Hannah Chemistry - Matter and Periodic Table.pptAndrewPruett3
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It discusses the importance of chemistry in daily life and education. Key topics covered include the scientific method, properties of matter, types of chemical changes and physical changes, elements and compounds, mixtures and solutions, states of matter, and energy changes. The document also introduces fundamental chemistry concepts like the periodic table, properties of elements, and specific heat capacity.
How chemistry and the environment mix lecture 2V Swier
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships". It discusses the scientific method, the nature of matter and energy, and important thermodynamic principles. Specifically, it describes how science involves testing hypotheses, the structure of atoms and molecules, states of matter, chemical reactions, the various forms of energy, and the laws of thermodynamics governing energy transfer.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces the five major areas of chemistry and distinguishes between pure and applied chemistry. It also describes the scientific method and emphasizes the importance of experimentation, observation, and collaboration in scientific research. Key areas of chemistry research discussed include energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe. Problem solving techniques for both numeric and conceptual chemistry problems are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a chemistry textbook, including:
- Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and its transformations. It involves elements, molecules, compounds, and changes in their composition and structure.
- Early studies of matter transitioned from alchemy to modern chemistry through scientific pioneers like Antoine Lavoisier who established principles like the law of conservation of mass.
- The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results.
- Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gas states and undergoes physical and chemical changes that do or do not alter its composition.
- Proper measurement in chemistry requires both a number and
The document outlines objectives for the week which include generating a scientific argument, distinguishing scientific from non-scientific arguments, recognizing methods of scientific inquiry, listing features of living organisms, explaining diversity of life forms on Earth, and listing steps of the scientific approach. It also includes objectives related to understanding chemical bonds, water chemistry, and acids and bases.
This is a MELC Based powerpoint presentation for Science 7 teachers. If you want to avail the powerpoint please contact me on my facebook account: Jady Claire Jackson Lullegao
STRAND 1 MIXTURES ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.pptxkimdan468
This document discusses elements, compounds, and their properties. It defines elements as pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are formed by combining two or more elements. Some common elements and their symbols are listed, such as hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Everyday applications of common elements like nitrogen, aluminum, gold, copper, oxygen, and hydrogen are described.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including what chemistry is, the five main branches of chemistry, and some key concepts about matter. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. The five branches are inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space, and can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. Chemical and physical properties are also introduced.
Hannah Chemistry - Matter and Periodic Table.pptAndrewPruett3
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It discusses the importance of chemistry in daily life and education. Key topics covered include the scientific method, properties of matter, types of chemical changes and physical changes, elements and compounds, mixtures and solutions, states of matter, and energy changes. The document also introduces fundamental chemistry concepts like the periodic table, properties of elements, and specific heat capacity.
How chemistry and the environment mix lecture 2V Swier
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships". It discusses the scientific method, the nature of matter and energy, and important thermodynamic principles. Specifically, it describes how science involves testing hypotheses, the structure of atoms and molecules, states of matter, chemical reactions, the various forms of energy, and the laws of thermodynamics governing energy transfer.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces the five major areas of chemistry and distinguishes between pure and applied chemistry. It also describes the scientific method and emphasizes the importance of experimentation, observation, and collaboration in scientific research. Key areas of chemistry research discussed include energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe. Problem solving techniques for both numeric and conceptual chemistry problems are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a chemistry textbook, including:
- Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and its transformations. It involves elements, molecules, compounds, and changes in their composition and structure.
- Early studies of matter transitioned from alchemy to modern chemistry through scientific pioneers like Antoine Lavoisier who established principles like the law of conservation of mass.
- The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results.
- Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gas states and undergoes physical and chemical changes that do or do not alter its composition.
- Proper measurement in chemistry requires both a number and
The document outlines objectives for the week which include generating a scientific argument, distinguishing scientific from non-scientific arguments, recognizing methods of scientific inquiry, listing features of living organisms, explaining diversity of life forms on Earth, and listing steps of the scientific approach. It also includes objectives related to understanding chemical bonds, water chemistry, and acids and bases.
This is a MELC Based powerpoint presentation for Science 7 teachers. If you want to avail the powerpoint please contact me on my facebook account: Jady Claire Jackson Lullegao
STRAND 1 MIXTURES ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.pptxkimdan468
This document discusses elements, compounds, and their properties. It defines elements as pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are formed by combining two or more elements. Some common elements and their symbols are listed, such as hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Everyday applications of common elements like nitrogen, aluminum, gold, copper, oxygen, and hydrogen are described.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including what chemistry is, the five main branches of chemistry, and some key concepts about matter. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. The five branches are inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space, and can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. Chemical and physical properties are also introduced.
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is composed of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and each element is made of the same type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined. Measurements in chemistry use significant figures and units to accurately quantify properties and changes in matter.
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is composed of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and each element is made of the same type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined. Measurements in chemistry use significant figures and the SI system of units including meters, grams, and liters.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus and topics covered in a Chem 115: Basic Physiological Chemistry course taught by Dr. Kathryn Huisinga. The course will cover general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry topics as they relate to physiological processes. Students will learn about atoms, chemical structures and reactions, acids and bases, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA, metabolism and other biomolecules. The syllabus outlines expectations, assignments, grading policies, and the overall course schedule.
This document provides an overview of a chemistry PowerPoint presentation covering matter and chemical change for a Grade 9 science program. It includes slides on safety, the particle model of matter, properties and organization of matter, elements and the periodic table, compounds, and chemical reactions. Safety notes and a practice safety test are linked. The presentation uses a concept map to show relationships between topics and outlines key concepts covered in each slide.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the definition of chemistry, major branches of chemistry, early theories of matter, and important figures in the development of modern chemistry such as Aristotle, Democritus, Boyle, Priestley, and Dalton. It also discusses the classification of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures. Key chemistry concepts like physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, energy, heat, and phase changes are introduced.
The document provides a review of key concepts for an 8th grade physical science exam, including different types of measurements, scientific experimentation, phases and changes of matter, the structure and properties of atoms and elements, and the differences between physical and chemical changes and mixtures and pure substances. It defines length, volume, mass, weight, time, temperature, and density and their standard units. It also outlines the key characteristics of plasma, phases of matter, changes in state, and physical and chemical properties.
This document provides information on studying chemistry, the scientific method, matter and energy, and properties of matter. It discusses key concepts like the definition of chemistry, states of matter, elements and compounds, physical and chemical properties, and measurement and units. Guidelines are given for significant figures and accuracy/precision in measurements. The scientific method and concepts of hypothesis, theory and law are explained.
New chm-151-unit-1-20powerpoints-20sp13s-140227172225-phpapp01Cleophas Rwemera
This document outlines key concepts for a chemistry course, including:
- The goals of identifying elements, understanding measurement units, significant figures, and types of errors.
- Definitions of matter, properties, physical and chemical changes, and the three states of matter.
- The International System of Units (SI) including common units like meters, grams, kelvin, and moles.
- Concepts like energy, elements, and the periodic table, and examples of calculating density, conversions between units, and solving chemistry problems systematically.
Student Study Guide Physical Science 416/436Neil MacIntosh
This student study guide was prepared to help English students in the province prepare for their Physical Sciences 416/436 MEQ written examination. The guide was first prepared in 1996 and has undergone revisions in 1997, 1998, and 1999. It provides references to course materials and includes sample exam questions to help students study. The authors request that teachers provide feedback to help improve the guide. Special thanks are given to those involved in creating and revising the guide over the years.
This document provides an introduction to general chemistry. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its transformations. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in different states such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The document discusses physical and chemical properties of matter, as well as physical and chemical changes. It classifies matter as either pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures that are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The key concepts covered include the states of matter, phase changes, and the classification of matter.
This document provides an overview of chemistry, including what chemistry is, why it is studied, the states and changes of matter, different types of chemistry, research in chemistry, how chemistry affects us, the history of alchemy and its transition to modern chemistry, and the scientific method. Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. It deals with both living and non-living things. There are different branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, biochemistry, analytical, and physical chemistry. The scientific method is used in chemistry research and involves making observations, hypotheses, experiments, analysis and developing theories.
2 matter and mesurement and elements of uncertatinty.pptIrishPonce2
1. The document introduces topics related to matter and measurement in chemistry including the scientific method, distinguishing between facts and theories, states of matter, and properties and changes of matter.
2. Key concepts are defined, such as the three states of matter, differences between elements, compounds and mixtures, physical and chemical properties and changes, and techniques for separating mixtures.
3. Common units used to measure properties important in chemistry are described, including the metric system, units for volume, temperature, density and the concepts of accuracy, precision, and significant figures in measurements.
Classic, mini chemistry experiments- some require materials typically found in a high school chemistry lab, while others are extremely simple. Very straightforward!
This document provides an overview of a general chemistry course, including an outline of topics to be covered in each chapter. The first chapter focuses on matter and measurement, defining chemistry as the study of matter and its changes. It describes the basic units of matter, the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures, and various physical and chemical properties. Key measurement concepts covered include units of the International System (SI) of units, volume, temperature, density, and the principles of accuracy, precision and significant figures in scientific measurements. Separation techniques for mixtures such as filtration, distillation and chromatography are also mentioned.
The document is an excerpt from an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces chemistry as the study of what matter and molecules do. It describes how chemists use the scientific method, including observations, hypotheses, laws, and theories, validated through experimentation. A key example discussed is Lavoisier's law of conservation of mass and Dalton's atomic theory. It emphasizes the importance of curiosity, calculation, and commitment for students to succeed in chemistry.
The document is from an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces some key concepts in chemistry:
- Chemistry is the study of what matter and atoms/molecules do. Virtually everything is composed of chemicals.
- Soda pop fizzes due to the release of carbon dioxide gas molecules from the liquid when the pressure is released.
- The scientific method uses observation and experimentation to understand the natural world and is emphasized in chemistry.
- All matter is composed of atoms and molecules, according to the atomic theory.
The document describes an experiment to observe signs of chemical change. Various substances like cobalt chloride, zinc, and copper sulfate are combined with other liquids and metals. Observations are recorded about color changes, precipitates forming, gases bubbling, and changes to solids. The purpose is to determine if chemical or physical changes occurred based on these indicators. Data tables show the substances combined and observations made to identify chemical changes.
PS CH 10 matter properties and changes editedEsther Herrera
The document discusses the properties and types of matter, including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), mixtures and their separation, physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, and the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions as they relate to matter and chemical reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are combinations of two or more elements that have properties different from their component elements. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Chemistry is the study of substances and their composition, structure, properties, and reactions. Chemical reactions occur all around us in many everyday processes from starting a car to digesting food. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which are found in materials like plastics and polymers as well as living things like DNA and foods. Chemical and physical changes can be distinguished based on whether the identity of a substance changes, with chemical changes occurring at the molecular level to form new substances. Acids and bases are found throughout the body and in many other natural and industrial processes.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is composed of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and each element is made of the same type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined. Measurements in chemistry use significant figures and units to accurately quantify properties and changes in matter.
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is composed of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and each element is made of the same type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined. Measurements in chemistry use significant figures and the SI system of units including meters, grams, and liters.
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This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the definition of chemistry, major branches of chemistry, early theories of matter, and important figures in the development of modern chemistry such as Aristotle, Democritus, Boyle, Priestley, and Dalton. It also discusses the classification of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures. Key chemistry concepts like physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, energy, heat, and phase changes are introduced.
The document provides a review of key concepts for an 8th grade physical science exam, including different types of measurements, scientific experimentation, phases and changes of matter, the structure and properties of atoms and elements, and the differences between physical and chemical changes and mixtures and pure substances. It defines length, volume, mass, weight, time, temperature, and density and their standard units. It also outlines the key characteristics of plasma, phases of matter, changes in state, and physical and chemical properties.
This document provides information on studying chemistry, the scientific method, matter and energy, and properties of matter. It discusses key concepts like the definition of chemistry, states of matter, elements and compounds, physical and chemical properties, and measurement and units. Guidelines are given for significant figures and accuracy/precision in measurements. The scientific method and concepts of hypothesis, theory and law are explained.
New chm-151-unit-1-20powerpoints-20sp13s-140227172225-phpapp01Cleophas Rwemera
This document outlines key concepts for a chemistry course, including:
- The goals of identifying elements, understanding measurement units, significant figures, and types of errors.
- Definitions of matter, properties, physical and chemical changes, and the three states of matter.
- The International System of Units (SI) including common units like meters, grams, kelvin, and moles.
- Concepts like energy, elements, and the periodic table, and examples of calculating density, conversions between units, and solving chemistry problems systematically.
Student Study Guide Physical Science 416/436Neil MacIntosh
This student study guide was prepared to help English students in the province prepare for their Physical Sciences 416/436 MEQ written examination. The guide was first prepared in 1996 and has undergone revisions in 1997, 1998, and 1999. It provides references to course materials and includes sample exam questions to help students study. The authors request that teachers provide feedback to help improve the guide. Special thanks are given to those involved in creating and revising the guide over the years.
This document provides an introduction to general chemistry. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its transformations. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in different states such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The document discusses physical and chemical properties of matter, as well as physical and chemical changes. It classifies matter as either pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures that are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The key concepts covered include the states of matter, phase changes, and the classification of matter.
This document provides an overview of chemistry, including what chemistry is, why it is studied, the states and changes of matter, different types of chemistry, research in chemistry, how chemistry affects us, the history of alchemy and its transition to modern chemistry, and the scientific method. Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. It deals with both living and non-living things. There are different branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, biochemistry, analytical, and physical chemistry. The scientific method is used in chemistry research and involves making observations, hypotheses, experiments, analysis and developing theories.
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1. The document introduces topics related to matter and measurement in chemistry including the scientific method, distinguishing between facts and theories, states of matter, and properties and changes of matter.
2. Key concepts are defined, such as the three states of matter, differences between elements, compounds and mixtures, physical and chemical properties and changes, and techniques for separating mixtures.
3. Common units used to measure properties important in chemistry are described, including the metric system, units for volume, temperature, density and the concepts of accuracy, precision, and significant figures in measurements.
Classic, mini chemistry experiments- some require materials typically found in a high school chemistry lab, while others are extremely simple. Very straightforward!
This document provides an overview of a general chemistry course, including an outline of topics to be covered in each chapter. The first chapter focuses on matter and measurement, defining chemistry as the study of matter and its changes. It describes the basic units of matter, the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures, and various physical and chemical properties. Key measurement concepts covered include units of the International System (SI) of units, volume, temperature, density, and the principles of accuracy, precision and significant figures in scientific measurements. Separation techniques for mixtures such as filtration, distillation and chromatography are also mentioned.
The document is an excerpt from an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces chemistry as the study of what matter and molecules do. It describes how chemists use the scientific method, including observations, hypotheses, laws, and theories, validated through experimentation. A key example discussed is Lavoisier's law of conservation of mass and Dalton's atomic theory. It emphasizes the importance of curiosity, calculation, and commitment for students to succeed in chemistry.
The document is from an introductory chemistry textbook. It introduces some key concepts in chemistry:
- Chemistry is the study of what matter and atoms/molecules do. Virtually everything is composed of chemicals.
- Soda pop fizzes due to the release of carbon dioxide gas molecules from the liquid when the pressure is released.
- The scientific method uses observation and experimentation to understand the natural world and is emphasized in chemistry.
- All matter is composed of atoms and molecules, according to the atomic theory.
The document describes an experiment to observe signs of chemical change. Various substances like cobalt chloride, zinc, and copper sulfate are combined with other liquids and metals. Observations are recorded about color changes, precipitates forming, gases bubbling, and changes to solids. The purpose is to determine if chemical or physical changes occurred based on these indicators. Data tables show the substances combined and observations made to identify chemical changes.
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The document discusses the properties and types of matter, including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), mixtures and their separation, physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, and the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions as they relate to matter and chemical reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are combinations of two or more elements that have properties different from their component elements. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Chemistry is the study of substances and their composition, structure, properties, and reactions. Chemical reactions occur all around us in many everyday processes from starting a car to digesting food. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which are found in materials like plastics and polymers as well as living things like DNA and foods. Chemical and physical changes can be distinguished based on whether the identity of a substance changes, with chemical changes occurring at the molecular level to form new substances. Acids and bases are found throughout the body and in many other natural and industrial processes.
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(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
2. 2
Index
1.1. Chemistry is important for anyone studying the sciences
1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature
1.3 Matter is composed of elements, compounds, and
mixtures
1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways
1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties
1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty
1.7. Units can be converted using the factor-label method
1.8. Density is a useful intensive property
3. 1.1. Chemistry is important for anyone studying the sciences 3
Chemistry and the Sciences
• Chemistry- the study of the composition of matter
and its transformations
• Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass
• Chemical reaction- change that results from the
interaction of matter.
4. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 4
Scientific Method : Getting Started
Observe a Phenomenon-accurately
describe something we see, taste, feel,
smell or hear
Pose A Question
To Explain The Phenomenon
Form a Hypothesis-a
tentative explanation of
the phenomenon
5. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 5
Scientific Method: Testing the Hypothesis
Experiment to Prove or Disprove
Hypothesis
If experiment proves
hypothesis,
form theory (theoretical model)
If experiment disproves
hypothesis,
Pose new question or hypothesis
Continue experimentation.
If results form pattern, considered
a law
6. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 6
Scientific Method Case Study:
The Process of Growth
• A child sees that a seed, when planted in soil,
watered, and exposed to sunlight, grows to form a
flower. He concludes that all living things require
sunlight, water, and burial in soil to grow.
• Build a case for rebuttal using the scientific
method.
7. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 7
Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a hypothesis
for the observed plant growth?
A. soil is necessary to all growth
B. light is essential to growth of the seed
C. water is required to allow growth
D. plants grow to a greater height if they
receive fertilizer
E. none of the above
8. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 8
Your Turn!
A chicken egg is buried, left in the sun, and watered.
A second egg is left above the soil, watered and left
in the sun. Would this prove that soil is necessary to
growth?
A. Yes
B. No
9. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 9
The Scientific Method- Evaluating The Data
A theory is an explanation (based on well-tested,
internally consistent experimental results) about
why the phenomenon may occur
it should explain currently available data
It should be as simple as possible
It should clearly show underlying
connections
It should accurately predict future behaviors
10. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 10
The Scientific Method is Cyclical
11. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 11
Atomic Theory Helps Us Visualize Matter
• Air inflates a balloon
air must be composed of matter
the matter is colliding with the walls
of the container.
• A leaf floats on water’s surface
water is composed of particles that
occupy space
• A leaf falls through air, but rests
on water’s surface
particles are closer in liquid than in
gases
12. 1.2. The scientific method helps us build models of nature 12
Models Helps Us Visualize Matter
13. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 13
Changes in Matter
• Chemical change- a process that results in
the formation of a new substance
• Evidence? Formation of a new solid, new
liquid, new gas, temperature change, or an
unexpected color change
• Physical change- a process that results in
no new substance, but that may change the
state of those present, or the proportions
14. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 14
Learning Check: Chemical Or Physical Change?
Chemical Physical
Magnesium burns when heated
in a flame
Magnesium metal tarnishes in
air
Magnesium metal melts at
922K
Grape Kool-aid lightens when
water is added
15. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 15
Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a chemical change?
A. a match burns in air
B. ice melts in air
C. an aluminum door whitens in air
D. all of these
E. none of these
16. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 16
• Matter is either a pure substance or a mixture
• Mixtures may be separated using physical methods
such as chromatography, filtration, sieving
Matter Can Be Classified By Its Properties:
17. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 17
What Is An Element?
• Elements - substances that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances
• shown on the periodic table as symbols:
“K” for potassium and “Na” for sodium
• made of identical atoms, either singly or in
groups
18. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 18
Weird Science
• Eleven symbols bear no resemblance to their English
names - their names are derived from other languages
• Some of these are used in naming, and these are
highlighted
Sb antimony stibium K potassium kalium
Cu copper cuprum Sn tin stannum
Au Gold aurum Na sodium natrium
Ag silver argentum W tungsten wolfram
Fe iron ferrum Hg mercury hydragyrum
Pb lead plumbum
19. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 19
What Is A Compound?
• Compounds - formed from two or more
atoms of different elements combined in a
fixed proportion
• Have different characteristics than the
elements that compose them
• Can be broken down into elements by
some chemical changes
20. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 20
Mixtures
• mixtures consist of varying
amounts of two or more
elements or compounds
• Homogeneous mixtures or
“solutions”- have the same
properties throughout the
sample
Brass, tap water
• Heterogeneous mixtures-
consist of two or more phases
Salad dressing, Coca-Cola ™
21. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 21
Learning Check: Classification
Sand Ice
(H2O)
Flour Table Salt
(NaCl)
Pure
Element
Compound
Molecule
Heterogeneous Mix
Homogeneous Mix
22. 1.3. Matter is Composed of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 22
Your Turn!
• brass is pure
• natural peanut butter made only by
crushing peanuts is pure
• because blood cells can be distinguished
from plasma under a microscope, blood
is a heterogeneous mixture:
• True
• False
• True
• False
• True
• False
23. 1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways 23
Classification Of Matter By State
Classification by state is based on packing, motion,
and shape
Solids have fixed shape and volume
Liquids have fixed volume, but take the container shape
Gases have to expand to fill the shape and volume of
the container
24. 1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways 24
Properties Of Matter
• Chemical properties describe the behavior
of the matter that leads to the formation of a
new substance: the "reactivity" of the
substance
• Physical properties can be observed about
the matter alone, without changing the
composition
25. 1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways 25
Learning Check: Chemical or Physical
Property?
Chemical Physical
Magnesium metal is grey
Magnesium metal tarnishes in air
Magnesium metal melts at 922K
Magnesium reacts violently with
hydrochloric acid
26. 1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways 26
Your Turn!
Which of the following is a chemical
property?
A. water is colorless
B. water reacts violently with solid Na metal
C. water dissolves table salt
D. all of these
E. none of these
27. 1.4. Properties of matter can be classified in different ways 27
Intensive And Extensive Properties
• Intensive properties are independent of
sample size
Examples: color, texture and temperature
• Extensive properties depend on sample size
Examples: volume and mass
• Properties used to identify substances are
always intensive
Density, color, and texture are often helpful in
identification, but temperature is not
28. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 28
Measurements are Observations
• Qualitative observations are non-numerical-
- ask “what” or “how” or “why”
• Quantitative observations are numerical--
ask “how much” and are also called
measurements
• This course is general chemistry with
quantitative analysis
29. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 29
Your turn!
Which of the following is a quantitative
observation?
A. the height of the plant
B. the mass of water added
C. the temperature of the day
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
30. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 30
• Always involve a comparison
• Require units
• Involve numbers that are inexact (estimated).
This uncertainty is due to the limitations of
the observer and the instruments used
• In science, all digits in a measurement up to
and including the first estimated digit are
recorded
Measurements:
31. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 31
Measurements and units
• In the U.S., we use the Imperial (USCS)
System
• The scientific community (and most of the
world) uses the metric system
• Variations in the metric system exist, thus a
standard system is used: International
System of Units (SI)
• SI units we will use now:
Length (m) Mass (kg) Time (s)
Temperature (K)
32. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 32
Measurement Formula SI Units
Area length × width m2
Volume length × width × height m3
Velocity distance/time m/s
Acceleration velocity/time m/s2
Density mass/volume kg/m3
Derived units
involve a combination of base units, including:
33. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 33
Decimal multipliers
Prefix (Symbol) = Numerical Equivalent
• Giga ( G ) = 109
• Mega- ( M ) = 106
• kilo- ( k ) = 103
• centi- ( c ) = 10-2
• milli- ( m ) = 10-3
• micro- ( μ) = 10-6
• nano- ( n ) = 10-9
• pico ( p ) = 10-12
34. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 34
Learning Check: Complete The Missing
Information
kg
10-12 g
nm
106 g
cL
109 Hz
10-9 m
10-2 L
pg
Mg
GHz
103 g
35. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 35
Your Turn!
Identify the correct conversion:
A. Gm=109 m
B. 109 Gm = m
C. Gm = 10-9 m
D. none are correct
36. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 36
You May Encounter Non-SI Metric Units:
measurement name symbol Value
length angstrom Å 10-10m
mass amu
metric ton
u
t
1.66054×10-27 kg
103 kg
time minute
hour
min
h
60 s
3600 s
volume liter L 1000 cm3
37. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 37
Mass- Matter Content
USCS: oz (avdp.), lb, T
Metric: g
SI: kg
38. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 38
Length
USCS: in, ft, yd, mi
Metric: L, cm3
SI: m
39. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 39
Volume-bulk
• measured directly, using
equipment for
volumetric measure
• calculated using
dimensional (length)
information and
appropriate formulas.
1 cm3= 1mL
• USCS: fl. oz., pt., qt.,
gal
• Metric: L, cm3
• SI: m3
40. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 40
Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a USCS unit?
A. ft.
B. m
C. gal.
D. T.
41. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 41
Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a volume unit?
A. mL
B. qt
C. in3
D. cm
42. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 42
Temperature
• USCS: °F
• Metric: °C
• SI: K
43. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 43
Temperature Conversions
C
1
K
1
C
15
.
273
C
K
t
T
F
32
C
5
F
9
C
F
t
t
44. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 44
Complete The Following:
• 13.5°C=? °F
• 27.50 °F =? °C
• -34.5 °F =?K
F
F
C
C
F
F
t
3
.
56
32
3
.
24
32
5
.
13
5
9
C
C
t
F
C
F
C
t
F
C
F
F
t
C
t
C
F
F
F
t
F
C
t
C
F
F
t
50
.
2
9
5
1
32
50
.
27
9
5
1
32
5
9
32
32
5
9
K
C
t
K
T
C
C
t
F
C
F
C
t
F
C
F
F
t
2
.
236
15
.
273
44
9
.
36
9
5
1
32
5
.
34
9
5
1
32
45. 1.5 Measurements are essential to describe properties 45
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the lowest temperature?
A. 300. K
B. 16 ºC
C. 55 ºF
D. they are the same
46. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 46
• Because each measurement involves an estimate,
measurements always have error.
• Record all measured numbers, including the first
estimated digit
• These digits are called significant digits or
significant figures
• Exact numbers have infinite significant digits
Measurement Error
47. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 47
Significant Digits In A Measurement Are
Limited By Instrument Precision
• Using the first thermometer, the
temperature is 21.3 ºC (3
significant digits)
• Using the more precise (second)
thermometer, the temperature is
21.32 ºC (4 significant digits)
48. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 48
• Errors-inherent error due to the equipment or
procedure
Changing volume due to thermal expansion or contraction
(temperature changes)
Improperly calibrated equipment
procedural design allows variable measurements
• Mistakes-blunders that you know that you have made.
Do not use these data
Spillage
Incomplete procedures
Reading scales incorrectly
Using the measuring device incorrectly
Errors Arise From A Number Of Sources
Including:
49. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 49
Reducing Error:
• Errors can often be detected by making repeated
measurements
• Error can be reduced by calibrating equipment
• The average or mean reduces data variations: it
helps find a central value
50. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 50
• An accurate measurement is close to the true or
correct value, a “hole-in-one”
• A precise measurement is close to the average of a
series of repeated measurements
• When calibrated instruments are used properly, the
greater the number of significant figures, the greater
is the degree of precision for a given measurement
Accuracy vs. Precision
51. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 51
• Non-zero digits are significant
• Zeros between significant digits are significant
• Zeros to the right of non-zero digits in a number
that contains a decimal point are significant
(Trailing with a decimal point)
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never
counted as significant (Leading)
• Zeros at the end of a number without a decimal
point are assumed not to be significant (Trailing
without a decimal place)
Rules For Significant Figures (Sig Figs)
52. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 52
Learning Check: How Many Significant
Figures Are There In The Following?
2.33 3
500.0 4
1000 1
.0500 3
53. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 53
Your Turn!
How many sig. figs. are there in the number 010.010?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of these
54. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 54
Rules for combining measurements depend on the
type of operation performed:
• Multiplication and division
The number of sig. figs in the answer should not be
greater than the number of sig. figs in the factor with
the fewest sig. figs
figs.)
sig.
(2
13
figs.)
sig.
(2
figs.)
sig.
(4
figs.)
sig.
(3
0.64
2.751
3.14
Measurements Limit The Precision Of
Calculated Results
55. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 55
Your Turn!
How many sig. figs. result from the following:
12.33 x 0.00002?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of these
Only 1!
56. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 56
The answer should have the same number of decimal places as
the quantity with the fewest number of decimal places (least
precise)
3.247 ← 3 decimal places
41.36 ← 2 decimal places
+125.2 ← 1 decimal place
169.8 ← answer rounded to 1 decimal place
Addition and Subtraction
57. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 57
Your Turn!
How many sig. figs. result from the following:
10.33-0.0344?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of these
58. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 58
Exact Numbers
• Numbers that come from definitions are exact and have
no uncertainty
• They can be assumed to contain an infinite number of
significant figures
59. 1.6. Measurements always contain some uncertainty 59
Your Turn!
How many sig. figs. result from the following?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of these
2.2
12.2
-
10.88)
x
(10.0
60. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 60
Unit Conversions
• Suppose we wish to convert 25 miles to km.
Further, we know that there are .6215 miles in a
km.
• We can assemble a ratio and solve this problem.
easy enough because we have a direct conversion
between the units
Often, we must piece together multiple steps and this
approach is impractical
1km
miles
0.6215
km
?
miles
25
61. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 61
Definitions of One
• Remember that 3 teaspoons (tsp) = 1 tablespoon
(Tbsp)
• Using the logic that a number divided by its
equivalent = 1, then it follows that:
• Clearly 3/1 is not 1, but the units make the
statement true.
• Thus we could multiply any number by either of
these fractions (1) and the number has the same
value.
1
3tsp
1Tbsp
and
1
1Tbsp
3tsp
62. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 62
Learning Check
Write two fractions from the following conversion factors
• 4 qt = 1 gal
• 8 fl oz=1 c
• 16 oz. = 1 lb
4 qt/ 1gal 1 gal/4 qt
8 fl oz / 1c and 1c/ 8 fl oz
16 oz./1 lb and 1 lb/16 oz.
63. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 63
Using Conversion Fractions
• Since we can multiply by “1” and the value remains
unchanged, we can multiply by these conversion
fractions to change the units of a measurement.
• For example, 12 in = 1 ft so the conversion of 3.5 ft
to in. can be done using one of these two conversion
fractions
1
5
.
3 ft
1
12in
1ft
and
1
1ft
12in
in
ft
in
42
1
12
64. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 64
Your Turn!
Given that 2.205 lb=1 kg, which of the following is an
appropriate conversion factor?
kg
1
lb
1
kg
2.205
lb
2.205
kg
1
lb
2.205
kg
2.205
lb
1 None of
these
E.
D.
C.
B.
A.
65. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 65
USCS Unit Conversions
Mass Volume Distance
16 oz. (avdp.) = 1 lb.
2000 lb. = 1 T.
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 c.
2 c. = 1 pt.
2 pt. = 1 qt.
4 qt. = 1 gal.
8 fl. oz. = 1 c.
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
1760 yd. = 1 mi.
66. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 66
USCS to Metric Metric to USCS
Length 1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 km = 0.6215 mi
1 mi = 1.609 km
Mass 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb
1 oz = 28.35 g
Volume 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 1.0567 qt
1 qt = 946.4 mL
1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL
It is also useful to know that 1 mL = 1 cm3=1 cc
USCS And Metric Units Are Related Using “Critical
Links”
67. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 67
Building Conversion Factors in Unit
Conversions
1. Write the number to be converted as a fraction
(with units)
2. Identify the target units
3. Are the starting units in the same system as the
target?
If not, you will need a critical link.
USCS→USCS Conversions: Write down the
conversion factors from smallest to largest .
metric →metric conversions: Write down the
definitions of all prefixed units.
68. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 68
Learning Check:
Write all conversion factors needed to convert
the following:
• 33 in to yd
• 450 c to gal
• 56 y to s
• 25 mph to ft/s
• 12 in.=1 ft
• 3 ft =1 yd
• 2 c.=1 pt.
• 2 pt.=1 qt.
• 4 qt.=1 gal.
• 60 s=1 min
• 60 min=1 h
• 24 h=1 da
• 365.25 da=1 y
• Distance: 3 ft=1 yd; 1760 yd=1 mi
• Time: 60 s=1 min; 60 min=1 h
69. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 69
Learning Check:
Write all conversion factors needed to convert
the following:
• 33 mm to km
• 450 cg to ng
• 56 µs to Ms
• 25 mL to nL
• mm=10-3 m
• km=103 m
• cg=10-2 g
• ng =10-9 g
• μs=10-6 s
• Ms=109 s
• mL=10-3 m
• nL=10-9 L
70. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 70
Learning Check:
Write Down All Conversion Factors Needed To Convert
The Following:
• 3.03 g to T
• 0.545 ft to km
• 25 mph to km/s
• Crit. Link: 453.6 g=1 lb
• US→US: 2000 lb = 1 T
• CL: 2.54 cm=1 in
• US→US: 12 in=1 ft
• m→m: cm=10-2 m; km=103 m
• Distance: CL: 2.54 cm =1 in
• US→US 12 in = 1 ft; 3 ft= 1 yd; 1760 yd = 1 mi;
• m →m: cm = 10-2 m; km= 103 m
Time:
60 s=1 min
60 min= 1 h
71. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 71
Building Conversion factors (cont).
4. Use the form of the conversion factor that allows
the units to cancel--they must be on opposite
levels of the fraction to cancel.
5. Continue adding conversion factors until the
units match the target units.
2nd Check- are all units written on the page two
times? If so, you have enough info to start the
problem.
72. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 72
Learning Check:
Convert the following:
• 3.03 g to tons
• 0.545 ft. to km
• 5.22 y to s
• 25 mph to km/s
• 3.34(10-6) T
• 1.66(10-4) km
• 1.65(108) s
• 1.1(10-2) km/s
73. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 73
Your Turn!
Given that 2.205 lb = 1 kg, what is the mass of 23.3
lb expressed in kg?
A. 51.4 kg
B. 0.0946 kg
C. 10.6 kg
D. none of these
74. 1.7 Units can be converted using the factor-label method 74
Your Turn!
Given that 2.54 cm = 1 in, how many km are there in
25 ft?
A. 7.6 km
B. 0.10 km
C. 762 km
D. none of these 7.6(10-3) km!
75. 1.8. Density is a useful intensive property 75
Density (d)
• intensive property defined as the ratio of an
object’s mass (m) to volume (v), d = m/v
• characteristic of pure substances at a specified
temperature
• Since most substances expand when heated,
densities decrease when heated.
• units : g/L for gases and g/mL for solids and
liquids.
76. 1.8. Density is a useful intensive property 76
Density relates a sample mass and volume
• Blood has a density of 1.05 g/cm3
• We can say that 1.05 g of blood is equivalent to
1.00cm3
• Conversion factors can be constructed from this
equivalence, which could be used in the factor-label
method
blood
g
1.05
blood
cm
1.00
or
blood
cm
1.00
blood
g
1.05 3
3
77. 1.8. Density is a useful intensive property 77
Learning Check:
A crash sounds from the lab- a large vial of mercury
has fallen from a broken shelf. We call the
hazardous materials team to report the spill, about
2.0 quarts of mercury. They ask for the mass- what
is it? (hint: d=13.69g/mL)
g
mL
g
L
mL
qt
L
qt
)
10
(
6
.
2
69
.
13
10
0567
.
1
1
1
0
.
2 4
3
78. 78
Your Turn!
A glass bead with a mass of 5.96 g is dropped into a
beaker of water containing 10.2 mL. If the resulting
volume is 12.3 mL, what is the density of the bead?
A. 2.1 mL
B. 5.96 g
C. 2.8 g/mL
D. 0.35 g/mL