the concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The
basic blow molding process has two fundamental phases. First, a parson (or a perform) of hot plastic resin in a
somewhat tubular shape is created. Second, compressed air is used to expand the hot perform and press it
against mould cavities. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Blow molding process is used for which has
thin wall sections.In this thesis, blow mould design is to be done for a bottle having 0.5mm thickness. This
thickness cannot be filled in pressure injection molding. So blow molding is considered for pet bottle design.
The mould is prepared by first modeling the part, extracting core & cavity and generating CNC program. Blow
mould tool design is done in Pro/Engineer according to HASCO standards. A prototype of the pet bottle using
blow mould design is also included.
Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
Tags
best small and cottage scale industries, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Copolymerization And Techniques Of Polymerization, Establish Plastic Product Making Plant, future of plastic industry in India, Get started in small-scale food manufacturing, Growth Polymerization, How Plastics Are Made, How to Start a plastic business?, How to Start a Plastic Manufacturing Business, how to start a plastic manufacturing business in India, How to Start a plastic Production Business, How to start a successful plastic business, how to start plastic industry, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry (Plastics and Polymer Processing Industries), How to Start plastic Processing Industry in India, Indian plastics industry, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable plastic Processing Business Ideas, new small scale ideas in plastic processing industry, NPCS, Opportunity in the Indian Plastic Industry, plastic and polymer industry, plastic Based Small Scale Industries Projects, plastic business ideas, plastic business opportunities, plastic Business, plastic factory project plan, plastic factory setup, plastic industry in India, plastic industry process, plastic Making Small Business Manufacturing, Plastic Manufacturing Industry, plastic Processing & plastic Based Profitable Projects, plastic Processing Industry in India, plastic Processing Projects, Plastics & Polymers Technology Books, Plastics industry, Plastics: Materials And Processing Technology, Polymer Characteristics, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Profitable plastic Small Scale Manufacturing, profitable small and cottage scale industries, Project identification and selection, Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic, Setting up and opening your plastic Business, Small scale Commercial plastic making, small scale plastic production line, Starting a Plastic Manufacturing Plant: Startup Business, Starting a plastic Processing Business, Thermogravimetry, Thermoplastic Composites, Thermoplastic Structural
Design and Manufacturing of Pet Bottle DieIJMTST Journal
A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth. Bottles are often made of glass, clay, plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as water, milk, soft drinks, ink, chemicals and etc. A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle cap; the bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material. Some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. Blow molding process is pretty much comparable with injection molding but the only difference is that, in this case, heated liquid plastic vertically pours out of barrel-like pot into molten tubes. The vacuum part is created. Most bottles are formed with this type of molding. Hot plastic resin is combined with a pressurized gas to fill and press the mold cavity, forming a hollow part.
3D modeling is done by pro-engineer.
It is our pleasure to introduce our latest resource guide to help designers, engineers and purchasing professionals navigate the world of plastic injection molding. We think it is one of the most comprehensive of it's kind with 200+ terms included. You might find it helpful in training new employees to the industry or your company. Thank you for viewing, and please share it with others who might benefit!
Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
Tags
best small and cottage scale industries, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Copolymerization And Techniques Of Polymerization, Establish Plastic Product Making Plant, future of plastic industry in India, Get started in small-scale food manufacturing, Growth Polymerization, How Plastics Are Made, How to Start a plastic business?, How to Start a Plastic Manufacturing Business, how to start a plastic manufacturing business in India, How to Start a plastic Production Business, How to start a successful plastic business, how to start plastic industry, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry (Plastics and Polymer Processing Industries), How to Start plastic Processing Industry in India, Indian plastics industry, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable plastic Processing Business Ideas, new small scale ideas in plastic processing industry, NPCS, Opportunity in the Indian Plastic Industry, plastic and polymer industry, plastic Based Small Scale Industries Projects, plastic business ideas, plastic business opportunities, plastic Business, plastic factory project plan, plastic factory setup, plastic industry in India, plastic industry process, plastic Making Small Business Manufacturing, Plastic Manufacturing Industry, plastic Processing & plastic Based Profitable Projects, plastic Processing Industry in India, plastic Processing Projects, Plastics & Polymers Technology Books, Plastics industry, Plastics: Materials And Processing Technology, Polymer Characteristics, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Profitable plastic Small Scale Manufacturing, profitable small and cottage scale industries, Project identification and selection, Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic, Setting up and opening your plastic Business, Small scale Commercial plastic making, small scale plastic production line, Starting a Plastic Manufacturing Plant: Startup Business, Starting a plastic Processing Business, Thermogravimetry, Thermoplastic Composites, Thermoplastic Structural
Design and Manufacturing of Pet Bottle DieIJMTST Journal
A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth. Bottles are often made of glass, clay, plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as water, milk, soft drinks, ink, chemicals and etc. A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle cap; the bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material. Some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. Blow molding process is pretty much comparable with injection molding but the only difference is that, in this case, heated liquid plastic vertically pours out of barrel-like pot into molten tubes. The vacuum part is created. Most bottles are formed with this type of molding. Hot plastic resin is combined with a pressurized gas to fill and press the mold cavity, forming a hollow part.
3D modeling is done by pro-engineer.
It is our pleasure to introduce our latest resource guide to help designers, engineers and purchasing professionals navigate the world of plastic injection molding. We think it is one of the most comprehensive of it's kind with 200+ terms included. You might find it helpful in training new employees to the industry or your company. Thank you for viewing, and please share it with others who might benefit!
Dry ice-blasting is a form of carbon dioxide cleaning, where dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide, is accelerated in a pressurized air stream and directed at a surface in order to clean it. An alternative media for non-abrasive blasting is water-ice, known as ice blasting.
The method is similar to other forms of abrasive blasting such as sand blasting, plastic bead blasting, or sodablasting substituted for dry ice as the blasting medium. Dry-ice blasting leaves no chemical residue as dry ice sublimates at room temperature.
Dry ice is the solid form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas found naturally in our atmosphere.
Dry ice blasting is a relatively new cleaning process using solid CO2 pellets (known as dry ice).
The pellets sublimate (convert directly from a solid blast pellet to a vapor (CO2) leaving no residue.
The CO2 blasting process is superior to blasting with sand or glass bead and other types of cleaning methods for numerous reasons.
Conformal Cooling for plastic injection molding is emerging as the best technology that gives some great advantages for making mold tools. Benefits of Conformal Cooling such as it is improved product quality, savings energy, reduction of scrap, productivity and efficiency.
Mechanical properties and reliability of glass aluminium composite as insert ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Plastic injection mold made of tool steel is generally utilized for large lots production. Running for small lots of product is a new trend of demand, so that the mold would be relatively expensive and not competitive. The aim of the present work is to find an alternative material and process for low cost injection mold that suitable for small lots. For these reasons, aluminum-glass-acrylic particulate composite would be proposed as a material for manufacturing of low cost plastic injection mold. In this work, an insert mold as part of the injection molding was selected for the case study. Composite was examined to know its characteristics. The part with size of (80mm x 10mm x 10mm) and (30mm x30mm x30mm) made of particulate composite material was selected as specimen. Material of the specimen was aluminum powders (<297><74><74 μm); the volume ratio is 1:1:1. Acrylic was used for binder when composite made by layer manufacturing method, using Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine. The specimen was prepared into three steps: manufacturing of composite (green specimen) by SHM machine, heating green specimen to burn up the acrylic, and resin impregnation. There were 3 types of specimens: green specimen before heating at 700°C, green specimen after heating at 700°C, and green specimen after heating at 700°C that continued by resin impregnation. Tests was performed to investigate its bending strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, and dimensional error. The other composite (specimen) was insert mold, made by layer manufacturing method, using SHM machine. Case study was carried out by testing an insert mold to know the reliability of insert mold. Bending strengths of green specimen, before and after heating at 700°C, were 2.07 and 8.23 MPa, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 17.15 MPa. Dimensional errors in the direction of X, Y, and Z-axis for green specimen of (30mm x 30mm x30mm) before heating at 700°C were 8.65, 2.7, and 3.8 mm, respectively; and after heating at 700°C were 7.90, 1.10 and 0.90 mm, respectively. Surface roughness of green specimen before and after heating at 700°C were 46.12 and 33.48 μm, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 12.17 μm. Surface hardness of specimen after resin impregnation was 14.199 BHN. The amount of plastic parts that could be produced by insert mold was 120 and 126 pieces. Although mechanical strength of this composite was lower than that of tool steel that used for common plastic injection mold, but this composite material was less expensive and suitable for small lots production. Keywords: Layer manufacturing, Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine, green specimen, insert mold.
Now a day’s Die design is the major part in product development. Die design will cause of
the increase in component cost, machining complexity. For avoiding these problems we are taking
virtual software support.
In this thesis paper I am working on injection moulding die design optimizing. To provide an
initial design of the mould assembly for customers prior to receiving the final product CAD data is a
preliminary work of any final plastic injection mould design. Traditionally and even up till now, this
initial design is always created using 2D CAD packages. The information used for the initial design
is based on the technical discussion checklist, in which most mould makers have their own standards.
This technical discussion checklist is also being used as a quotation. This paper presents a
methodology of rapid realization of the initial design in 3Dsolid based on the technical discussion
checklist, which takes the role of the overall standard template. Information are extracted from
databases and coupled with the basic information from customer, these information are input into the
technical discussion checklist. Rules and heuristics are also being used in the initial mould design. A
case study is provided to illustrate the use of the standard template and to exhibit its real application
of rapid realization of the initial design for plastic injection moulds.
In this paper we are avoiding the all the problems involved in die design and how to make
standard template for the die design
This project deals with the modeling of cooler tank parametric model as per the client requirement. Finding the best manufacturing process preparing mould base for the same, analyzing different manufacturing process by doing CNC program by changing milling parameters (feed, speed, cutters….).So that optimum parameters for manufacturing will be suggested which is useful to reduce the costs and efforts. Plastic flow analysis will be conducted to check the material flow and filling. So that reduction in the pre-machining cost will be done by rectifying the problem. FEM Based analysis will be conducted on mould structure to reduce weight of the mould. And thermal analysis will be conducted to suggest optimized cooling channel design. Modeling, mould base preparation, manufacturing, cnc programming will be done
OPTIMIZED DIE STRUCTURE DESIGN OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOULD USING FEM TECHNIQUEIjripublishers Ijri
The Aim of this thesis work is to reduce weight and cost of the injection mold by removing unwanted materials and using
low cost materials at non-stress region areas.
A general large size model will be prepared to design the mold structure using theoretical method.
Complete level of mold parts and assembly will be prepared to conduct analysis.
Structural analysis will be conducted on mould to find stress locations and non-effective locations.
Modifications will be done on mold according to obtained results.
DESIGN OF MOULD TOOL & COOLING CHANNEL OPTIMIZATION OF REMOTE CONTROL TOP PANELIjripublishers Ijri
A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are
typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic,
most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.
Molding is the process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or
matrix. This itself may have been made using a pattern or model of the final object.
Cooling channels are used in mold tool to reduce the temperature of the object to help molten material to solidify quickly
before the ejection. It is quite useful to increase the production rate.
The aim of this project work is to design mold structure and optimize cooling channel system to reduce effect of warpage
of remote control top panel.
Conceptual design of injection mold tool for the chair hand rest componenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESING OF MOULD TOOL & COOLING CHANNEL OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL HELMETIjripublishers Ijri
A Plastic Material Is Any of A Wide Range of Synthetic Or Semi-Synthetic Organic Solids That Are Moldable. Plastics
Are Typically Organic Polymers Of High Molecular Mass, But They Often Contain Other Substances. They Are Usually
Synthetic, Most Commonly Derived From Petrochemicals, But Many Are Partially Natural.
Molding Is The Process of Manufacturing By Shaping Liquid Or Pliable Raw Material Using A Rigid Frame Called A Mold
Or Matrix. This It May Have Been Made Using A Pattern Or Model of The Final Object.
Computation of Theoretical Heat of Formation in a Kiln Using Fortran LanguageIOSR Journals
Abstract: The evolution of the early rotary kiln for cement industries and innovation made by man is to ease
cement processing. The rotary Kiln in which cement is burnt at 13000C to 15500C is a long cylinder rotating on
its axis and inclined so that the materials fed in at the upper end travel slowly to the lower end.
The approach adopted is by evolving a mathematical model of the system. Simulation of the process was carried
out using FORTRAN language to compute theoretical heat of formation. The exact value of theoretical heat of
formation was found to be 435.583000.
The aim is to produce a good quality clinker at the optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The computer model is in a FORTRAN language. The simulation provides very encouraging result, which
showed trends that enabled the deduction of optimum system parameters.
Significance: This paper investigated the behavior of the kiln through computer simulations, for comparing
the performance of different constitutions under similar operations and conditions. The paper highlighted how a
good quality clinker can be produced at optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
Dry ice-blasting is a form of carbon dioxide cleaning, where dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide, is accelerated in a pressurized air stream and directed at a surface in order to clean it. An alternative media for non-abrasive blasting is water-ice, known as ice blasting.
The method is similar to other forms of abrasive blasting such as sand blasting, plastic bead blasting, or sodablasting substituted for dry ice as the blasting medium. Dry-ice blasting leaves no chemical residue as dry ice sublimates at room temperature.
Dry ice is the solid form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas found naturally in our atmosphere.
Dry ice blasting is a relatively new cleaning process using solid CO2 pellets (known as dry ice).
The pellets sublimate (convert directly from a solid blast pellet to a vapor (CO2) leaving no residue.
The CO2 blasting process is superior to blasting with sand or glass bead and other types of cleaning methods for numerous reasons.
Conformal Cooling for plastic injection molding is emerging as the best technology that gives some great advantages for making mold tools. Benefits of Conformal Cooling such as it is improved product quality, savings energy, reduction of scrap, productivity and efficiency.
Mechanical properties and reliability of glass aluminium composite as insert ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Plastic injection mold made of tool steel is generally utilized for large lots production. Running for small lots of product is a new trend of demand, so that the mold would be relatively expensive and not competitive. The aim of the present work is to find an alternative material and process for low cost injection mold that suitable for small lots. For these reasons, aluminum-glass-acrylic particulate composite would be proposed as a material for manufacturing of low cost plastic injection mold. In this work, an insert mold as part of the injection molding was selected for the case study. Composite was examined to know its characteristics. The part with size of (80mm x 10mm x 10mm) and (30mm x30mm x30mm) made of particulate composite material was selected as specimen. Material of the specimen was aluminum powders (<297><74><74 μm); the volume ratio is 1:1:1. Acrylic was used for binder when composite made by layer manufacturing method, using Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine. The specimen was prepared into three steps: manufacturing of composite (green specimen) by SHM machine, heating green specimen to burn up the acrylic, and resin impregnation. There were 3 types of specimens: green specimen before heating at 700°C, green specimen after heating at 700°C, and green specimen after heating at 700°C that continued by resin impregnation. Tests was performed to investigate its bending strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, and dimensional error. The other composite (specimen) was insert mold, made by layer manufacturing method, using SHM machine. Case study was carried out by testing an insert mold to know the reliability of insert mold. Bending strengths of green specimen, before and after heating at 700°C, were 2.07 and 8.23 MPa, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 17.15 MPa. Dimensional errors in the direction of X, Y, and Z-axis for green specimen of (30mm x 30mm x30mm) before heating at 700°C were 8.65, 2.7, and 3.8 mm, respectively; and after heating at 700°C were 7.90, 1.10 and 0.90 mm, respectively. Surface roughness of green specimen before and after heating at 700°C were 46.12 and 33.48 μm, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 12.17 μm. Surface hardness of specimen after resin impregnation was 14.199 BHN. The amount of plastic parts that could be produced by insert mold was 120 and 126 pieces. Although mechanical strength of this composite was lower than that of tool steel that used for common plastic injection mold, but this composite material was less expensive and suitable for small lots production. Keywords: Layer manufacturing, Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine, green specimen, insert mold.
Now a day’s Die design is the major part in product development. Die design will cause of
the increase in component cost, machining complexity. For avoiding these problems we are taking
virtual software support.
In this thesis paper I am working on injection moulding die design optimizing. To provide an
initial design of the mould assembly for customers prior to receiving the final product CAD data is a
preliminary work of any final plastic injection mould design. Traditionally and even up till now, this
initial design is always created using 2D CAD packages. The information used for the initial design
is based on the technical discussion checklist, in which most mould makers have their own standards.
This technical discussion checklist is also being used as a quotation. This paper presents a
methodology of rapid realization of the initial design in 3Dsolid based on the technical discussion
checklist, which takes the role of the overall standard template. Information are extracted from
databases and coupled with the basic information from customer, these information are input into the
technical discussion checklist. Rules and heuristics are also being used in the initial mould design. A
case study is provided to illustrate the use of the standard template and to exhibit its real application
of rapid realization of the initial design for plastic injection moulds.
In this paper we are avoiding the all the problems involved in die design and how to make
standard template for the die design
This project deals with the modeling of cooler tank parametric model as per the client requirement. Finding the best manufacturing process preparing mould base for the same, analyzing different manufacturing process by doing CNC program by changing milling parameters (feed, speed, cutters….).So that optimum parameters for manufacturing will be suggested which is useful to reduce the costs and efforts. Plastic flow analysis will be conducted to check the material flow and filling. So that reduction in the pre-machining cost will be done by rectifying the problem. FEM Based analysis will be conducted on mould structure to reduce weight of the mould. And thermal analysis will be conducted to suggest optimized cooling channel design. Modeling, mould base preparation, manufacturing, cnc programming will be done
OPTIMIZED DIE STRUCTURE DESIGN OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOULD USING FEM TECHNIQUEIjripublishers Ijri
The Aim of this thesis work is to reduce weight and cost of the injection mold by removing unwanted materials and using
low cost materials at non-stress region areas.
A general large size model will be prepared to design the mold structure using theoretical method.
Complete level of mold parts and assembly will be prepared to conduct analysis.
Structural analysis will be conducted on mould to find stress locations and non-effective locations.
Modifications will be done on mold according to obtained results.
DESIGN OF MOULD TOOL & COOLING CHANNEL OPTIMIZATION OF REMOTE CONTROL TOP PANELIjripublishers Ijri
A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are
typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic,
most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.
Molding is the process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or
matrix. This itself may have been made using a pattern or model of the final object.
Cooling channels are used in mold tool to reduce the temperature of the object to help molten material to solidify quickly
before the ejection. It is quite useful to increase the production rate.
The aim of this project work is to design mold structure and optimize cooling channel system to reduce effect of warpage
of remote control top panel.
Conceptual design of injection mold tool for the chair hand rest componenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESING OF MOULD TOOL & COOLING CHANNEL OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL HELMETIjripublishers Ijri
A Plastic Material Is Any of A Wide Range of Synthetic Or Semi-Synthetic Organic Solids That Are Moldable. Plastics
Are Typically Organic Polymers Of High Molecular Mass, But They Often Contain Other Substances. They Are Usually
Synthetic, Most Commonly Derived From Petrochemicals, But Many Are Partially Natural.
Molding Is The Process of Manufacturing By Shaping Liquid Or Pliable Raw Material Using A Rigid Frame Called A Mold
Or Matrix. This It May Have Been Made Using A Pattern Or Model of The Final Object.
Computation of Theoretical Heat of Formation in a Kiln Using Fortran LanguageIOSR Journals
Abstract: The evolution of the early rotary kiln for cement industries and innovation made by man is to ease
cement processing. The rotary Kiln in which cement is burnt at 13000C to 15500C is a long cylinder rotating on
its axis and inclined so that the materials fed in at the upper end travel slowly to the lower end.
The approach adopted is by evolving a mathematical model of the system. Simulation of the process was carried
out using FORTRAN language to compute theoretical heat of formation. The exact value of theoretical heat of
formation was found to be 435.583000.
The aim is to produce a good quality clinker at the optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The computer model is in a FORTRAN language. The simulation provides very encouraging result, which
showed trends that enabled the deduction of optimum system parameters.
Significance: This paper investigated the behavior of the kiln through computer simulations, for comparing
the performance of different constitutions under similar operations and conditions. The paper highlighted how a
good quality clinker can be produced at optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
Levels of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Three Species of Fresh and Smo...IOSR Journals
Three samples of fish, Scomber japonica (titus), Sardinellaeba (sardine) and Merlucciuspolli (fresh stock fish) were collected from Ojo main market in Lagos. Two low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and anthracene) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC), after extraction with n-hexane by ultrasonication and clean up using SPE cartridges. Heavy metals were determined in the samples using atomic absorption spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with aqua regia. The fat content was determined gravimetrically. The unsmoked samples had naphthalene range from 0.0788±0.0078 μg/g in Merlucciuspolli to 0.3845±0.0199 μg/g in Scomber japonica. Anthracene levels ranged from 0.4798± 0.0072 μg/g in unsmoked samples of Merlucciuspolli to 1.2254±0.0071 μg/g in Scomber japonica. The low fat containing specie (Merlucciuspolli) accumulated PAHs over the smoking periods, while a decrease was observed in the high fat containing species (Scomber japonica and Sardinellaeba). The highest concentration of Pb (8.65 μg/g), Cu (9.53 μg/g), Fe (201.80 μg/g) and Zn (122.15 μg/g) in the unsmoked fishes were found in unsmoked Scomber japonica while the highest concentration of Cr (13.68 μg/g) and Ni (5.88 μg/g) in the fishes were found in the unsmoked Merlucciuspolli. Cadmium was not detected in all the samples. The low fat containing specie showed increase in heavy metals over the smoking periods, while the high fat containing species also accumulated these heavy metals at 1 hour smoking period, but a decrease was noted over the 2 hours and 3 hours smoking periods. Smoking has effect on the level of these toxicants, as PAHs and heavy metals tend to accumulate on smoking. Smoking appeared to influence toxicants levels the fishes. Levels of the PAHs were higher than the regulatory permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Levels of the toxic metals were within the WHO set permissible limits except for Pb (in unsmoked Scomber japonica), Fe (in Sardinellaeba smoked for 1 and 2 hours, and in Merlucciuspolli smoked for 2 and 3 hours) and Cr (in all the samples).
Antibacterial Application of Novel Mixed-Ligand Dithiocarbamate Complexes of ...IOSR Journals
Nine stable mixed ligand dithiocarbamate complexes of Nickel (II) ion were prepared. The complexes were characterized with electronic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, conductance measurement, melting point and percentage metal analysis. Resulting analytical data gave credence to the assignment of a tentative square planar geometry to all the complexes. The complexes were proposed to have a general formulae of [Ni(Sal)(Rdtc)], where Sal = salicylaldehyde; R = dibenzylamine(Bz2NH), methylphenylamine(MePhNH),pyrrolidineamine(pyrrolNH),piperidineamine(piperNH),morpholineamine(MorpNH), anilineamine(AnilNH), para-chloroanilineamine(p-ClAnilNH), toludineamine(TolNH) and anisidineamine(AnisNH); and dtc = dithiocarbamate anion. The metal complexes were screened against six different bacteria strain using Agar diffusion method. The antibacterial studies reveal that the metal complexes exhibit broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aureginosa with inhibitory range of 10.5.—20.0mm.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
The Effect Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty of A...IOSR Journals
Customer Loyalty is important for cultivated by the company, therefore the aim of this study to prove
how the effect of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in enhancing Customer Loyalty. Samples were
service users Railway Transport Argo Bromo Anggrek Jakarta Surabaya by using purposive side. Sample size of
300 respondents. Data analysis using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that Services
Quality significantly influence to customer satisfaction. Customer Satisfaction significant effect on Customer
Loyalty. Service Quality is not yet significant effect on Customer Loyalty, so that Customer Satisfaction is a
mediator of the relationship Service Quality on Customer Loyalty to PT Argo Bromo Anggrek Train Jakarta-
Surabaya. The implications that Customer Satisfaction is capable of mediating the quality of care in improving
Customer Loyalty.
DESIGN OF MOULD TOOL & COOLING CHANNEL OPTIMIZATION OF REMOTE CONTROL TOP PANELIjripublishers Ijri
A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are
typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic,
most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.
Molding is the process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or
matrix. This itself may have been made using a pattern or model of the final object.
Cooling channels are used in mold tool to reduce the temperature of the object to help molten material to solidify quickly
before the ejection. It is quite useful to increase the production rate.
A Design and Analysis of Two Plate Injection Mould Tool For Wi-Fi RouterTherm...EditorJST
This A Wi-Fi router is a device that performs the function of a wireless access point, it is used to provide
access to the internet or a private computer. It is the hardware device that provide basic infrastructure for a home
or small office network.Proposed to make a single impression semi-automatic family mould to design top and
bottom cover for Wi-Fi router to make it more aesthetic, to reduce material cost, better heat dissipation, and to
reduce the tooling cost, to make the product more competitive in the market.It is proposed select the suitable plastic
material, to modify the existing plastic product design and to develop a suitable two plate family mould of one
impression each using SIEMENS NX software. It is also proposed to make detailing of mould parts and its assembly
for manufacturing using SIEMENS NX software. The analysis was done in AUTODESK MOLDFLOW. The mould
cost, raw material cost and processing cost per component are to be estimated to find the cost per component and to
compare it with the existing component part.
Injection Moulding Tool Design Manufacturing, Estimation and Comparison of L&...IOSR Journals
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Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 1 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 12-21
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre
Pet Bottle
K. GiridharReddy, K. Rajagopal M.Tech, Ph.D
M. Tech Student, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engg, Kadapa, A.P
(Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engg, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India)
Abstract: the concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The
basic blow molding process has two fundamental phases. First, a parson (or a perform) of hot plastic resin in a
somewhat tubular shape is created. Second, compressed air is used to expand the hot perform and press it
against mould cavities. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Blow molding process is used for which has
thin wall sections.In this thesis, blow mould design is to be done for a bottle having 0.5mm thickness. This
thickness cannot be filled in pressure injection molding. So blow molding is considered for pet bottle design.
The mould is prepared by first modeling the part, extracting core & cavity and generating CNC program. Blow
mould tool design is done in Pro/Engineer according to HASCO standards. A prototype of the pet bottle using
blow mould design is also included.
I. Introduction
1.1 Bottle
A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth.Bottles are often
made of glass, clay, plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as
water, milk, soft drinks, ink, chemicals and etc. A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a
bottle is termed an external bottle cap,.
The bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China,
Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material.
Some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer.
1.2 Plastic Bottle
Plastic bottles range from very small sample bottles to large carboys. The plastic is strain oriented in
the stretch blow molding manufacturing process.
II. Hollow Plastic Molds And Molding Type
2.1 Injection Molding
When it comes to Injection Molding, the melted plastic will be forced into special mold cavities. When
they cool down, the mold is removed. In plastic injection molding, heated plastic and is fed into the mold,
which forms into the part as it cools
2.2 Blow Molding
This process is pretty much comparable with injection molding but the only difference is that, in this
case, heated liquid plastic vertically pours out of barrel-like pot into molten tubes., the vacuum part is created.
Most bottles, tubes or containers are formed with this type of molding. Hot plastic resin is combined with a
pressurized gas to fill and press the mold cavity, forming a hollow part.
2.3 Compression Molding
This process also deals with plastic mold processes, but it involves pressing of solid plastic slugs
between highly hot mold halves. Thus the parts created air-cooled afterwards. This molding process can also
result in "flash lines" of extra plastic, like with regular injection molding.
2.4 .Film Insert Molding
This molding technique literally imbeds images underneath the exterior of molded parts. At this point,
materials akin to film or fabric will be slotted into the mold. Then plastic will be injected.
2. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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III. About Blow Moulding
Blow molding process principle comes from the idea of blowing glass. This blow molding was
introduced in the year of 1937.
3.1 Types Of Blow Molding
*Extrusion blow molding
*Continuous extrusion
*Injection blow molding
*stretch blow molding
*Inttermitent extrusion
*.Extrusion Blow Molding
This process usually use commodity materials such as PVC, PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE. The extrusion part
of the process is continuous and the rest is cyclic.
For continuous parsion blow molding, extrudate is produced continuously which would achieve good
melt uniformity. Several molds will be used to process the extrudate. Swift parison removal and control is
required for this process. There are three general types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding, injection blow
molding, and stretch blow molding. Extrusion blow molding is usually used to make items of weight greater than
12 oz. finish, and to process polymers that conot be extruded. Usual applications include pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, single serving liquor bottles that weighs less than 12 oz.
Important factors extrusion blow molding:
Polymer viscosity at high & low shear rates
Melt strength (important for uniform wall thickness, no holes)
Strain recovery (MW & Distribution)
Crystallization rate (slow rate desired)
*INJECTION BLOW MOLDING
For intermittent parison blow molding, the extra extruder must either feed the melt into a separate ram
accumulator or the screw will reciprocate more waiting for the next batch. This process is used for small scale
production because it is not as efficient as the continuous.
Injection blow molding include the following steps: at first, the polymer is injection molded onto the
core pin; then the core pin is rotated to a blow molding station to be inflated and cooled.
These factors are critical to this process:
Shear & temperature dependent viscosity
Temperature-dependent tensile strength on the pin
Tensile elongation during inflation
Crystallization kinetics on the core pin
Crystallization kinetics during blowing and cooling
3. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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*STRETCH BLOW MOLDING
For Stretch Blow Molding, the polymer is first heated to aboe the glass transition temperature. Then
polymer is inflated and stretched with a hollow core-rod. This process resembles that of a rubber balloon
inflation.
Important polymer properties to be considered:
Tensile strenth and yield above Tg
Effect of orientation on gas permeability through the polymer
3.2 ADVANTAGES OF BLOW MOLDING
Well suited to low and high production rates
Outperforms metal counterparts in high speed impact tests
Many types of materials to choose from
Quick product revisions for increased flexibility
Plastic prisons formed process to make hollow parts
Tooling is less expensive than Injection Molding
Each part price is less than Rotational Molding (faster cycle)
One piece construction (no need to connect part halves)
No cores allow for irregular shapes
Excellent ESCR (environmental stress crack resistance)
Aluminum tools are less costly
Choice between single and double walled construction
Single part replace prior several individual components
Excellent part performance under pressure
Trim and flash reusable into finished parts
From the above blow molding process types we have selected stretch blow molding
3.3 ADVANTAGES OF STRETCH BLOW MOLDING
1. Large production.
2. Highly accurate thickness.
3. Small thickness walls can be easily done.
Rotary Pet Stretch Blow Molding Machine
DMK-R4 6000 Bottles/Hour, 1500 bottles/station/hour.
DMK-R6 9000 Bottles/Hour, 1500 bottles/station/hour.
DMK-R8 12000 Bottles/Hour, 1500 bottles/station/hour.
DMK-R10 15000 Bottles/Hour, 1500 bottles/station/hour.
DMK-R12 18000 Bottles/Hour, 1500 bottles/station/hour.
4. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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IV. Introduction To Cad
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the
use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting
describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with
input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing
processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations.
CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and
engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions,
and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and
solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume
bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. CAD has
been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and
software), and discrete differential geometry.
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric
design (CAGD).
Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D
solid and surface modellersSome CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modeling, in which case it
may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting.
4.1 Types of CAD Software
2D CAD
Two-dimensional, or 2D, CAD is used to create flat drawings of products and structures. Objects
created in 2D CAD are made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots and curves. 2D CAD programs usually include a
library of geometric images; the ability to create Bezier curves, splines and polylines; Among the most popular
2D CAD programs are AutoCAD, CADkey, CADDS 5, and Medusa.
3D CAD
Three-dimensional (3D) CAD programs come in a wide variety of types, intended for different
applications and levels of detail. Some 3D CAD programs include Autodesk Inventor, CoCreate Solid Designer,
Pro/Engineer SolidEdge, SolidWorks, Unigraphics NX and VX CAD, CATIA V5.
3D Wireframe and Surface Modeling
CAD programs that feature 3D wireframe and surface modeling create a skeleton-like inner structure of the
object being modeled. A surface is added on later. These types of CAD models are difficult to translate into
other software and are therefore rarely used anymore.
Solid Modeling
Solid modeling in general is useful because the program is often able to calculate the dimensionsof the
object it is creating. Many sub-types of this exist. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) CAD uses the same basic
logic as 2D CAD
V. Introduction To Pro/Engineer
Pro/ENGINEER is a feature based, parametric solid modeling program. As such, it's use is
significantly different from conventional drafting programs. In conventional drafting (either manual or
computer assisted), various views of a part are created in an attempt to describe the geometry. Each view
incorporates aspects of various features (surfaces, cuts, radii, holes, protrusions) but the features are not
individually defined. In feature based modeling, each feature is individually described then integrated into the
part
An SLA file to a rapid prototyping system (stereolithography, etc.), use of the SLA part in hands-on
verification of fit, form, and function, and then export of an IGES file to the molder or toolmaker.
Different Modules In Pro/Engineer
*PART DESIGN
*ASSEMBLY
*DRAWING
*SHEETMETAL
*MOULD DESIGN
*MANUFACTURING
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VI. Model Of Pet Bottle
6. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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2d Drawings Of Pet Bottle
VII. Blow Mould Extraction
This process is cheaper and quicker than permanent or sand mould casting. Most of the automobile
parts like fuel pump, carburetor bodies, Horn heater, wipers, brackets, steering wheels, hubs and crank cases are
made with this process.
Core: The core which is the male portion of the mold forms the internal shape of the molding.
Cavity: The cavity which is the female portion of the mold, gives the molding its external form.
core & cavity extraction in Pro/Engineer
File – new- manufacturing- core& cavity-OK
Import reference model and assemble by using Default option
7. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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With Work Piece
Select parting surface option and create parting surface
Select mould volume option from menu manager – select done – select parting surface option – select split
option then it separates the volume into two half’s
VIII. Mould Design
Cavity: The cavity which is the female portion of the mold, gives the molding its external form.Shrinkage
allowance considered as 0.6% for zinc and the mould draft considered as 1°.
Side Cavity
Bottem Cavity
Exploded Viev
8. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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Guide Pillar
Free Form
Cavity Of Free Form
Core Of Free Form
IX. Manufacturing Process
By designed the mould tool for air PET BOTTLE, with the parameters now we can manufacture the air
PET BOTTLE according to the dimensions. The flow chart of the manufacturing process of the air PET
BOTTLE is given below.
9.1 Raw material
Hot die steels are most commonly used mould tool materials. they have Excellent toughness, ductility
and harden ability .Used for vary large dies especially in thickness greater than 200mm .Also used for hot and
warm forging and in extrusion tooling such as intricate dies and also dummy block ,liners, etc.
9. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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9.2 Surface grinding
After selecting raw material surface grinding is done, Surface Grinding is a widely used process of
machining in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles cuts chips of metallic or non metallic substance
making them flat or smooth.
9.3 CNC machining
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using CAD/CAM
programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a
particular machine, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component
might require the use of a number of different tools - drills, saws, etc.
9.4 Heat treatment
To increase the strength of the material it is heat treated. Heat treatment is an important operation in
the manufacturing process of machine parts and tools. Heat Treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of
metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing the product shape.
X. Manufacturing Procedure In Pro/Engineer
Cavity
Roughing
Import cavity part in to the Manufacturing
Create work piece
Set machining coordinate
Enter parameters
WITH CUTTING TOOL
Vericut
It’s a software used for simulating 3D machining process. This software is collaborated with PTC. In
PRO/ENGINEERING it is used for 3D simulation.
10. Blow Mould Tool Design And Manufacturing Process For 1litre Pet Bottle
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After completing machining processes .Extract CNC program
Finishing
HEAT TREATMENT - For our component heat treatment done is 55HRC.
Chrome plating for 0.1mm
Cutters used in thread cutting – V type cutters
XI. Conclusion
In my project I have modeled a pet bottle in CATIAV5. The manufacturing process for pet bottle is
stretch blow moulding. I have designed total die for the pet bottle under the guidance of expert. I have also
prepared prototype for the bottle and the free form.
To validate the strength of the bottle, structural analysis is done on two models of pet bottle by
applying pressure in the bottle when soft drink is taken. For the both models the analyzed stress values are less
than the permissible value.
I conclude that this design of pet bottle withstands the pressures when soft drink is filled in the bottle.
The pressure values are taken from standards of Coco – Cola Company.
I have completed blow moulding die according to standards. The design is ready for production.
References
[1]. Belofsky, H., Plastics: Product Design and Process Engineering, Hanser Publishers, Munich, Vienna, New York, 1995.
[2]. Progelhof, R.C. and J.L. Throne, "Polymer Engineering Principles: Properties, Processes, and Tests for Design", Hanser Publishers,
New York, 1993.