General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Problems and prospects of hybrid pigeonpea in india Vipin Pandey
Hybrid pigeonpea shows promise to improve yields in India but faces challenges. Manual hybridization is difficult so methods using genetic and cytoplasmic male sterility were developed. Early hybrids from the 1990s showed yield gains but lack stability. Future prospects include developing more stable hybrids using wild relatives and genomics. This will help breed hybrids tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses with improved traits for farmers and consumers.
GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog, and darkness.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Problems and prospects of hybrid pigeonpea in india Vipin Pandey
Hybrid pigeonpea shows promise to improve yields in India but faces challenges. Manual hybridization is difficult so methods using genetic and cytoplasmic male sterility were developed. Early hybrids from the 1990s showed yield gains but lack stability. Future prospects include developing more stable hybrids using wild relatives and genomics. This will help breed hybrids tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses with improved traits for farmers and consumers.
GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog, and darkness.
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India ATMA RAM MEENA
Vegetable seed production in India has grown significantly over the past few decades. India is now the second largest producer of vegetables globally. The use of hybrid seeds has increased yields by 2-3 times compared to traditional saved seeds. However, vegetable seed production faces challenges such as high costs, perishability of seeds, and climate and pest issues. Strengthening public sector research and reducing import/export restrictions can help boost the vegetable seed industry in India.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed productionDipti jaglan
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
- Cowpea is a warm season legume crop originated in Africa and grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- In India it is commonly grown in central and peninsular regions for green peas, grains, and fodder. This document discusses the production technology of cowpea in Gujarat, including varieties grown, climate requirements, land preparation, sowing methods, and fertilizer use. The key locally grown variety highlighted is Gujarat Cowpea-1.
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
Juvenility is a developmental stage in seedling plants where they are unable to induce flowers. The length of the juvenile period varies between plant species, from as short as 20-30 days in roses to 4-8 years in apples. During juvenility, seedling plants exhibit characteristics like vigorous leaf growth, whip-like shoot growth, and the presence of thorns in some species. Environmental factors like temperature, photoperiod, light intensity and quality, and nutrient and moisture availability can influence the transition out of juvenility and induce flowering.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
Indian seed production policies and the vegetable seed marketing system have progressed significantly over the past 50 years. Quality seeds from high-yielding varieties, coupled with fertilizers and irrigation, have increased food grain production from 50 million tons to over 276 million tons. The government has liberalized seed trade, encouraging private seed firms. While the seed sector has grown, issues remain around quality, distribution challenges, and ensuring farmers' access to affordable seeds. Ongoing research and new policies aim to further strengthen the seed system and support farmers.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document discusses the origin and breeding of maize. It provides three main views on the origin of maize: 1) from teosinte, 2) from pod corn through natural mutation, and 3) from a common ancestor of maize, teosinte and tripsacum. The key tool for hybrid maize seed production is detasseling, which is the removal of the male tassel from the female plant, allowing it to be pollinated in a controlled manner. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, pest and disease resistance, protein and oil content. Breeding methods include introduction, mass selection, ear-to-row, hybridization and selection, and population improvement.
This chapter introduces vegetable seed production and its importance. Vegetables provide essential nutrition and are cultivated worldwide in a diverse range of systems, from subsistence to commercial. They are classified in different ways, most usefully by their botanical taxonomy, which indicates cultural requirements. The seed industry plays a key role in high-quality seed supply, though on-farm seed saving remains important in some areas. Vegetables are vital for nutrition, health, agriculture and livelihoods globally.
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
1. PAJANCOA & RI in Karaikal produced a total of 27.01 quintals of breeder seed and 87.51 quintals of truthfully labeled seed of various rice varieties in 2015-16. 23.14 quintals of breeder seed and 36.85 quintals of truthfully labeled seed were supplied.
2. A total of 7 quintals of fodder seeds including maize, cowpea, blackgram and daincha were produced. All 7 quintals were supplied.
3. Remaining quantities of 3.87 quintals of breeder seed and 50.66 quintals of truthfully labeled rice seed were available in stock.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India ATMA RAM MEENA
Vegetable seed production in India has grown significantly over the past few decades. India is now the second largest producer of vegetables globally. The use of hybrid seeds has increased yields by 2-3 times compared to traditional saved seeds. However, vegetable seed production faces challenges such as high costs, perishability of seeds, and climate and pest issues. Strengthening public sector research and reducing import/export restrictions can help boost the vegetable seed industry in India.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed productionDipti jaglan
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
- Cowpea is a warm season legume crop originated in Africa and grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- In India it is commonly grown in central and peninsular regions for green peas, grains, and fodder. This document discusses the production technology of cowpea in Gujarat, including varieties grown, climate requirements, land preparation, sowing methods, and fertilizer use. The key locally grown variety highlighted is Gujarat Cowpea-1.
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
Juvenility is a developmental stage in seedling plants where they are unable to induce flowers. The length of the juvenile period varies between plant species, from as short as 20-30 days in roses to 4-8 years in apples. During juvenility, seedling plants exhibit characteristics like vigorous leaf growth, whip-like shoot growth, and the presence of thorns in some species. Environmental factors like temperature, photoperiod, light intensity and quality, and nutrient and moisture availability can influence the transition out of juvenility and induce flowering.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
Indian seed production policies and the vegetable seed marketing system have progressed significantly over the past 50 years. Quality seeds from high-yielding varieties, coupled with fertilizers and irrigation, have increased food grain production from 50 million tons to over 276 million tons. The government has liberalized seed trade, encouraging private seed firms. While the seed sector has grown, issues remain around quality, distribution challenges, and ensuring farmers' access to affordable seeds. Ongoing research and new policies aim to further strengthen the seed system and support farmers.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document discusses the origin and breeding of maize. It provides three main views on the origin of maize: 1) from teosinte, 2) from pod corn through natural mutation, and 3) from a common ancestor of maize, teosinte and tripsacum. The key tool for hybrid maize seed production is detasseling, which is the removal of the male tassel from the female plant, allowing it to be pollinated in a controlled manner. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, pest and disease resistance, protein and oil content. Breeding methods include introduction, mass selection, ear-to-row, hybridization and selection, and population improvement.
This chapter introduces vegetable seed production and its importance. Vegetables provide essential nutrition and are cultivated worldwide in a diverse range of systems, from subsistence to commercial. They are classified in different ways, most usefully by their botanical taxonomy, which indicates cultural requirements. The seed industry plays a key role in high-quality seed supply, though on-farm seed saving remains important in some areas. Vegetables are vital for nutrition, health, agriculture and livelihoods globally.
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
1. PAJANCOA & RI in Karaikal produced a total of 27.01 quintals of breeder seed and 87.51 quintals of truthfully labeled seed of various rice varieties in 2015-16. 23.14 quintals of breeder seed and 36.85 quintals of truthfully labeled seed were supplied.
2. A total of 7 quintals of fodder seeds including maize, cowpea, blackgram and daincha were produced. All 7 quintals were supplied.
3. Remaining quantities of 3.87 quintals of breeder seed and 50.66 quintals of truthfully labeled rice seed were available in stock.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
This document provides an overview of rice production and research in Suriname. It discusses the importance of rice as the staple food and key export, with annual production of around 250,000 tons. The country has favorable conditions for rice including fertile soils, sufficient water, and rice is grown in two seasons per year using direct seeding. The main objectives of the rice industry and research station ADRON are to increase productivity, improve quality, and reduce costs. ADRON has released several high-yielding varieties over the past few decades through pedigree breeding aimed at traits like yield, grain quality, and disease resistance.
The document discusses strategies for increasing agricultural production and surplus in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It argues that investing in quality seedlings and distributing them freely to farmers could substantially increase crop yields within two farming seasons, leading to self-sufficiency and surplus. The government is encouraged to partner with the private sector to commercialize and industrialize the agricultural surplus, with the ultimate goal of a private sector-led agricultural economy.
A competitive South African Wheat Industry Is Paramount To Food SecurityCIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Cobus LeRoux (ARC-Field Crops Division, South Africa) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Farmer innovation: seeder fabrication and uptake of zero tillage in Iraq. Sin...Joanna Hicks
Farmer groups in Iraq modified existing seed drills into zero-tillage seeders to address issues with soil degradation, drought, and high production costs. They adapted local John Shearer seed drills by cutting tine shanks and adding new openers. Field tests showed the modified seeders could plant at the proper depth and cover seeds well with minimal soil disturbance. The farmer groups then held demonstrations and provided conversion kits to disseminate zero-tillage techniques to other farmers, expanding usage from 250 hectares in 2008 to over 5,000 hectares by 2011.
Caltech Ventures is a Ghanaian company that processes cassava. It has over 1,000 hectares of cassava and soybean farms. Its goals are to establish ethanol and biodiesel production facilities, produce starch, and develop cassava-based food products. Caltech works with over 150 outgrower farmers and 10 block farmer groups. It processes cassava into ethanol, high-quality cassava flour, starch, dough, and pressed cake. Caltech's future plans include expanding outgrower partnerships and increasing ethanol production to 55,000 liters per day.
Crop rotation is important for profitability, productivity and resilience. Diverse crop rotations that include cereals provide several benefits: they increase long-term soil productivity and health by improving soil structure and fertility; enhance resilience to stress years; and reduce pest pressure. Cereals provide good options for early planting and leave residual nitrogen that lowers fertilizer needs for subsequent crops. Winter wheat in particular has been shown to increase soybean and corn yields in subsequent years. While diverse rotations require more management, they can improve overall farm income and stability through higher, more consistent yields over time.
1. The document describes the trench method planting technique for sugarcane that can increase productivity. It involves making trenches, placing fertilizer and two rows of sugarcane sets in each trench.
2. Field demonstrations using this technique along with site-specific nutrient management in Uttar Pradesh led to improved germination from 38% to 64% and increased average yields from 675 quintals/hectare to 1000 quintals/hectare, doubling district productivity.
3. Variety CO 0238 is highlighted as a promising early variety for the Northwestern zone of India that has achieved the highest ever sugar recovery recorded in subtropical India.
The document summarizes collaboration between ACSAD and IFAD on agricultural projects in Arab countries from 1980-2009. It highlights three successful past projects and their outcomes. It also provides data on the performance of ACSAD wheat and barley varieties in various countries, showing average yield increases over local varieties of 10-35% depending on conditions. ACSAD continued developing stress-tolerant, high-yielding varieties that outperformed checks across locations and years.
Stephen Loss and Hichem Ben Salem presentation during the event "Conservation Agriculture: Overcoming the challenges to adoption and scaling-up" held by IFAD jointly with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Rice consumption in Ghana has increased significantly in recent decades due to population growth, urbanization, and dietary changes. Ghana currently produces only about 60% of the rice it consumes annually, with the remainder being imported. The majority of Ghana's rice is produced on rainfed lowland farms, which account for 80% of rice growing area but only contribute 80% to total production. Key constraints to Ghana achieving rice self-sufficiency include poor seed distribution systems, low mechanization, and inadequate infrastructure for drying, storage, and milling rice. Several rice varieties well-suited to Ghana's conditions have been released by research institutions to address these issues.
American Chemcial Society Presentation - September 11, 2013Roger Ford
This document proposes the development of Integrated Energy Parks in the Appalachian coalfields as a model for rural economic development and energy diversification. It identifies 75 potential sites in WV and KY for such parks, which would produce biomass from industrial hemp and other feedstocks, generate solar power, and process biomass into fuels, power, and industrial products. Blending hemp with lower quality coal is proposed to reduce emissions while maintaining energy output. The parks form a closed-loop system providing jobs and a stable renewable energy supply for manufacturing.
Maize yield increases and stabilisation under CA in semi-arid districts of Ta...Joanna Hicks
Maize yields increased and stabilized under conservation agriculture (CA) practices in semi-arid districts of Tanzania compared to conventional tillage. Over three years of study, CA techniques such as ripping, minimum tillage with a jab planter, cover cropping with lablab and pigeon peas, and residue retention produced consistently higher maize yields than farmers' practices of ox plowing and residue removal. The preferred CA methods among smallholder farmers were ripping supplemented with the jab planter for seed placement. While CA increased food security through higher yields, on its own it may not alleviate poverty due to small land holdings and lack of alternative livelihood opportunities during non-growing seasons.
The document discusses smallholder agriculture, noting that there are 400-500 million smallholders worldwide who farm less than 2 hectares of land. Smallholdings remain important for agriculture and rural development, especially in Africa where 80% of farms are smallholdings. The document outlines a "virtuous circle" where increased agricultural productivity and incomes for smallholders leads to economic and rural development. It highlights appropriate technologies, breeding programs, and other innovations that can help smallholders become more productive and resilient in the face of challenges like land degradation, pests, and climate change.
Herman Warsaw developed a corn production system that got the attention of other farmers and agribusiness when he set a new world corn yield record in 1975 of 338 bu/A. Through diligent observation and experimentation, he identified and removed yield-limiting factors like inadequate soil nutrients and plant populations. By 1975, he had increased his farm's average yield to 274 bu/A. He challenged others to further improve corn yields while stewarding soil and water resources.
This document summarizes the participatory evaluation of vitamin-A biofortified maize varieties in Zambia. Farmers evaluated new orange maize varieties for production and consumption characteristics and expressed willingness to pay for the seeds. For production, orange varieties had higher yields and cob filling than white varieties. For consumption, orange maize was rated superior for aroma and taste in the two major preparations. Farmers' willingness to pay for orange seeds was higher than for conventional white seeds. The evaluation concluded orange varieties were well-received but indicated larger representative surveys were needed to validate the results.
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Current status of wheat research and production in Nigeria - implications for food security
1. CURRENT STATUS OF
WHEAT RESEACH AND
PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
– IMPLICATIONS FOR
FOOD SECURITY
BY
M. D. MAGAJI,
B. Y. ABUBAKAR AND
O.G. OLABANJI
2. Introduction
In Nigeria, wheat cultivation dates back to the
16th century, when wheat was cultivated on
small plots and pockets of inland valley soils
(fadama), using local cultivars that were tall
(1.2m), late maturing (150 DAS) and low
yielding (300 – 600 kg/ha).
Wheat is presently produced commercially in
Nigeria under irrigation conditions within
latitudes 10o – 14oN where night temperatures
during most of the growing period (November –
March) range from 15oC to 20oC MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 2
3. INTRODUCTION
The mean maximum temperature
ranges from 30o to 35oC during the
growing period of November to
March each year.
The wheat areas cover mainly
Sudan/Sahelian zones of Borno,
Yobe, Bauchi, Jigawa, Kano,
Zamfara, Katsina , Sokoto, Kebbi
and Adamawa States MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 3
5. ectects
To increase wheat Production, there is the need to expand
areas under production and increase the yield of varieties
through breeding and management
Other potential avenue for increasing the area under wheat
production is production under rain-fed conditions on the
highland areas of the Country: Mambila-Plateau in
Taraba, Jos- Plateau in Plateau and Obudu in Cross
Rivers States, respectively.
• Rain-fed wheat on the highlands of Nigeria could increase
the much desired output as well as reduce production cost
to a greater extent and shorten the breeding cycle for
developing irrigated wheat varieties as two or more crops
can be grown annually under irrigated and A G A J I Efed. , 2 0 1 2
M rain T A L 5
conditions.
6. In s
Despite of the bright prospects and enormous potential of
wheat production in Nigeria, there are challenges such as,
changes in agricultural policies by different regimes, poor
marketing channels and inadequate remuneration to
farmers for their produce.
The first major government intervention in Nigeria’s
agricultural development was in 1959 when irrigation
schemes were developed in the Northern parts of the
country, which attracted appreciable number of farmers to
start to grow wheat on any scale; and scientists to develop
improved wheat varieties that are short, early maturing,
high yielding and of good bread-baking qualities to cope
with increasing local demand.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 6
7. Between 1971 and 1981, agricultural import bills, including
those of wheat increased 13-fold from US $192 million to
US $450 million.
Decline in wheat importation began in 1987 when
Government launched Accelerated Wheat Production
Programme (AWPP) in order to stimulate local production
and encourage backward integration, which gradually led
to outright ban on importation of wheat into the Country.
With the lifting of the ban on importation of wheat in 1993,
the production figures declined to 50,000 tones from a total
area of 40,000 hectares.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 7
8. Economic Importance of Wheat
Wheat in Nigeria is mainly used for bakery and confectionery; it is also
used for domestic pastries and local dishes. Wheat meals are recently
gaining popularity in our restaurants. Recently, Nigerian grown wheat
is being imported by its neighboring countries of Cameroun and Chad
as cash crop.
Since the ban on wheat importation in 1987, production figures
and area planted with wheat increased considerably.
During this period, wheat production increased from 400, 000 to 600,
000 tones of from 215, 000 hectares.
The estimated local demand for wheat stands at about 3.7 million
metric tones annually, while its current annual production ranges from
50, 000 – 60, 000 metric tones.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 8
9. RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT
• Some of the challenges confronting wheat
production in Nigeria are :
• Development of heat tolerant wheat
varieties that are high yielding
• Development of rain-fed wheat cultivars
that are tolerant/resistant to high
temperatures, humidity, pests and
diseases
• The promotion of wheat as a staple food
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 9
and market outlets for surplus produce.
10. Wheat research dates back to 1959, when
local germplasm materials were collected by
scientists .
These materials were evaluated and some
promising lines identified.
Introductions from CIMMYT were found to
be more promising than the local cultivars
as they matured early, were short in stature
and yielded higher (Table 1).
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 10
11. TABLE1: WHEAT VARIETIES RELEASED AND REGISTERED
IN NIGERIA
Name of Variety Original Name Origin/Sourc Developing Outstanding Year of
e Institution Characteristics Release
SAM-WHIT-1 TOUSSON CIMMYT, I.A.R., Zaria Wide adaptability & High 1965
Mexico yield.
SAM-WHIT-2 Florence Aurore 8193 - Do - - Do - High yield and good bread 1965
making qualities.
SAM-WHIT-3 Sonora-9.63 - Do - - Do - Good grain qualities and bread 1971
making qualities.
SAM-WHIT-4 LEEX (GB-55) - Do - - Do - High yielding, good bread 1971
making qualities
SAM-WHIT-5 Siette Cerros - Do - - Do - High yielding, general 1975
adaptability.
SAMWHIT-6 PAVON - Do_ -Do- High yield anfd quality 1976
LACRI-WHIT-1 SERI M82 - Do - LCRI, Maiduguri High yielding and good baking 1997
quality.
LACRI-WHIT-2 CEttia - Do - - Do - Early maturing, heat tolerant, 2005
high yielding and good baking
quality.
LACRI-WHIT-3 Linfen - Do - - Do - High yielding, golden yellow 2005
grain
LACRI-WHIT-4 Atilla /Gan/ Atilla - Do - - Do - Medium maturity, heat 2008
tolerant, high yielding and
good bread making quality A L . , 2 0 1 2
MAGAJI ET 11
12. Lake Chad Research Institute, in
collaboration with CIMMYT has
developed and released improved
wheat varieties that are early
maturing, heat tolerant, high
yielding and better bread baking
qualities (Table 2).
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 12
13. ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL ECONOMY
Serial Crop & Name Year of Yield potential Adoption rate
No release (t/ha) (%)
Wheat
1 LACRIWHT-1 (Seri-M82) 1997 3.0 45
2 LACRIWHT-2 (Cettia) 2005 4.0 40
3 LACRIWHT-3 Linfen) 2005 4.0 35
4 LACRIWHT-4 (Atilla-Gan- 2008 4.5 50
Attila)
5 Rainfed Wheat (YD’S’) Proposed 2012 2.5
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 13
14. COLLABORATORS
• CIMMYT: Wheat Germplasm exchange
• ICARDA : Barley Germplasm exchange
• ICRISAT: Pearl Millet Germplasm Exchange and
Capacity Building
• NARIs: IAR, NSPRI, IAR&T: Conduct and
supervise multi-locational research projects.
• ADPs/CBARDP: Extension services delivery
• Universities: Conduct and supervise multi-locational
research
• NACGRAB: Registration and release of new
varieties.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 14
15. CETTIA SERI M82
SERI M 82 CETTIA ATILLA GAN ATILLA
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 15
16. WHEAT PRODUCTION TREND
Periods
Periods Areas cultivated Yield
Areas cultivated Yield Total production
Total production Consumption
Consumption
(ha)
(ha) (kg/ha)
(kg/ha) (MT)
(MT) (MT)
(MT)
Early
Early Small plots ofof
Small plots 300-600
300-600
2000BC Fadama
2000BC Fadama
< < 1987 25,000
1987 25,000 2000
2000 50,000
50,000
1988-92 215,000
1988-92 215,000 2700
2700 400,000-600,000
400,000-600,000
2005
2005 70,000
70,000 1250
1250 85,000
85,000
2006
2006 63,000
63,000 1130
1130 71,000
71,000
2007
2007 40,000
40,000 1250
1250 50,000
50,000 3.7 million
3.7 million
Source FAO 2006 & USDA 2007
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 16
18. AVAILABLE TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Serial Crop & Name
Crop & Name Yield
Yield potential (t/ha)
No potential (t/ha)
WheatWheat
1 1 LACRIWHT-4 (Atilla-Gan-Attila) 4.5
LACRIWHT-4
2 Borlogue 5
4.5
Pearl millet
(Atilla-Gan-Attila)
3 LCICMV-3 (SUPERSOSAT) 4.0
2
Norman
4 LCICMH-1 (Hybrid) 4.5
4.0
Sorghum
5 Hybrid 3.8
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 18
19. TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Management practices that
ensures efficient use of water
for irrigation
Measures that mitigate the effects
of heat stress
Evaluation of more heat tolerant
germplasm
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 19
20. INPUTS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE PRODUCTION TARGETS
Land : Expand existing hectarage
Adequate supply of improved quality seeds
Provision of sufficient and quality inorganic and
organic fertilizers
Rapid expansion of irrigation facilities and
resuscitating of existing ones for irrigated crops
Provision of marketing corporations to support
value chains
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 20
21. SEED PRODUCTION
Lake Chad Research Institute produces high
quality breeder and foundation seeds for seed
companies, state agricultural development
projects (ADPs) and lead farmers, who
produce certified seeds for farmers.
In 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons, about 3
and 7.5 metric tones of breeder and
foundation seeds of wheat were produced,
respectively.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 21
22. EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY
• Research-Extension-Farmer-
Inputs-Linkage-System (REFILS)
provides a platform for linkages
among researchers, extension
workers, farmers and service
providers;
• Agricultural Research Outreach
Centres (AROC) is an adopted
village concept that aims at
strengthening linkages between
researchers and their immediate
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 22
23. The Institute also disseminates its
developed technologies through
annual training, annual research
review and planning meetings.,
radio and television broadcasts,
publication of extension guides,
and bulletins for farmers,
developers and NGOs.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 23
24. CHALLENGES
• In spite of the prospects and enormous potentials for
wheat production in Nigeria, challenges militating
against increased local production for food security
are as follows:
• Weak research-extension-farmer linkage system
(REFILS) to improve farmers technologies in the
agronomy of wheat production.
• Inadequate skill on the use of biotechnological tools
for development of improved wheat varieties tolerant
to heat, biotic and abiotic stresses.
• Inadequate high yielding heat tolerant varieties
• Inadequate water and inputs management
• Weak training programme for extension A G A J I E T A and1 2
M
agents L . , 2 0 24
farmer which results in application of low level of the
25. • Inadequate supply of good quality seeds.
Poor market arrangement and remuneration to
farmers in Nigeria.
• Policy impediments that undermine adoption of
new technologies.
• Lack of micro credit facilities to the farmers
frustrates timely field operations and procurement
of necessary inputs.
• Inadequate farm equipments notably tractor and
combine harvester.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 25
26. Policy Issues
•Nigeria requires 3.7 million metric tons of wheat
annually and spends about 635 billion Naira (USD
3.91 Billion ) annually, amounting to about 1.7 billion
Naira daily to import the commodity. Yet, current
local production stands at a meager 50, 000 - 60,
000 metric tones. Consequently, Nigeria is the
world’s largest importer of all classes of U.S. wheat.
•In the short run, Government has put legislation in
place to replace 20% of wheat flour by good quality
cassava flour for bread-baking, thus saving the
country’s foreign exchange by N127 billion annually,
hoping to increase the percentage substitution to
40%, saving up to N354 Billion/annum.
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 26
27. •In the long run, Government has made
wheat production one of her priority crops
in its Agricultural Transformation Agenda
(ATA). Effective from 2013, Government
intended to support wheat production and
its value-chain.
Imposition of tariff on wheat importation
by 5% (about N32 Billion),
•As part of the Government’s efforts, the
Research – Extension – Farmer – Input-
Linkage - System (REFILS) shall be
strengthened to improve farmers’ MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 27
28. CONCLUSION
• There is great potential for irrigated and
rain-fed wheat production in Nigeria, but
particularly for the former.
• A large number of wheat lines obtained from
CIMMYT is being evaluated to identify
adaptable materials.
• Studies on enhancement of wheat production
through improved technology development
and impacts of innovations on livelihood is
currently under way.
• This will not only increase the total wheat
output in the country but will enhance
national food and nutritional security and
MAGAJI ET AL., 2012 28
generate employment.