First (1st) Quarter Topics in Science 7

Quarter I- DIVERSITY OF MATERIALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
A. Scientific Method
B. Elements & Compound
C. Mixtures
D. Substances
E. Concentration of Solutions

Quarter II- LIVING THINGS AND THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
Quarter III- ENERGY IN MOTION
Quarter IV- EARTH AND SPACE

When following the scientific method, scientist must ask
questions, gather and look at the evidence and determine whether
the answers to the questions can be found through the evidence.
Scientists also use the method to determine whether all
information presented and found can combine to create a logical
answer.
Scientific method provides a way to apply logical and rational
problem-solving methods to scientific questions.

When following the scientific method, scientist must ask questions,
gather and look at the evidence and determine whether the answers
to the questions can be found through the evidence.
Scientists also use the method to determine whether all information
presented and found can combine to create a logical answer.
Scientific method provides a way to apply logical and rational
problem-solving methods to scientific questions.

MAKE AN
OBSERVATION
CREATE A
HYPOTHESIS
TEST THE
HYPOTHESIS
DRAW CONCLUSION

Verifiability Predictability
Falsifiability Fairness

1. Keen Observation
2. Data gathering
3. Experimentation
4. Logical Analysis

Scientific investigations must be
replicable to ensure consistency of data
and to establish the reliability of
conclusions.
Critical thinking is a key component of
the scientific method. Without it, you
cannot use logic to come to conclusions.

OBSERVATION/
QUESTION
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT DATA ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

By making observations, a researcher can define a useful
question (how, what, when, why, where , who or which).
The question you ask should be measurable and
answerable through experimentation.
It can be measured with a numerical result, although
behavioral result are part of the scientific method as well.

Conduct background research
Write down your sources so you
can cite your references.
It can be conducted online where you
can scroll to the bottom of articles to
check the references.
The more you know about a subject, the
easier it will be to conduct your
investigation.

• This is a sort of educated guess about what you expect.
• Statement used to predict the outcome of an experiment.
• It is written in terms of cause and effect.
• It may describe the relationship between two phenomena.
• Type of Hypothesis : Null hypothesis or the no-difference
hypothesis- easy type of hypothesis to test because it
assumes changing a variable will have no effect on the
outcome.
• In reality, you probably expect a change but rejecting a
hypothesis may be more useful than accepting one.

• Perform an experiment to test your hypothesis.
• It has an independent and dependent variable.
• You change or control the independent variable and record
the effect it has on the dependent variable.
• Its important to change only one variable for an
experiment rather than try to combine the effects of
variables in an experiment.
Example: if you want to test the effects of light intensity and
fertilizer concentration on the growth rate a plant, you’re
really looking at two separate experiments.

• Record observations and analyze the meaning of the
data.
• You may prepare a table or graph of the data.
• Don’t throw out data points you think are bad or that
don’t support your predictions.
• Some of the most incredible discoveries in science
were made because the data looked wrong.
• Once you have the data, you may need to perform a
mathematical analysis to support or refute your
hypothesis

• To accept or reject your hypothesis.
• There is no right or wrong outcome to an
experiment, so either result is fine.
• Whether you accept or reject the hypothesis,
you likely learned something about the subject
and may wish to revise the original hypothesis
or form a new one for a future experiment.

Observation:
My toaster
doesn’t work.

Elongation of
rice
Color of the
rice
Texture of the
rice
1 kg of rice
1 liter of water 14 cm pot Number of Firewoods

• An independent variable is the variable that is
being manipulated in an experiment.
• The dependent variable is the variable that
responds to the changes you have made with
independent variable.
• Controlled variables are those parameters
which are kept constant throughout the
experiment.

Independent
Variable
Control Group Experimental
Group
Dependent
Variable
Constant

1. Constant/Controlled
Variable
2. Independent Variable
3. Dependent Variable
4. Hypothesis
5. Scientific Method

Recognize that substances are classified
into elements and compounds
(S7MT-Ig-h-5)

Is it Solid, Liquid, Gas or Plasma?

What state or form of Matter is the
object/substances below?

KEY CONCEPTS:
State
The condition or the form of the system
at a given time.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Made up of particle or tiny blocks.

SOLID
has definite shape and
volume
has particles that are packed
closely together and usually
arranged in a regular pattern

EXAMPLES OF
SOLIDS
cup shirt book eraser

LIQUID
has definite volume, but has
no fixed shape
has particles that can move
and are in close contact

EXAMPLES OF LIQUIDS
maple
syrup
shampoo orange
juice
olive oil

GAS
has no definite volume and
shape
has particles that are
widely separated

EXAMPLES OF GASES
helium in a
balloon
steam
from a
kettle
nitrogen in
a tank
argon in a
tank

PLASMA
has no definite volume and
shape
has charged particles that
are widely separated

EXAMPLES OF PLASMA
lightning comet's
tail
flame
fireball

SUMMARY
Solid
has
particles
that are
packed
closely
together
has
particles that
are widely
separated
has particles
that can move
and are in
close contact
has charged
particles that
are widely
separated
Gas
Liquid Plasma

1. Matter
2. Plasma
3. Solid
4. Gas
5. Liquid
6. State
7. Liquid
8. Solid
9. Gas
10. Plasma

KEY CONCEPTS:
Chemistry
study of the structures, physical properties, and chemical
properties of material substances.
Substance
Any material with a definite chemical composition
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Classification
the action or process of grouping based on the set of
characteristics of qualities

1. Pure Substance
Has a fixed chemical composition
throughout.
2. Mixture
Contain 1 or 2 components/substances.

Dihydrogen Monoxide (𝐻2𝑂)
Water Salt
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Salt Solution (Salt dissolved in
water)

1. Homogeneous Mixture
Has a fixed chemical composition
throughout.
2. Heterogeneous Mixture
Contain 1 or 2 components/substances.

1. Elements
Cannot be separated into simpler substances.
Chemical Symbol
Shorthand method used by chemist to represent an element
Chemist use 1 or 2 letters to represent elements
Elements can only be changed through nuclear methods.
Isotopes
When atoms of the same element have different number of
neutrons, they are called isotopes.

2. Compound
Substance formed when 2 or more are chemically
joined.
Molecules
Group of two or more atoms that form the
smallest identifiable unit and may be
homonuclear, which means, it consist of atoms of
one chemical element.
Example: Water ( 𝐻2𝑂)
Sodium Chloride (𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙)

4
Ag
Ni 10 4
Sodium
Arsenic
Chromium
He 18
3
N
6
2

KEY CONCEPTS:
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendellev
• Russian chemist and inventor.
• He formulate the Periodic Law and created a
farsighted version of the periodic table of
elements.
Periodic Table of Elements
Organizes all discovered chemical elements
according to increasing atomic number.

You are the Iron of my blood
You are the sodium in my salt
You are the magnesium in my banana
And you are the fluorine in my toothpaste.
All of you are elements that are found in
the Periodic Table of Elements.

Assignment:
Please review on the Classification of Matter
and the Periodic Table of Elements for our
Long Quiz.

Others
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen

Elements in
the Human
Body
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Others

Too much or too little?
Large amounts of essential elements can
prove toxic:
•Too much copper in the diet can result in
damage to the liver, discolouration of the skin
and hair, and can cause hyperactivity in
children.
•Too much iron in the diet can result in damage
to the heart and liver.

Too much or too little?
Too little of any given essential element can result in ill
health and, if left untreated, could result in death:
•Zinc is a component of certain digestive enzymes and
other proteins. Not enough in the diet can result in growth
failure, scaly skin inflammation, reproductive failure and
impaired immunity.
•People who suffer from iron deficiency show symptoms
such as lack of energy, getting tired easily and being short
of breath.

Classify the
elements
according to its
color

Matter
Pure
Substance
Elements
Metals Metalloids
Non-metals
Compound
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Elements
Metals
Non-
metals
Metalloids











Be
O
Si
B
Rn
Rb
Ca
Ne
As
Cr

Metals Non-metals Metalloids/
Semimetals
Shiny Dull Dull or shiny
Malleable Non-malleable Non-malleable
Hard Brittle Brittle
Good Conductors Non-conductors Semiconductors
(insulate and conduct
Electricity
Solid (except mercury,
which is a liquid)
About half are solids,
about half are gases,
and one (bromine) is a
liquid
Can be solid, liquid or
gas
Found in the Left Side
of the Periodic Table
Found in the right side
of the Periodic Table
Found in the middle of
the Periodic Table
P
R
O
P
E
R
T
I
E
S

Dihydrogen Monoxide
Element Element Element Compound
Salt Solution
Pure Substance Pure Substance Mixture

Matter
Pure
Substance
Elements
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
Compound
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Matter
Pure
Substance
Elements
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
Compound
Mixture
Homogeneous
Solution
Heterogeneous
Suspension
Colloid

Mixture
Homogeneous
Solutions
Heterogenous
Suspension
Colloid

What happens to
the solute before
mixing?
What happens to
the solute after
mixing?
1. Salt with
Water
2. Chalk Dust
with Water
3. Milk with
Water

Particles were
dissolved
thoroughly
YES/NO
Light is visible or
scatter
YES/NO
1. Salt with
Water
2. Chalk Dust
with Water
3. Milk with
Water

1.Halo-Halo ___________ ___________
2.Mineral Water ___________ ___________
3.Rocks in Mud ___________ ___________
4.Water and Sand ___________ ___________
5.Milk and Water ___________ ___________

1.Halo-Halo ___________ ___________
2.Mineral Water ___________ ___________
3.Rocks in Mud ___________ ___________
4.Water and Sand ___________ ___________
5.Milk and Water ___________ ___________
Suspension
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Colloid
Solution
Suspension
Heterogeneous
Colloid

Which of the following is a solution, colloid or suspension?

1.___________
2.___________
3.___________
4.___________
5.___________

What is the percent by volume of a 25 ml
ethanol mixed to a 75 ml of water?
Sample Problem 1:
A. Given:
Solute = 25 ml
Solvent = 75 ml
B. What is asked?
% volume= ?
or
Percent by volume=?
C. Formula
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑙)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑙)
x 100
D. Solution
x 100
=
25 𝑚𝑙
25 𝑚𝑙+75 𝑚𝑙
𝑥100
=
25 𝑚𝑙
100 𝑚𝑙
𝑥 100
= 0.25 x 100
% by volume= 25
25% is the percentage of the solute in the
solution.

What is the percent by volume of a 25 ml
ethanol in a 100 ml solution?
Sample Problem 2:
A. Given:
Solute = 25 ml
Solution= 100 ml
B. What is asked?
% volume= ?
or
Percent by volume=?
C. Formula
x 100
D. Solution
x 100
=
25 𝑚𝑙
100 𝑚𝑙
𝑥 100
= 0.25 x 100
% by volume= 25
solution.

How many ml of ethyl alcohol are present in a 50 ml
bottle of a 70% alcohol solution?
Sample Problem 3:
A. Given:
Solution = 50 ml
% by volume= 70%
B. What is asked?
Solute= ?
C. Formula
Note: we need to do derivations of this formula:
x 100
D. Solution
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑙 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
100
=
50 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 0.70
100
=
0.35 𝑚𝑙
100
Volume Solute (ml)= 35ml
35 ml is the amount of ethyl alcohol
present in the solution.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑙 =
100

Step 1.
x 100
Steps:
1. Determine the formula that we need
to do derivation.
2. Identify the missing factor that we
need to derive.
3. Cancel out the other factors by
solving.
Step 2. Missing factor is Volume solute
(ml)
x 100

Step 3.
x 100
1
𝑥 % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
1
𝑥
x 100
1
𝑥 % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑙)
x 100
1
𝑥 % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 100
1
𝑥 % 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥
1
100
= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 100 x
1
100
100
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑙)

What is the percent by mass of a 25 grams
mixed to a 75 grams of water?
Sample Problem 1:
A. Given:
Solute = 25 ml
Solvent = 75 ml
B. What is asked?
% mass= ?
or
Percent by mass=?
C. Formula
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑙)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑙)
x 100
D. Solution
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)
x 100
=
25 𝑔
25 𝑔+75 𝑔
𝑥100
=
25 𝑔
100 𝑔
𝑥 100
= 0.25 x 100
% by volume= 25
solution.

First (1st) Quarter Topics in Science 7

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to First (1st) Quarter Topics in Science 7

Similar to First (1st) Quarter Topics in Science 7 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

First (1st) Quarter Topics in Science 7

Editor's Notes