The document discusses various design factors and manufacturing methods that should be considered when designing products. It covers 3 main topics:
1. Safety aspects in relation to the consumer, manufacturer, and environment. Examples given include warning labels, moving parts, choice of materials, and quality control.
2. Manufacturing systems like mass production, batch production, and one-offs. Appropriate production methods are discussed for each based on volume.
3. Production methods for different materials, including injection molding, casting, welding, and CAD/CAM. Benefits and examples are provided for each.
Vacuum forming is a thermoforming process that uses vacuum pressure to mold a plastic sheet over a mold. The process involves heating a plastic sheet until soft, draping it over a mold, applying vacuum pressure to suck the sheet onto the mold, then cooling and ejecting the molded part. Key aspects of vacuum forming include part and tool design, material selection, and processing techniques like heating, vacuum application, and cooling. Common applications are food containers, baths, vehicle interiors, and more.
This document discusses various manufacturing processes for plastic components. It begins by explaining what plastics are, how they are made from polymers, and the different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosets. It then covers several common plastic manufacturing processes like compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion. For each process, it provides details on how the process works, suitable materials, advantages and disadvantages, and common applications. It also discusses defects that can occur in injection molding and additives that are often included with plastics.
This document discusses different types of plastics used in manufacturing. It describes thermoplastics, which can be reshaped when heated, and thermosets, which cannot be reshaped once formed. Common thermoplastics used in injection molding include ABS and PETE. Injection molding involves injecting molten plastic into a mold cavity to form solid parts. Important considerations for plastic component design include adding ribs for stiffness and strength, designing bosses for mounting, and creating holes using core pins. Maintaining a uniform wall thickness can help avoid defects during the molding process. The document also outlines the SPI plastic identification coding system.
Plastic Extrusion, Moulding and Mould Designs (Plasma Films, Acrylic Fabrication, Design, Gas Injection Moulding, Thin Walled Injection Moulding, Injection Moulding, Blow Molding, Extrusion, Transfer Molding, Reinforcements for Thermosets, Welding Plastics, Carving Plastics)
Plastics extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process in which raw plastic is melted and formed into a continuous profile. Extrusion produces items such as pipe/tubing, weather stripping, fencing, deck railings, window frames, plastic films and sheeting, thermoplastic coatings, and wire insulation.
See more
https://goo.gl/IjHE14
https://goo.gl/AefgZo
https://goo.gl/g1bXnK
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastics Extrusion, Plastic Extrusion Machines, Plastic Extrusion Process, Extrusion Moulding Process, Plastic Extrusion Plants, Industrial Plastic Extrusion, Plastic Extrusion Line, Plastic Moulding, Plastic Moulding Business, Products For Plastic Injection Moulding, Plastic Moulding Process, Injection Molding Process, Plastic Injection Molding Machines, Plastic Mould Design, Plastics Injection Mould Design, Injection Moulding Design Guide, Product Design for Plastic Moulding, Design for Injection Moulding, Preparation of Plasma Films, Transport Phenomena in Polymer Films, Acrylic Fabrication, Reinforcements for Thermosets, Miscellaneous Thermoplastic Process, Compression and Transfer Molding, Disciplined Process Stategy for Injection Moulding, Injection Molding, Blow Molding, Extrusion, Newly Developed Injection Moulding Technology, Injection Moulding, Plastic Injection Moulding Environment in India, Tiebarless and 2-Platen Injection Moulding Machines, Thin Walled Injection Moulding, Mold Cooling Best Bet for High Profits, Gas Injectionmoulding Technology, Mould Materials and Processing Methods, Laminate Composition, Reinforcements for Filament Winding, Fiberglass Technology, Making Glass Fibers, Glass Composition, Glass Fabric Construction and Weaves, Plastisol Molding, Injection Molding Machines, Injection Unit, Mold Clamping Unit, Functions of Mold Components, Injection Moulding Technique, Economical Production of Parts, Thermosetting Materials and Elastomers, Tiebarless Machine, Two-Shot Moulding Process, Assisted Injection Moulding Process, Hand Injection Moulds, Single Cavity Two Plate Moulds, Multi Cavity Moulds, Three Plate Moulds, Multi Colour Moulds, Making of Glass Fiber, Glass Fiber Manufacture, Glass Fiber Manufacturing Process, Glass Fiber Manufacturing, Making Glass Fibers, Method for Making Fiber Glass, Npcs, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant
Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
Tags
best small and cottage scale industries, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Copolymerization And Techniques Of Polymerization, Establish Plastic Product Making Plant, future of plastic industry in India, Get started in small-scale food manufacturing, Growth Polymerization, How Plastics Are Made, How to Start a plastic business?, How to Start a Plastic Manufacturing Business, how to start a plastic manufacturing business in India, How to Start a plastic Production Business, How to start a successful plastic business, how to start plastic industry, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry (Plastics and Polymer Processing Industries), How to Start plastic Processing Industry in India, Indian plastics industry, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable plastic Processing Business Ideas, new small scale ideas in plastic processing industry, NPCS, Opportunity in the Indian Plastic Industry, plastic and polymer industry, plastic Based Small Scale Industries Projects, plastic business ideas, plastic business opportunities, plastic Business, plastic factory project plan, plastic factory setup, plastic industry in India, plastic industry process, plastic Making Small Business Manufacturing, Plastic Manufacturing Industry, plastic Processing & plastic Based Profitable Projects, plastic Processing Industry in India, plastic Processing Projects, Plastics & Polymers Technology Books, Plastics industry, Plastics: Materials And Processing Technology, Polymer Characteristics, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Profitable plastic Small Scale Manufacturing, profitable small and cottage scale industries, Project identification and selection, Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic, Setting up and opening your plastic Business, Small scale Commercial plastic making, small scale plastic production line, Starting a Plastic Manufacturing Plant: Startup Business, Starting a plastic Processing Business, Thermogravimetry, Thermoplastic Composites, Thermoplastic Structural
The document provides an overview of injection moulding, including:
- The history of injection moulding beginning in the 1870s.
- The injection moulding process which involves injecting molten plastic into a closed mould.
- The main types of injection moulding machines: hand, plunger, and reciprocating screw types.
- Key machine components like the screw and their functions in plasticizing and injecting the material.
- Common materials used for injection moulding like ABS, nylon, polypropylene.
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
The document discusses various aspects of plastics design and manufacturing. It defines plastics and the polymerization process used to create them. It describes the main types of plastics as thermoplastics and thermosets, providing examples of each. It outlines key considerations for designing plastic parts, such as allowing for shrinkage, drafting angles, and hole placement. Finally, it discusses different plastic molding and forming processes like injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
Vacuum forming is a thermoforming process that uses vacuum pressure to mold a plastic sheet over a mold. The process involves heating a plastic sheet until soft, draping it over a mold, applying vacuum pressure to suck the sheet onto the mold, then cooling and ejecting the molded part. Key aspects of vacuum forming include part and tool design, material selection, and processing techniques like heating, vacuum application, and cooling. Common applications are food containers, baths, vehicle interiors, and more.
This document discusses various manufacturing processes for plastic components. It begins by explaining what plastics are, how they are made from polymers, and the different types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosets. It then covers several common plastic manufacturing processes like compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion. For each process, it provides details on how the process works, suitable materials, advantages and disadvantages, and common applications. It also discusses defects that can occur in injection molding and additives that are often included with plastics.
This document discusses different types of plastics used in manufacturing. It describes thermoplastics, which can be reshaped when heated, and thermosets, which cannot be reshaped once formed. Common thermoplastics used in injection molding include ABS and PETE. Injection molding involves injecting molten plastic into a mold cavity to form solid parts. Important considerations for plastic component design include adding ribs for stiffness and strength, designing bosses for mounting, and creating holes using core pins. Maintaining a uniform wall thickness can help avoid defects during the molding process. The document also outlines the SPI plastic identification coding system.
Plastic Extrusion, Moulding and Mould Designs (Plasma Films, Acrylic Fabrication, Design, Gas Injection Moulding, Thin Walled Injection Moulding, Injection Moulding, Blow Molding, Extrusion, Transfer Molding, Reinforcements for Thermosets, Welding Plastics, Carving Plastics)
Plastics extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process in which raw plastic is melted and formed into a continuous profile. Extrusion produces items such as pipe/tubing, weather stripping, fencing, deck railings, window frames, plastic films and sheeting, thermoplastic coatings, and wire insulation.
See more
https://goo.gl/IjHE14
https://goo.gl/AefgZo
https://goo.gl/g1bXnK
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastics Extrusion, Plastic Extrusion Machines, Plastic Extrusion Process, Extrusion Moulding Process, Plastic Extrusion Plants, Industrial Plastic Extrusion, Plastic Extrusion Line, Plastic Moulding, Plastic Moulding Business, Products For Plastic Injection Moulding, Plastic Moulding Process, Injection Molding Process, Plastic Injection Molding Machines, Plastic Mould Design, Plastics Injection Mould Design, Injection Moulding Design Guide, Product Design for Plastic Moulding, Design for Injection Moulding, Preparation of Plasma Films, Transport Phenomena in Polymer Films, Acrylic Fabrication, Reinforcements for Thermosets, Miscellaneous Thermoplastic Process, Compression and Transfer Molding, Disciplined Process Stategy for Injection Moulding, Injection Molding, Blow Molding, Extrusion, Newly Developed Injection Moulding Technology, Injection Moulding, Plastic Injection Moulding Environment in India, Tiebarless and 2-Platen Injection Moulding Machines, Thin Walled Injection Moulding, Mold Cooling Best Bet for High Profits, Gas Injectionmoulding Technology, Mould Materials and Processing Methods, Laminate Composition, Reinforcements for Filament Winding, Fiberglass Technology, Making Glass Fibers, Glass Composition, Glass Fabric Construction and Weaves, Plastisol Molding, Injection Molding Machines, Injection Unit, Mold Clamping Unit, Functions of Mold Components, Injection Moulding Technique, Economical Production of Parts, Thermosetting Materials and Elastomers, Tiebarless Machine, Two-Shot Moulding Process, Assisted Injection Moulding Process, Hand Injection Moulds, Single Cavity Two Plate Moulds, Multi Cavity Moulds, Three Plate Moulds, Multi Colour Moulds, Making of Glass Fiber, Glass Fiber Manufacture, Glass Fiber Manufacturing Process, Glass Fiber Manufacturing, Making Glass Fibers, Method for Making Fiber Glass, Npcs, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant
Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
Tags
best small and cottage scale industries, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Copolymerization And Techniques Of Polymerization, Establish Plastic Product Making Plant, future of plastic industry in India, Get started in small-scale food manufacturing, Growth Polymerization, How Plastics Are Made, How to Start a plastic business?, How to Start a Plastic Manufacturing Business, how to start a plastic manufacturing business in India, How to Start a plastic Production Business, How to start a successful plastic business, how to start plastic industry, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry (Plastics and Polymer Processing Industries), How to Start plastic Processing Industry in India, Indian plastics industry, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable plastic Processing Business Ideas, new small scale ideas in plastic processing industry, NPCS, Opportunity in the Indian Plastic Industry, plastic and polymer industry, plastic Based Small Scale Industries Projects, plastic business ideas, plastic business opportunities, plastic Business, plastic factory project plan, plastic factory setup, plastic industry in India, plastic industry process, plastic Making Small Business Manufacturing, Plastic Manufacturing Industry, plastic Processing & plastic Based Profitable Projects, plastic Processing Industry in India, plastic Processing Projects, Plastics & Polymers Technology Books, Plastics industry, Plastics: Materials And Processing Technology, Polymer Characteristics, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Profitable plastic Small Scale Manufacturing, profitable small and cottage scale industries, Project identification and selection, Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic, Setting up and opening your plastic Business, Small scale Commercial plastic making, small scale plastic production line, Starting a Plastic Manufacturing Plant: Startup Business, Starting a plastic Processing Business, Thermogravimetry, Thermoplastic Composites, Thermoplastic Structural
The document provides an overview of injection moulding, including:
- The history of injection moulding beginning in the 1870s.
- The injection moulding process which involves injecting molten plastic into a closed mould.
- The main types of injection moulding machines: hand, plunger, and reciprocating screw types.
- Key machine components like the screw and their functions in plasticizing and injecting the material.
- Common materials used for injection moulding like ABS, nylon, polypropylene.
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
The document discusses various aspects of plastics design and manufacturing. It defines plastics and the polymerization process used to create them. It describes the main types of plastics as thermoplastics and thermosets, providing examples of each. It outlines key considerations for designing plastic parts, such as allowing for shrinkage, drafting angles, and hole placement. Finally, it discusses different plastic molding and forming processes like injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
A vacuum former is used to imprint opposing bites and fabricate dental appliances using thermoplastics. It consists of a vacuum pump and heating element. Various models of vacuum formers are described that differ in features like size, power of the vacuum pump, heating controls, and price. The basic procedure of vacuum forming involves heating a plastic sheet, placing it over a dental model or cast, activating the vacuum to form the sheet tightly around the model, then trimming the appliance after cooling.
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process where material is heated, mixed, and forced into a closed metal mould cavity to cure and harden into the configuration of the part. It allows for fast, low-cost production of parts in high volumes and with consistent quality. However, the initial costs of tooling and machinery are high, and small production runs can be expensive. Parts also must be carefully designed to facilitate the moulding process.
Stretched blow moulding and oriented film, Film plant, ExtrusionJaynish Amipara
Stretch blow moulding is a plastic forming process where stretching is done before blowing air into a preform or parison to expand it against a mould. There are two main types: injection stretch blow moulding and extrusion stretch blow moulding. Biaxial stretch blow moulding stretches the plastic in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, increasing properties like tensile strength and clarity. Common materials used are PET, PVC, PS, and PP. The process produces containers for packaging items like oil, drinks, and other beverages.
Detailed Project Reports
NIIR project consultancy services (NPCS) - a multi-disciplinary project consultancy organization, through its network of project consultants in a wide range of business and technological disciplines is engaged in providing services to its clients by way of preparation of project reports. We provide the pre-investment information and business plans required for industrialists, promoters, business leaders, young entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs, investors, NRI (Non Resident India), startups, professionals looking to start their own venture.
The detailed project reports cover all the aspects of business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as plant & machinery, raw materials to forecasting the financial requirements. The scope of the report includes assessing market potential, negotiating with collaborators, investment decision making, corporate diversification planning etc. in a very planned manner by formulating detailed manufacturing techniques and forecasting financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, formulating the cash flow statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.
The DPR is prepared by highly qualified and experienced consultants and the market research and analysis are supported by a panel of experts and computerized data bank.
This document discusses injection molding, blow molding, and types of molds used in these plastic molding processes. It provides details on how injection molding and blow molding are used to manufacture a variety of plastic parts and products. It also outlines some common mold materials like steel, aluminum, and beryllium copper and factors like hardness, lifespan, and costs that are considered for different mold types. Major Pakistani companies involved in blow molding and related services are also mentioned.
Prezi es un programa de presentaciones basado en la nube que permite a los usuarios crear presentaciones no lineales con una interfaz gráfica de zoom, lo que les da la capacidad de acercarse y alejarse de diferentes secciones. Esta herramienta se usa comúnmente en entornos educativos para crear presentaciones dinámicas y no lineales.
Este documento habla sobre Jesús, quien vino al mundo hace 2000 años como el mayor ejemplo de amor y verdad. A pesar de su mensaje de un mundo mejor, muchos no entendieron su propuesta de vida y lo crucificaron. Durante tres días hubo oscuridad hasta que Jesús resucitó, enseñándonos a superar nuestros defectos y resucitar las mejores virtudes. La Pascua sirve para recordar esta resurrección y desear una feliz Pascua a todos.
Las víctimas del colapso de un edificio repleto de talleres textiles en Bangladesh que mató a 1.132 personas aún esperan indemnización seis meses después. Más del 90% de los supervivientes siguen traumatizados y sin trabajo debido a lesiones graves. Solo Primark ha pagado una pequeña cantidad a cada familia afectada, mientras que las negociaciones entre empresas y sindicatos sobre mayores indemnizaciones apenas han comenzado. Aunque el desastre llevó a iniciativas para mejorar la seguridad y condiciones laborales, Bangladesh sig
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a los bancos rusos, la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia, y sanciones contra funcionarios rusos. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
El documento pide que se reenvíe un mensaje a tantas personas como sea posible para crear conciencia sobre una práctica que amenaza a la humanidad. Insta a la unión de todos para erradicar esta costumbre dañina, ya que a menos que se tomen medidas, continuará ocurriendo a pesar de que parezca imposible.
This document contains contact and professional information for Adnan Feroz. It summarizes his work experience as a Network Support Engineer for Vision Telecom in Lahore, Pakistan since May 2014. It lists his responsibilities assisting the Network Administrator in managing network activities, operations, troubleshooting issues, and implementing hardware and software solutions. It also outlines his educational background, qualifications including CCNA, CCNA Security, and CCNP certifications, skills in networking protocols and technologies, and personal details.
El documento describe la trágica situación de una bebé recién nacida abandonada en la calle en China que murió ignorada por las personas que pasaban. Esto es el resultado de la política de un solo hijo del gobierno chino que ha llevado al abandono y asesinato de bebés, especialmente niñas. El documento pide que se envíen protestas a la embajada china y al presidente chino para denunciar esta situación y se divulguen estas imágenes para crear conciencia.
Este documento solicita a los lectores que elijan una plantilla para el blog de Douce y el Náufrago y ofrece un premio de un chupa-chups a quienes obtengan más puntos para la plantilla seleccionada. Además, proporciona varias formas de agradecimiento en diferentes idiomas y da la dirección de un buzón donde los lectores pueden enviar sus sugerencias.
This document outlines the protocol for treating dogs and cats that are determined to be too ill for surgery during a pre-surgical exam at the County of Orange Health Care Agency Animal Care Services. If an animal does not pass the exam, the attending veterinarian will determine a diagnosis and direct treatment. Treatment sheets will be completed and the animal will receive daily evaluations in a designated area until cleared for surgery. Veterinary staff will notify kennel staff when treatment is complete.
The document describes the synthesis of novel hydroxy naphthylchalcone compounds as potential inhibitors of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase). Two of the synthesized compounds showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the positive control kojic acid. Kinetic analysis revealed the inhibition was reversible and competitive. Molecular docking studies confirmed the active inhibitors strongly interacted with residues in the active site of mushroom tyrosinase.
The document summarizes an analysis of MBTA Route 71 performance. It finds that the schedule is unrealistic and cannot be met due to insufficient buses, leading to long wait times. It recommends aligning internal and printed schedules, setting realistic schedules based on data, and spacing buses more uniformly to reduce maximum wait times and improve the rider experience. Uniform wait times, occupancy, and bus speeds are proposed to achieve equilibrium across the route.
A vacuum former is used to imprint opposing bites and fabricate dental appliances using thermoplastics. It consists of a vacuum pump and heating element. Various models of vacuum formers are described that differ in features like size, power of the vacuum pump, heating controls, and price. The basic procedure of vacuum forming involves heating a plastic sheet, placing it over a dental model or cast, activating the vacuum to form the sheet tightly around the model, then trimming the appliance after cooling.
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process where material is heated, mixed, and forced into a closed metal mould cavity to cure and harden into the configuration of the part. It allows for fast, low-cost production of parts in high volumes and with consistent quality. However, the initial costs of tooling and machinery are high, and small production runs can be expensive. Parts also must be carefully designed to facilitate the moulding process.
Stretched blow moulding and oriented film, Film plant, ExtrusionJaynish Amipara
Stretch blow moulding is a plastic forming process where stretching is done before blowing air into a preform or parison to expand it against a mould. There are two main types: injection stretch blow moulding and extrusion stretch blow moulding. Biaxial stretch blow moulding stretches the plastic in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, increasing properties like tensile strength and clarity. Common materials used are PET, PVC, PS, and PP. The process produces containers for packaging items like oil, drinks, and other beverages.
Detailed Project Reports
NIIR project consultancy services (NPCS) - a multi-disciplinary project consultancy organization, through its network of project consultants in a wide range of business and technological disciplines is engaged in providing services to its clients by way of preparation of project reports. We provide the pre-investment information and business plans required for industrialists, promoters, business leaders, young entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs, investors, NRI (Non Resident India), startups, professionals looking to start their own venture.
The detailed project reports cover all the aspects of business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as plant & machinery, raw materials to forecasting the financial requirements. The scope of the report includes assessing market potential, negotiating with collaborators, investment decision making, corporate diversification planning etc. in a very planned manner by formulating detailed manufacturing techniques and forecasting financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, formulating the cash flow statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.
The DPR is prepared by highly qualified and experienced consultants and the market research and analysis are supported by a panel of experts and computerized data bank.
This document discusses injection molding, blow molding, and types of molds used in these plastic molding processes. It provides details on how injection molding and blow molding are used to manufacture a variety of plastic parts and products. It also outlines some common mold materials like steel, aluminum, and beryllium copper and factors like hardness, lifespan, and costs that are considered for different mold types. Major Pakistani companies involved in blow molding and related services are also mentioned.
Prezi es un programa de presentaciones basado en la nube que permite a los usuarios crear presentaciones no lineales con una interfaz gráfica de zoom, lo que les da la capacidad de acercarse y alejarse de diferentes secciones. Esta herramienta se usa comúnmente en entornos educativos para crear presentaciones dinámicas y no lineales.
Este documento habla sobre Jesús, quien vino al mundo hace 2000 años como el mayor ejemplo de amor y verdad. A pesar de su mensaje de un mundo mejor, muchos no entendieron su propuesta de vida y lo crucificaron. Durante tres días hubo oscuridad hasta que Jesús resucitó, enseñándonos a superar nuestros defectos y resucitar las mejores virtudes. La Pascua sirve para recordar esta resurrección y desear una feliz Pascua a todos.
Las víctimas del colapso de un edificio repleto de talleres textiles en Bangladesh que mató a 1.132 personas aún esperan indemnización seis meses después. Más del 90% de los supervivientes siguen traumatizados y sin trabajo debido a lesiones graves. Solo Primark ha pagado una pequeña cantidad a cada familia afectada, mientras que las negociaciones entre empresas y sindicatos sobre mayores indemnizaciones apenas han comenzado. Aunque el desastre llevó a iniciativas para mejorar la seguridad y condiciones laborales, Bangladesh sig
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a los bancos rusos, la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia, y sanciones contra funcionarios rusos. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
El documento pide que se reenvíe un mensaje a tantas personas como sea posible para crear conciencia sobre una práctica que amenaza a la humanidad. Insta a la unión de todos para erradicar esta costumbre dañina, ya que a menos que se tomen medidas, continuará ocurriendo a pesar de que parezca imposible.
This document contains contact and professional information for Adnan Feroz. It summarizes his work experience as a Network Support Engineer for Vision Telecom in Lahore, Pakistan since May 2014. It lists his responsibilities assisting the Network Administrator in managing network activities, operations, troubleshooting issues, and implementing hardware and software solutions. It also outlines his educational background, qualifications including CCNA, CCNA Security, and CCNP certifications, skills in networking protocols and technologies, and personal details.
El documento describe la trágica situación de una bebé recién nacida abandonada en la calle en China que murió ignorada por las personas que pasaban. Esto es el resultado de la política de un solo hijo del gobierno chino que ha llevado al abandono y asesinato de bebés, especialmente niñas. El documento pide que se envíen protestas a la embajada china y al presidente chino para denunciar esta situación y se divulguen estas imágenes para crear conciencia.
Este documento solicita a los lectores que elijan una plantilla para el blog de Douce y el Náufrago y ofrece un premio de un chupa-chups a quienes obtengan más puntos para la plantilla seleccionada. Además, proporciona varias formas de agradecimiento en diferentes idiomas y da la dirección de un buzón donde los lectores pueden enviar sus sugerencias.
This document outlines the protocol for treating dogs and cats that are determined to be too ill for surgery during a pre-surgical exam at the County of Orange Health Care Agency Animal Care Services. If an animal does not pass the exam, the attending veterinarian will determine a diagnosis and direct treatment. Treatment sheets will be completed and the animal will receive daily evaluations in a designated area until cleared for surgery. Veterinary staff will notify kennel staff when treatment is complete.
The document describes the synthesis of novel hydroxy naphthylchalcone compounds as potential inhibitors of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase). Two of the synthesized compounds showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the positive control kojic acid. Kinetic analysis revealed the inhibition was reversible and competitive. Molecular docking studies confirmed the active inhibitors strongly interacted with residues in the active site of mushroom tyrosinase.
The document summarizes an analysis of MBTA Route 71 performance. It finds that the schedule is unrealistic and cannot be met due to insufficient buses, leading to long wait times. It recommends aligning internal and printed schedules, setting realistic schedules based on data, and spacing buses more uniformly to reduce maximum wait times and improve the rider experience. Uniform wait times, occupancy, and bus speeds are proposed to achieve equilibrium across the route.
Este documento resume los resultados de un estudio sobre las preferencias de los jóvenes en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito respecto a los sistemas operativos de celulares Android e IOS. El estudio encontró que la mayoría de los jóvenes prefieren IOS porque lo consideran más seguro, fácil de usar y actualizado, aunque reconocen que Android es más económico de reparar. Los adultos generalmente prefieren IOS por recomendaciones de sus hijos, aunque priorizan un celular que sea útil para el trabajo y comunicarse con
El documento describe el desarrollo del teatro en México entre las décadas de 1920 a 1940. En la década de 1920 se fundó el Teatro Regional Mexicano para promover el folklore indígena, y se estableció un movimiento dramático para reflejar la realidad social del país. En la década de 1930 se consolidaron experiencias teatrales iniciadas en la década anterior. Finalmente, en la década de 1940 se produjeron películas de ambiente rural filmadas en blanco y negro que acercaron a los jóvenes al teatro
British standards define technical, manufacturing, and safety guidelines for UK industry. Dimensional tolerances account for permissible errors in achieving exact sizes during manufacturing. The choice of tolerance depends on the manufacturing method, item size, cost considerations, desired quality, material properties, and interfaces. Tolerances can be general, applying to all non-functional dimensions, or individual, specifying tolerances for critical dimensions. Examples show individual tolerances for functional parts and a general tolerance in a title block.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses two case studies where Melotte provided solutions to solve sprue bushing challenges for their customers. In both cases, Melotte's engineering team analyzed the production problems and designed re-engineered sprue bushings with 3D-printed integrated conformal cooling channels. This solved the customers' quality issues and significantly reduced production cycle times by up to 25%. The conformal cooling design allowed for optimized cooling that traditional machining could not achieve.
Injection Moulding Tool Design Manufacturing, Estimation and Comparison of L&...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the design, manufacturing, and analysis of an injection molding tool for an L&T power box side panel using different plastic materials. It first provides background on injection molding and describes the power box component. It then details the modeling of the part in Pro/E and analysis of the mold flow using plastic advisor to optimize filling. Mold calculations are presented to determine clamping force, shot capacity, cooling requirements, and machine specifications. The extraction of the core and cavity from the mold is illustrated along with the CNC manufacturing process. Cost comparisons of producing the part in different plastics are estimated.
The document provides information about Ritik Chauhan's industrial training at Prince Pipes and Fittings in Haridwar from July 12th to August 4th 2023. It discusses the various manufacturing processes used at Prince Pipes including injection molding, extrusion, CNC machining, and recycling. Injection molding is used to make plastic fittings using materials like PPR, CPVC, and UPVC. The extrusion process is used to make pipes from materials like PPR and HDPE. CNC lathes and electrical discharge machines are used for machining. The training helped Ritik learn about these processes and Prince Pipe's products.
This document provides an overview of various casting processes and considerations for casting design and quality. It describes common casting methods like sand casting, shell mold casting, expendable pattern casting, investment casting, vacuum casting, die casting, and centrifugal casting. Key factors that affect casting quality are discussed, such as allowing for metal shrinkage during solidification, avoiding thin sections and corners prone to defects, and designing the parting line to be planar for easier mold separation. Overall, the document outlines fundamental concepts for casting processes and guidelines for optimizing casting design.
This document provides an overview of forming and shaping processes for plastics and composite materials. It begins with introductions to plastics and polymers, discussing their molecular structures and common types. Key plastic forming methods are then described in detail, including extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, thermoforming, compression molding, and transfer molding. Each method is defined, key process parameters are given, and examples of common applications are provided. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on the main industrial techniques for processing plastics into final products and parts.
Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet BottleIOSR Journals
the concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The
basic blow molding process has two fundamental phases. First, a parson (or a perform) of hot plastic resin in a
somewhat tubular shape is created. Second, compressed air is used to expand the hot perform and press it
against mould cavities. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Blow molding process is used for which has
thin wall sections.In this thesis, blow mould design is to be done for a bottle having 0.5mm thickness. This
thickness cannot be filled in pressure injection molding. So blow molding is considered for pet bottle design.
The mould is prepared by first modeling the part, extracting core & cavity and generating CNC program. Blow
mould tool design is done in Pro/Engineer according to HASCO standards. A prototype of the pet bottle using
blow mould design is also included.
The document provides information about plastic injection moulding. It defines plastic as a polymeric substance that can be easily shaped and moulded. Plastics are used for their ability to be formed into complex shapes, their light weight, strength and availability in different colors. The main types of plastics are thermoset and thermoplastic. Injection moulding is described as the process of injecting melted plastic into a mould to form a part. Key aspects of the injection moulding process like the machine, mould, raw materials and defects are discussed. Injection moulding is concluded to be a very versatile process for producing a wide variety of plastic products.
The document discusses the process of injection moulding. It begins with an introduction to injection moulding, describing how it is used to produce plastic components. It then provides historical background on the development of injection moulding from the late 19th century onwards. The document outlines some of the key advantages of injection moulding, such as high production rates and dimensional accuracy of parts. It also notes some limitations, like high initial costs for moulds and machinery. Finally, it includes a glossary defining technical terms used in injection moulding.
The document summarizes a student project on improving the quality of plastic injection mould design using mould flow analysis. It describes the objectives of designing and developing an automatic injection moulded product for a glass. Design concepts were developed in CATIA software and analyzed in Plastic Advisor/Pro-E software. The results revealed improvements in the quality of the mould design using concurrent engineering and computer-aided design approaches. The project aimed to improve the design of an existing product and its mould through mould flow analysis.
This document provides an overview of thermoforming and thermoplastics from the 1940s to today. It discusses how thermoforming was used for early applications like windshields and food packaging in the 1940s-1950s as production volumes increased. By the 1980s, thermoforming provided more flexibility in container sizes. Today, thermoforming is used not just for packaging but also for items like refrigerator liners, bath tubs, and automotive parts. The document also provides details on the different types of thermoforming like vacuum, pressure, and mechanical thermoforming as well as commonly thermoformed thermoplastics.
This document provides an overview of thermoforming and other plastic processing techniques. It discusses the history and development of thermoforming from World War II to today. It then describes different types of thermoforming like vacuum, pressure, and mechanical thermoforming. The document also discusses extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding processes. It provides details on the key steps for each process and compares advantages and applications of different plastic forming techniques. Finally, it mentions some examples of Pakistani industries that utilize these plastic processing methods.
This document provides an overview of thermoforming and other plastic processing techniques. It discusses the history and development of thermoforming from World War II to today. It then describes different types of thermoforming like vacuum, pressure, and mechanical thermoforming. The document also discusses extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding processes. It provides details on the history, process, materials used, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each technique. Finally, it mentions some Pakistani industries that utilize these plastic processing methods.
IRJET- Simulation for Optimum Gate Location in Plastic Injection Moulding for...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses simulation of gate locations for an injection molded plastic spanner component using Moldflow analysis software.
2) Two potential gate locations are analyzed - at the center of the spanner handle and at the center of the curved surface.
3) The simulation results, including fill time, quality predictions, injection pressure, air traps, and weld lines are compared between the two gate locations to determine the optimum location.
Polymer processing involves converting plastic raw materials into finished products. There are primary, secondary, and tertiary processing methods. The selection of a processing method depends on factors like the product design, material properties, production quantity, and cost. Common primary methods include injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding. The polymer properties like water absorption, physical form, thermal stability, and melt flow properties affect the suitable processing technique. Proper consideration of these factors ensures efficient processing and quality product manufacture.
The document discusses injection molding techniques. It begins by defining injection molding as a process where molten plastic is injected into a mold to produce parts. It describes the basic components of older and modern injection molding machines. The process involves plastic pellets being melted and injected under pressure into molds through a nozzle to produce parts, which then cool and are ejected. Key advantages are high production rates and the ability to produce complex parts in various plastics.
ENHANCEMENT OF MOLD EFFICIENCY USING CONFORMAL COOLINGIRJET Journal
This document discusses conformal cooling in injection molds. It begins by introducing conformal cooling and how it can reduce cooling times compared to traditional cooling methods. It then discusses how conformal cooling channels can be constructed using techniques like laser sintering and 3D printing to better conform to mold cavities. The document reviews several studies that have found conformal cooling can reduce cycle times by up to 50% while improving product quality. It also discusses how conformal cooling helps maintain a more consistent temperature in molds compared to other cooling techniques. In summary, conformal cooling is able to more efficiently cool molds through customized cooling channel designs, reducing production costs by shortening cycle times without compromising part quality.
IRJET- Optimisation Technique for Design and Fabrication of ASTM Based Multit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and optimization of a die for manufacturing parts of varying thicknesses according to ASTM standards. Key points:
1) The multi-thickness die has three sections - a male part, holding plate, and female part. Variable thickness parts can be made by inserting shims of different thicknesses between the male and female parts.
2) The die design was optimized to reduce costs by machining cavities directly into the core plate, eliminating the need for a separate cavity plate.
3) Total manufacturing cost, material cost, tooling cost, and processing cost formulas were developed and optimized to reduce the cost per part. Process optimization focused on streamlining machining steps.
Stratasys White Paper - Injection MoldingSUE BROWN
The document discusses 3D printed molds for injection molding. It begins by introducing injection molding and the traditional expensive and time-consuming process for creating molds. It then describes how 3D printed molds using PolyJet technology provide a cheaper and faster alternative for creating prototypes and short production runs. The document provides details on the PolyJet printing process, guidelines for material selection and mold design, examples of testing done with PolyJet molds, and best practices for using PolyJet molds in the injection molding process.
Design and Manufacturing of Pet Bottle DieIJMTST Journal
A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth. Bottles are often made of glass, clay, plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as water, milk, soft drinks, ink, chemicals and etc. A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle cap; the bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material. Some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. Blow molding process is pretty much comparable with injection molding but the only difference is that, in this case, heated liquid plastic vertically pours out of barrel-like pot into molten tubes. The vacuum part is created. Most bottles are formed with this type of molding. Hot plastic resin is combined with a pressurized gas to fill and press the mold cavity, forming a hollow part.
3D modeling is done by pro-engineer.
Technology for Plastic Mold Tooling - Direct Metal Deposition HCL Technologies
This whitepaper highlights the benefits of DMD(Direct Metal Deposition) technology in mold cycle time reduction. It presents a comparative analysis conducted for cycle time performance of a mold consisting of a conventionally machined tool steel insert to a mold fitted with a Chromium Copper insert with a coating of tool steel deposited by the DMD process.
Computer aided drawing (CAD) provides advantages over manual drawing such as increased speed, accuracy, and ability to electronically share drawings. However, CAD requires retraining staff and removes individual drawing styles. Some companies may retain manual techniques due to equipment and training costs.
Architectural design companies use CAD "layering" to separate drawings into distinct layers like foundations, floor plans, wiring, and plumbing. This allows separating drawings for different users and customizing views.
Standard drawing conventions like British Standards improve understanding between parties and ease information sharing. Dimensional tolerances specify acceptable component fits and enable manufacturing of interchangeable parts.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers analyzed satellite data from NASA and the European Space Agency and found that nitrogen dioxide levels decreased significantly during lockdown periods in major cities across the world as traffic and industrial activities reduced. Overall, the temporary improvements in air quality during widespread lockdowns highlight the human activities that normally degrade air quality.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
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The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
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Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
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Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
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The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Sign
09 Higher Revision Notes
1. Revision notes Higher and Intermediate 2 Product design
Safety and the environment
You will be asked to consider safety aspects in the following contexts:
Safety and the consumer
Safety and the manufacturer
Safety and the environment
In answer to any question always refer to the product in the question and give
clear examples.
Safety and the consumer
U
Answers should include: the weight of the product, warning labels, advice on
carrying and storing.
Moving parts, which may trap or injure the user, abrasive surfaces and good
surface finishes.
Choice of materials, which will not poison or contaminate.
Good electrical insulation, which meets current European safety standards. Quality
control during and after production.
Safety and the manufacturer
U
Answer should include: Staff training, use of appropriate machinery, safety
inspections by government agencies.
Responsibility for the safe storage and disposal of materials, consideration to be
given to air, water and soil pollution.
Consideration given to the energy used in the manufacture of products.
Safety and the environment (social responsibility)
U
Responsibility for the safe storage and disposal of materials, consideration to be
given to air, water and soil pollution.
Consideration given to the energy used in the manufacture of products.
FB/MGS/09
2. Manufacturing systems (methods of manufacture)
Manufacturing systems refers mainly to the volume of products manufactured.
The choice of manufacturing systems are as follows:
Mass production
Batch production
One offs
JIT (Just in time)
Ghent chart
Mass production
U
Many thousands of copies of a product are made. Mass production suggests that
there is a large, probably international market, for this product.
It might be the case that the product is sold at low cost, Biro pens for example.
Tooling and machine setting might be initially very expensive, but costs are
recuperated by wide distribution and mass marketing.
Mass production systems are usually automated and use the minimum of labour.
Automated systems are more reliable and cost effective than using manual labour.
Mass production systems will probably use CAD / CAM systems.
Batch production
U
Lesser quantities of a product are made, usually in hundreds. For example garden
furniture.
The availability and distribution of products might be limited to particular stores
and seasons.
The method of manufacture might be semi automated, using Jigs and fixtures to
assist the craftsman manufacture the product.
It is likely that the products will be hand finished. This attention to detail will be
reflected in the cost to the consumer.
FB/MGS/09
3. Manufacturing systems (methods of manufacture)
One offs
U
A limited number of high quality products are made to order. The product might
be unique, for example a reception desk in the new Scottish parliament.
The demand for high quality will be expensive to the customer. The product will
undoubtedly be made by a skilled craftsperson using the minimum of automation.
It might be very difficult to replace or maintain such a unique product.
JIT
U
To reduce the cost of storage the Japanese have a developed a system which
delivers materials, Just in time (JIT). If materials are delivered to the factory just
in time for manufacture then taken away at the point of production, then labour
and storage costs can be reduced. This economic efficiency can be passed onto
the customer, in low cost products.
FB/MGS/09
4. Ghent chart
0BU
Planning for success is essential for any manufacturer. How the product will be
made is worked out in advance of beginning production. Often this is done on a
Ghent chart. A Ghent chart plans out what must be done against the time taken
to do it.
Look at this example:
Process Job Time
A Varnish the box 1 hour
B Sand the box 2 hours
C Make the box 3 hours
D Get supply of timber 4 hours
E Make lid 2 hours
F Varnish lid 1 hour
Below shows how all of these stages can be illustrated and put into a logical
order.
Ghent Chart
A
B
C
D
E
F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of working hours
Information found from the chart:
1. Total time taken = 12 hours.
2. Time saved if lid started when box was varnished = 1 hour.
FB/MGS/09
5. Production methods
Production methods, directly refers to the machining and manual production of
products. Depending on which Manufacturing system (method of manufacture) is
required will determine the choice of Production methods.
Extrusion
Injection moulding
Compression moulding
Vacuum forming
Blow moulding
Metal Casting
Piercing and Blanking
Press forming metal
Welding
Steam bending wood
CAD / CAM
Extrusion: Plastic
U
For making continuous lengths,
for example curtain rails.
Materials: thermoplastics, polypropene (pp).
Suitable for mass production of products.
1. Plastic granules are fed into the machine through a hopper.
2. The plastic is heated and forced through a die.
3. A long continuous length is produced and is trimmed to size.
FB/MGS/09
6. Extrusion: Metal
U
For making continuous lengths,
for example domestic water or gas pipes. Ideally suited to mass production.
Materials: Copper, Aluminium alloys.
Remarks: Uniform thickness, uniform section, light weight, easily bent.
1. A billet (A block of metal) is put into a ramming machine. The heated billet
of either copper or aluminium is forced under pressure and heat, through a
die to form the continuous length.
2. Reverse ramming will produce a hollow extrusion.
Hollow tube
Billet
Ram
FB/MGS/09
7. Injection moulding: Thermoplastics
U
Ideally suited to the mass production of plastic buckets, bins and storage boxes.
Thermoplastic granules are fed into a hopper and are forced under pressure and
heat, into a mould. The plastic is injected into the mould and the product is
quickly made. The mould is opened, the product removed and the process starts
again.
Materials: Polypropene (pp), Polythene (HDPE)
Remarks: Injection marks, push pin marks, Ribs.
Compression moulding
U
A similar process to injection moulding, though this time a slug (block) of a
thermosetting plastic is used.
This process is used to make light switch covers and similar products that need
thermosetting plastics.
Materials: Urea formaldehyde.
Remarks: Smooth high quality surfaces, intricate detailing, flash edges.
FB/MGS/09
8. Vacuum forming: Thermoplastics
U
A thin layer of a thermoplastic is heated, becomes flexible (plastic) and is drawn
down into a pattern (mould) under vacuum pressure.
This is a very quick, economical and reliable process. Used to form food
packaging, inserts for drawers and vehicle parts. Ideally suited to mass
production.
Material: Styrene, acrylic sheet.
Remarks: Rounded corners, tapered edges, smooth surfaces, good surface detail.
Blow moulding: Thermoplastics
U
As the title suggests air is blown into a hollow tube of plastic. The plastic tube is
nipped closed at one end and as the air pressure is increased the hot plastic tube
known as the Parison, then forms to the shape of the mould.
This is a very quick, economical and reliable process, typically used to form plastic
bottles.
Materials: Polypropene (pp), styrene.
Remarks: Uniform thickness, Mould separation lines, flash lines and clamping
point.
FB/MGS/07
9. Metal casting
Sand casting: One offs or batch production
U
Where complex heavy shapes in metal have to be formed and it is not practical to
cut out the form from a solid, then casting is used. A source metal, Aluminium
alloy for example is heated and melted into liquid form. The hot metal is poured
into a sand filled flask. The sand contains the impression of the project to be
made and it is this impression that is filled with the hot metal. When cooled the
shape is broken out of the sand and finished by hand.
Sand casting is not suitable for mass production.
Materials: Aluminium alloy, Brass, Lead.
Remark: Fillets, ribs, Flash, Runner riser (sprue pins), flask, Due to poor surface
finish needs machine finishing.
Die casting: Mass production
U
Where many copies need to be produced a die or solid moulding box is used to
form the casting. In this case the molten metal is pushed into the mould with a
plunger. When cooled the dies are opened and the casting removed.
Advantages: This process can be repeated as soon as the casting has cooled and
is ideally suited to mass production.
Remarks: Flash, injection point, ribs, good quality surface finish, good detailing.
Bike brake levers
FB/MGS/09
10. Piercing and blanking: Sheet metalwork
U
2D shapes can be sheared out of a metal sheet using a high pressure ram.
When a simple profile is cut out it is referred to as Blanking.
Where a hole or space needs to be made in the blank a secondary but similar
process is used. This process is known as Piercing.
Both piercing and blanking can be automated
to speed up the process of mass manufacture.
Remarks: These process’ are quick, leave little waste
and little finishing.
Press forming metal
U
A similar metal process to piercing and blanking, though on this occasion the
sheet metal is bent into a 3D form. Once again a ram is used to press the sheet
metal into a hollow former.
Materials: Steel, Aluminium alloy, copper, brass.
Remarks: These process’ are quick, leave little waste and little finishing. Ideally
suited to mass production. Though many of these mass production process’ will
be expensive to initially set up, the cost can be recovered through wide
distribution of sales.
FB/MGS/09
11. Welding
U
This is a permanent form of joining metal. Extreme heat is used in a small
localised area to melt the surface of the metals being joined. A filling rod is used
to flood the gap with molten metal and when cooled, will form a permanent bond.
Welding is a specialist skill if done manually, however automated systems can be
set up to produce long welds or welds in awkward areas.
Steam bending
U
It is possible to bend wood to form a curve. The selection of a suitable timber is
first, not all woods are suitable. Ideally, birch, ash, oak and beech can be chosen.
The wood is soaked with hot steam, to encourage it to be more flexible. While in
this condition the wood is bent in a former (jig). It maybe held in this bent
position or glued into shape.
Steam bending demands a craftsman and this is often reflected in the high cost of
the product. Steam bending is not an ideal process for mass production, due to
the high use of labour. However, it is possible to semi-automate steam bending to
batch produce furniture.
FB/MGS/09
12. Lamination
U
Steam bending thick solid timber is almost impossible. To achieve a bend thin
layers are bent and glued together. This is known as lamination.
A simple example of a laminated wood would be plywood. Consisting of veneers
(thin layers of wood) glued together.
Spindle moulding
U
To cut decorative mouldings on a large scale a horizontal spindle
moulder is used. This is operated by a highly skill woodworker. The
cutters are inter- changeable to cut a variety of moulding shapes.
13. CAD / CAM
U
In our consumer age the market place demands an evermore varied selection of
high quality products. Designers must quickly respond to the demand for high
standards in workmanship and efficiency.
Using Computer aided design and computer aided manufacture a designer can
achieve these goals.
Benefits of CAD / CAM to the designer:
Designs can be quickly developed and modified.
Designs can be modelled and tested.
Design ideas can be sent electronically to anywhere in the world instantly.
Design proposals can be illustrated for sale to the client.
Benefits of CAD / CAM to the Manufacturer:
If design and manufacture are integrated into one system, production
should be quick, economical and easily modified.
Manufacturing standards can be ensured between factories, if similar CAD
systems are being used.
Accuracy and high quality designs can be made ready for production.
Benefits of CAD / CAM to the consumer:
New designs can be developed quickly to meet the demand of consumers.
Accurate, high quality products can be quickly manufactured.
Helps ensure a wide distribution of products.
FB/MGS/09
14. Modelling
Integral to the success of a design of a product is making a model. This can be
done in the workshop or developed on computer.
Benefits of modelling to the designer
U
With sketch models mechanical parts can be developed and tested (hinges,
lids etc).
Sizes can be determined to suit ergonomic considerations.
The aesthetics can be explored and developed.
2D ideas can be fully evaluated in their 3D form.
A block model can be used to help sell the product to the client.
Benefits of modelling to the manufacturer
U
Models can be used to help the manufacturer tool up for production.
A 3D model will improve the understanding of the manufacturer, leading to
a successful product.
Benefits of modelling to the client
U
A client will be given a strong impression of what the final product will look
like.
A model will enable the client to test and evaluate moving pats of the
design, specifically ergonomics.
To help convince the client to buy the design.
Types of models
U
Sketch models: Simple and quick to produce they are used to test and
evaluate a specific design factor e.g. the size of a mobile phone to suit the
ergonomics of the hand.
Block models: Fully finished models but without the technology. The block
model gives a very good impression of what the product might look like.
Prototypes: Fully realised models, fully working models. Used to test and
evaluate the product before mass production.
CAD models: This type of model is growing in use within the design
industry. Models are quick to produce, easy to modify and manufacture. A
CAD model can be reproduced many times and distributed world wide,
without the need to print the design.
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15. Materials used in modelling
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Almost anything! There is no limit to what can be used or reused, remember
what may seem like junk can be re-worked into a model to give a new look to
a product.
Design Factors
Try not to think of design factors as an isolated aspect of design with little
relevance to the development of a design. Rather consider design factors as being
very wide ranging and with relevance to the stages in the design process.
Design factors need to be considered at these main stages of the design process:
Design analysis.
Writing a specification.
Developing a design.
Synthesising a design idea.
Evaluating the success of a product.
What are the most common design factors?
Function: The features the design offers, usually technological.
Performance: How well it functions, how well the design features work.
Safety: Physical and environmental.
Ergonomics: Physiological, psychological and anthropometrically.
Cost: Over heads, labour, marketing, distribution, profit.
Materials: Renewable, recyclable, finite, environmental issues.
Aesthetic: Styling, colour choice, form v’s function, texture, gender bias.
Obsolescence: Life span, replacements, maintenance, disposal.
Quality issues: quality control, British and European safety standards, Kite
mark.
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16. Design factors explained
Ergonomics:
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Physiological – This refers to the strength, weakness, dexterity, agility, mobility,
or range of movement a person has.
These factors vary from person to person for different reasons: age, injury and
gender.
Psychological – This refers to the intellectual and emotional capacity of an
individual. Designers will consider, intelligence, mood, feeling, likes and dislikes
when designing for people.
It is possible to suggest changes in mood, feelings and engender likes or dislikes
through use of colour, shape or form.
When producing instructions for self-assembly furniture consideration should be
given to the intelligence of the user.
Anthropological data – This refers to the data gathered on human sizes. To make
a product fit a person(s), it is essential that the designer has a knowledge of
human sizes. Information on the variation in sizes is shown as a percentage:
5th%le, 50th%le and 95th%le known as the design range and refers to the range
of the population we design for.
Variations in human sizes are because of gender, age and ethnic origin.
Quality issues:
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Consumer – Any new product should carry a guarantee that it will perform as it
should. To ensure that the customer is satisfied by their purchase, the product will
have gone through a Quality control stage during manufacture. This Quality
control stage is often indicated by placing a label or mark on the product.
The British kite mark is made up of the letters B, S and I, which is short for British
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Standards Institute and signifies quality assured.
U U U
Often the company logo or company name is enough to indicate that the product
has met quality control standards and is a worthy purchase. For example Rolls
Royce cars (RR), is recognised as a high quality car manufacturer.
If the customer is not satisfied with the
performance of the product it may be
possible to have the product replaced
or money returned.
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17. Manufacturer – Essential to customer satisfaction and maintaining customer
loyalty is the responsibility of the manufacturer to produce high quality goods.
The manufacturer must use suitable materials and production methods to ensure
high quality products. During production the manufacturer must set up “checking
stages” where the product is evaluated. If it is not right, then it will be returned
up the production line to be fixed, or removed from the system.
“A product being
checked on a
production line.”
Generating ideas
To kick start the creative process designers can use techniques to generate ideas.
Mood board or life style board: A collage of images are gathered and
U U
usually pasted together to form a stimulating source. Colours, shapes and
textures can be used to assist in the creation of new ideas.
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18. Morphological analysis: A number of relevant titles are posted at the top of
U U
a page. Under each title random words are listed. By then mixing words
from each column a new concept can be found.
“Design for clock”
Themes
U U Materials
U U USize
U Production method
U
Sport Plastic To fit a shelf Injection mould
Star wars Glass A3 size Casting
Nature Wood Pocket size Saw and file
By mixing words from each column a wide variety of starting points can be
achieved.
Brainstorming: This is a group activity, usually initiated at the beginning of
U U
a design project. The brief may be discussed by the design team and a
specification developed. Keys to a successful brainstorming session:
1. Everyone is expected to contribute.
2. There is no wrong answer as long as responses are aimed to develop ideas.
3. It is desirable to have a group of diverse contributors.
4. A summary of the meeting should be taken.
The design team
A product is never created by one single person (designer), rather it is a team of
experts who will contribute their opinions to help develop the product from an
idea to reality. Below are some worth mentioning, though the list of consultants is
never exhausted.
Members of the design team:
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Designer
Client
Ergonomist
Aesthetics (stylist)
Materials expert
Technology expert
Manufacturer
Accountant
Marketing manager
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19. Designer
U
The work of the designer is very broad and his or her role in the development of a
design will mean co-ordinating all the other members of the design team.
Primarily, a designer will discuss the brief, help produce a product specification,
generate ideas, synthesis ideas into a solution, produce models and prepare the
solution for manufacture, eventually evaluating the success of a prototype and
making modifications if necessary.
Client
U
One who initiates the brief and has the desire to hire a designer to produce a new
product. He or she will probably commit money and their own ideas to the
project. The client can be involved at any stage of the design process to advise
and confirm that the project is heading in the right direction. Ultimately, the client
should reap the financial rewards when the product successfully reaches the
market.
Ergonomist
U
An ergonomist will give specific advice on three ergonomic areas: Anthropometric
data (on human dimensions), Physiological information (On human movement,
strength and dexterity) and on Psychology (feelings, mood, intelligence, habits,
likes and dislikes). Applying these factors to the design of a product should ensure
it is suitable for people to use.
Aesthetics (stylist)
U
It is true to say that first appearances can influence the buyer. Where there is so
much competition from similar products, it is necessary for our design to catch the
eye of the buyer before the competition. To achieve this edge a stylist can be
hired to advice on a number of aesthetic issues: Colour choice, styling, texture,
proportion, balance of shape, form and colour, trends and fashions.
Materials expert
U
We demand products to be more durable, hard wearing, flexible, colour fast and
stronger. Common raw materials: wood and metal still have their place, but
composites (mixtures) of plastic or man made materials are the most common
today. Designers need experts in the field of materials to ensure that the product
will perform as it should.
Technology expert
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The technology, now common place in many house hold products (micro waves,
flat screen TV’s and PC’s), was unheard off twenty years ago. Designers rely on
technologists to provide technological opportunities which will advance the
development of their design ideas. FB/MGS/07
20. Manufacturer
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A product will only come to life through the efforts of the manufacturer. The
manufacturer will be involved in the design process at many points. At the
research stage: when the designer will want to know how it is possible to realise
the ideas on paper. At the planning stage: When the manufacturer will take the
design proposal and plan how it will be made (manufacturing and production
methods). Finally, the manufacturer will be responsible for the production and
quality control of the product before it goes to the customer.
Accountant
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Controlling budgets, wages, electricity bills, rent of office space, purchase of
materials, taxation, profits, paying for distribution are known as overheads. It is a
big responsibility to balance the books and should be given to an expert in the
field of finance and economics. An essential member of the design team who will
take on the responsibility of such jobs will be the accountant.
Marketing manager
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For the new product to compete in the market place, it will be advertised and
promoted. The role of the marketing manager is to survey the public to assess the
demand for the product and then advertise and promote the arrival of the new
product. Always watchful for the decline of a product, the marketing manger will
look for the chance to promote a new product.
Technology
The use of technology (micro electronics, computer control) plays a big role in
the design of modern products. Most everyday products use technology.
There are a few terminologies you must be familiar with.
Technological push.
Market (consumer) pull.
Technological innovation.
Obsolescence.
Miniaturisation
Technological push
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Where a specific technology has been invented, it can be applied to other design
U U U
situations. For example computer systems developed by NASA and assisted
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astronaughts to travel into space are now household personal computer systems.
“Technological development pushes the designer towards new ideas.”
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21. Market pull
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Where the consumer creates a demand for a new product, the designer must
U U
respond with new designs. For example the market demands portable music
systems that are hassle free and have a large capacity for music storage. The
designer responds be inventing the ipod.
“The consumer demands new products to replace present day products. The
designer is driven by these demands.”
Technological innovation
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A designer needs to know about recent technological advances, so that these can
be built into new designs.
Examples of technological innovations:
Miniaturisation allows that designer to produce compact, small products.
U U
Consider how small an MP3 player is compared to a CD walkman.
The use of IT (information technology – computers). Products can be
U U
controlled and commanded to perform varied tasks. A new washing machine
can detect how heavy the washing is and adjust its speed to reduce
bumping and knocking.
Integration of systems: A single product can be made to perform many
U U
tasks. A new mobile phone will not only allow users to talk to each other
but, text, take photos, connect to the inter-net and remotely pass
information through blue tooth. Compare the performance of to days
phones to ones produced ten years ago.
Obsolescence
U
To keep the consumer wanting and relying on new products, designers will make
products that will eventually fail. They have a built in life span and this is known
as built in obsolescence.
A product will become obsolete because:
The materials it is made from will break, tear, wear away, dissolve, fade,
wrinkle, or melt. For example a fabric on a seat will wear, fade and tear and
will have to be replaced eventually.
Parts of the product will be a made weak or fragile. Typically the battery
compartment cover on a camera has a very weak hinge and after the
22. batteries have been frequently replaced the hinge will fall off. The remaining
parts of the camera function well, but the user will feel the camera needs
replacing.
Impossible to maintain. There may be no replacement parts or they might
be very expensive. Consider how difficult it is to by a black and white film
for a camera these days.
The product is superseded (replaced by a better version). The new
product might perform in a similar way to others, but by the virtue of it
being new, it is a desirable object.
Goes out of fashion. Designers will use colour, shape and logos to alter
products. As products grow older their shape and colour can become less
fashionable. We all understand this if we consider how often we buy new
clothes and throw out clothes that are functionally sound, but are out of
fashion.
Materials
Vital to the development and success of any design is an understanding of the
materials a product can be made from.
To understand more about a material than just its name we must look at its
Properties.
What properties can materials have?
Durable: long lasting.
Hardwearing: resistant to scratches, bumps and abrasions.
Malleable: can be bent and shaped without fracture.
Ductile: can be drawn down into a wire or rod.
Elastic: can be deformed but return quickly to its original shape.
Conductor: will allow electricity or heat to pass though.
Insulator: will not allow electricity or heat to pass through.
Brittle: Will shatter if struck.
Transparent: See through.
Opaque: Blocking light, though allowing some light through.
Absorbent: able to draw in water or similar liquid.
23. Wood
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FSC: Forestry stewardship council ensures the timber is taken from a
managed source.
Pine: Soft wood used for a large variety of products. The bold grain pattern
is seen as an attractive feature. Not expensive and always available.
Available from a renewable source.
Beech: Hardwood commonly available, though expensive. Because of its
durability it is used to for benches, tools and kitchen utensils. Available from
a renewable resource.
Teak: Durable and ideally suited to weathering. Very rare however because
it comes from Asia. A rich brown colour. Not available from sustainable
sources, therefore expensive.
Plywood: Layers (veneers) are glued on each other to form a solid board.
Plywood is very strong compared to its thickness and can be bent into
curves. A very versatile material it can be used for a wide variety of jobs
inside and out.
Metals
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Aluminium alloy: Non ferrous, Light-weight, ductile, malleable, rust proof, is
easily melted for casting and is easily cut and machined. An ideal material
for a variety of jobs. Commonly available and can be recycled.
Stainless steel: Non ferrous, Durable, clean, shinny, will not rust and is
easily machined. Used in a similar way to aluminium alloy, though stainless
steel is tougher than aluminium.
Plastics
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Polypropene (pp): A thermoplastic, clean, flexible, durable, fade resistant,
can be extruded, injection moulded and vacuumed formed. Used for many
U U
kitchen products. It can be recycled and is a by-product of the oil industry.
24. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): DO NOT TRY TO LEARN THE LONG
NAME FOR THIS THERMOPLASTIC. A thermoplastic, Strong, light weight,
scratch, heat and chemical resistant and can be extruded and injection
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moulded. Suitable for furniture, car parts, and products that will have to
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come in contact with wear and tear. Can be recycled.
Araldite (epoxy resin): This is a thermosetting plastic. Two liquid chemicals
are mixed together to form a chemical reaction. When both chemicals meet
in air they begin to bond and harden. This is ideally used as a glue and can
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be cast into a form. Cannot be recycled.
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Melamine (plastic laminate): This is a thermosetting plastic. Commonly
known as formica, it often used as a surface for a worktop. It can be
coloured, printed on and textured to look like wood, stone or any material.
It is hard wearing and heat resistant though can be easily cracked. It cannot
be recycled. It is often compression moulded.
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25. FB/MGS/09
The design process
There are a logical series of steps a design team will follow to complete a design
project. There is no hard and fast set of steps that all designers follow. The
design process is often lead by the nature of the project. However there area few
stages common to most design projects.
Design brief
Analysis of the brief with relevant research
Specifications
First ideas
Developed ideas
Synthesis of an idea
A solution
A working drawing
Evaluation
Design brief
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A client will raise a problem for a designer to solve. There are two types of
problem:
Open brief: Where there are few restrictions on the direction the design
should take.
Closed brief: Where the client insists on restricting the design of the
product.
Analysis of the brief with relevant research
U
The design team will research design factors relevant to the brief. The information
on function, performance, safety, aesthetics or ergonomics will be used to assist
in the design of the product.
Specifications
U
The design team will eventually agree on a direction to take the design This
agreement or policy will steer the design team towards a solution. A product
specification is made up from the design factors researched at an earlier stage.
Specifications are made up from the following headings:
Function
Performance
Safety
Ergonomics
Cost
26. Materials choice
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First ideas
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A designer will need to open their mind to different possibilities and so the first
ideas need to be varied and innovative (inventive). These first ideas are quickly
produced and usually lack great detail.
Developed ideas
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One or two of the most promising ideas are further developed to add the detail
necessary to become a solution.
Synthesis
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Vitally, a rear solution needs to be checked against the specifications. This
process of checking the details of a possible solution against the original
specifications is known as synthesis.
A solution
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This final proposal will be presented to the client for final approval. It may be a
manually produced graphic, computer illustration or model. The designer will hope
to sell their idea to the client through their illustrations.
A working drawing
U
This technical illustration will contain all the information necessary to make the
product. It normally includes: sizes and tolerances, volumes, forms of
construction, materials and instructions on how it should be made.
Evaluation
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Most products need alteration at the early stages of marketing and selling. To
decide on what modification, if any need to be made, the product is evaluated
(tested) against the specifications once more.
27. FB/MGS/09
Product Design revision notes
Please read over these notes before your exam. The following notes are designed
to compliment and simplify your text book. Use these notes when you are doing
past papers.
Contents:
Safety and the environment.
Manufacturing systems.
Production methods.
Modelling.
Design factors.
Generating ideas.
The Design Team.
Technology.
Materials.
The design process.
Additional topics will be added later.
28. FB/MGS/09
Product Design revision notes to suit
Intermediate II
and
Higher
January 2009
Name:
Class:
Teacher:
29. FB/MGS/09
HDPE/LDPE PP ABS
Properties of a material Ergonomics
Psychology Anthropometrics
Physiology Function Performance
Aesthetics Balance Proportion
Physical safety Environmental safety
Quality control Mass production
Batch production One off Jit
Obsolescence: Why and How?
Market research: Expert opinion, User trial,