importance of motivation are also discussed. Peak performers are said to lead balanced lives, care about their careers, rehearse tasks, seek results but not perfection, take risks, rely on themselves, and compete with self.
Presentations
Students will be required to give 10 to 15 presentations on topics related to their course, which teachers will judge based on students' confidence, communication skills, language proficiency, use of visual aids, voice quality, command of the topic, response to questions, appearance, and use of relevant examples.
Mid term sample papet ( SMS )
The document is a midterm examination for a course titled SMS during the fall 2007 semester. It provides instructions for a two hour exam for 20 students with a maximum of 25 marks. The exam consists of filling in the blanks for 10 questions worth a total of 10 marks and answering 4 short questions worth 2 marks each. The questions cover topics like empathy, assumptions, arguments, responding to criticism, thinking, procrastination, overcoming speech anxiety, types of thinking, life goals, and ultimate goals.
Griffin chap02 environments_notes (ITB ECO)
The document summarizes key aspects of the external business environment, including the economic, technological, political-legal, and sociocultural environments. It describes how the economic environment includes factors like GDP, productivity, and fiscal/monetary policies. It also explains that the technological environment comprises technologies for products/services and business processes. Additionally, it states that the political-legal environment reflects government regulation of business, while the sociocultural environment involves societal values and customs.
3. global context of business (ITB ECO)
This document summarizes key concepts about international business and globalization from a textbook chapter. It defines important terms like imports, exports, and per capita income. It also outlines several forces driving globalization like new technologies and competitive pressures. Additionally, it describes major world marketplaces in regions like North America, Europe, and Asia and discusses trade agreements and concepts such as comparative advantage and balance of trade.
3. securities and investment
The document discusses various types of securities and investments including stocks, bonds, and other investment vehicles. It provides details on stock exchanges in Pakistan like the Karachi Stock Exchange, as well as the different types of stocks and bonds available in Pakistan. It also briefly discusses investment banks, securities markets, and regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan.
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1. contemporary business environment (ITB ECO)
- 1. PART 1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 2. CHAPTER 1 Understanding the Business System Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 5. Economic Systems Around the World An economic system is a nation’s system for allocating its resources among its citizens. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 6. What Are Factors of Production? Resources used in the production of goods and services—labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical resources and information resources Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 14. What Is Communism? Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Planned economy in which the government owns and operates all factors of production
- 15. What Is a Market? Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Mechanism for exchange between the buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
- 17. What Is Capitalism? Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Market economy that provides for private ownership of production and encourages entrepreneurship by offering profits as an incentive
- 18. Circular Flow in a Market Economy Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 20. The Economics of a Market System Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Understanding a country’s complex economic system is essential to understanding the environment in which a country’s businesses operate.
- 23. What Is a Demand and Supply Schedule? Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Assessment of the relationships among different levels of demand and supply at different price levels
- 25. What Is the Market Price (or Equilibrium Price)? Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. Profit-maximizing price at which the quantity of goods demanded and the quantity of goods supplied are equal
- 26. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 30. Degrees of Competition Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 31. A Short History of Evolution Business in the Western World The landscape of business in the western world has evolved over the course of many decades. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 32. The Factory System and the Industrial Revolution Major mid-18 th century change in production characterized by a shift to the factory system, mass production and the specialization of labor Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 33. Laissez-Faire and the Entrepreneurial Era Period during the 19 th century in which improvements in the U.S. banking system and the nation’s infrastructure and the rise of the entrepreneur on a grand scale were hallmarks Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 34. The Production Era Period during the early 20 th century in which U.S. business focused primarily on improving productivity and manufacturing efficiency Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 35. The Marketing Era Post-World War II period in which production continued to increase, technology advanced and the standard of living rose Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 36. What Is the Marketing Concept? Idea that a business must focus on identifying and satisfying consumer wants in order to be profitable Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
- 37. The Global Era Period throughout the 1980s in which the continuation of technological advances in production, computer technology, information systems and communications capabilities was experienced Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.