Virtual memory allows processes to be larger than physical memory by storing portions of processes that don't fit in RAM on disk. When a process attempts to access memory not currently in RAM, a page fault occurs, swapping the needed page in from disk while another process runs. Hardware and software mechanisms like page tables, TLBs, and replacement algorithms efficiently manage mapping virtual addresses to physical locations and swapping pages between disk and RAM. This improves system utilization by allowing many processes to reside partially in memory simultaneously.
This document discusses different distributed computing system (DCS) models:
1. The minicomputer model consists of a few minicomputers with remote access allowing resource sharing.
2. The workstation model consists of independent workstations scattered throughout a building where users log onto their home workstation.
3. The workstation-server model includes minicomputers, diskless and diskful workstations, and centralized services like databases and printing.
It provides an overview of the key characteristics and advantages of different DCS models.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) provides processes with a shared address space across distributed memory systems. DSM exists only virtually through primitives like read and write operations. It gives the illusion of physically shared memory while allowing loosely coupled distributed systems to share memory. DSM refers to applying this shared memory paradigm using distributed memory systems connected by a communication network. Each node has CPUs, memory, and blocks of shared memory can be cached locally but migrated on demand between nodes to maintain consistency.
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
The document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes logical vs physical addresses and how relocation registers map logical addresses to physical addresses. It covers contiguous and non-contiguous storage allocation, including paging and segmentation. Paging divides memory into fixed-size frames and pages, using a page table and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for address translation. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized segments based on a program's logical structure. Virtual memory and demand paging are also covered, along with page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal replacement.
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
OpenMP directives are used to parallelize sequential programs. The key directives discussed include:
1. Parallel and parallel for to execute loops or code blocks across multiple threads.
2. Sections and parallel sections to execute different code blocks simultaneously in parallel across threads.
3. Critical to ensure a code block is only executed by one thread at a time for mutual exclusion.
4. Single to restrict a code block to only be executed by one thread.
OpenMP makes it possible to easily convert sequential programs to leverage multiple threads and processors through directives like these.
Group Communication (Distributed computing)Sri Prasanna
This document discusses different modes of communication in distributed systems including unicast, anycast, multicast, and broadcast. It then covers topics related to implementing group communication such as hardware vs software approaches, reliability, ordering of messages, and protocols like IP multicast and IGMP.
This document discusses different distributed computing system (DCS) models:
1. The minicomputer model consists of a few minicomputers with remote access allowing resource sharing.
2. The workstation model consists of independent workstations scattered throughout a building where users log onto their home workstation.
3. The workstation-server model includes minicomputers, diskless and diskful workstations, and centralized services like databases and printing.
It provides an overview of the key characteristics and advantages of different DCS models.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) provides processes with a shared address space across distributed memory systems. DSM exists only virtually through primitives like read and write operations. It gives the illusion of physically shared memory while allowing loosely coupled distributed systems to share memory. DSM refers to applying this shared memory paradigm using distributed memory systems connected by a communication network. Each node has CPUs, memory, and blocks of shared memory can be cached locally but migrated on demand between nodes to maintain consistency.
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
The document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes logical vs physical addresses and how relocation registers map logical addresses to physical addresses. It covers contiguous and non-contiguous storage allocation, including paging and segmentation. Paging divides memory into fixed-size frames and pages, using a page table and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for address translation. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized segments based on a program's logical structure. Virtual memory and demand paging are also covered, along with page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal replacement.
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
OpenMP directives are used to parallelize sequential programs. The key directives discussed include:
1. Parallel and parallel for to execute loops or code blocks across multiple threads.
2. Sections and parallel sections to execute different code blocks simultaneously in parallel across threads.
3. Critical to ensure a code block is only executed by one thread at a time for mutual exclusion.
4. Single to restrict a code block to only be executed by one thread.
OpenMP makes it possible to easily convert sequential programs to leverage multiple threads and processors through directives like these.
Group Communication (Distributed computing)Sri Prasanna
This document discusses different modes of communication in distributed systems including unicast, anycast, multicast, and broadcast. It then covers topics related to implementing group communication such as hardware vs software approaches, reliability, ordering of messages, and protocols like IP multicast and IGMP.
The document discusses different memory management strategies:
- Swapping allows processes to be swapped temporarily out of memory to disk, then back into memory for continued execution. This improves memory utilization but incurs long swap times.
- Contiguous memory allocation allocates processes into contiguous regions of physical memory using techniques like memory mapping and dynamic storage allocation with first-fit or best-fit. This can cause external and internal fragmentation over time.
- Paging permits the physical memory used by a process to be noncontiguous by dividing memory into pages and mapping virtual addresses to physical frames, allowing more efficient use of memory but requiring page tables for translation.
Feng's Classification from 1972 classified computer architectures based on their degree of parallelism. It defined the maximum degree of parallelism P as the maximum number of bits that can be processed within a unit of time. Architectures were classified into four categories based on whether processing occurred at the word and bit level serially or in parallel: word serial/bit serial, word parallel/bit serial, word serial/bit parallel, and word parallel/bit parallel. The degree of parallelism P is calculated as the product of the number of bits in a word and the number of words processed in parallel.
Neuro-fuzzy systems combine neural networks and fuzzy logic to overcome the limitations of each. They were created to achieve the mapping precision of neural networks and the interpretability of fuzzy systems. There are different types of neuro-fuzzy systems depending on whether the inputs, outputs, and weights are crisp or fuzzy. Two common models are fuzzy systems providing input to neural networks, and neural networks providing input to fuzzy systems. Neuro-fuzzy systems have applications in domains like measuring water opacity, improving financial ratings, and automatically adjusting devices.
This document discusses shared memory in Linux, including creating shared memory segments using shmget, attaching and detaching shared memory using shmat and shmdt, controlling shared memory segments using shmctl, and using mmap to map files to shared memory. It provides details on the system calls used for shared memory and examples of creating and using shared memory between processes.
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) allows nodes in a cluster to access shared memory across the cluster in addition to each node's private memory. DSM uses a software memory manager on each node to map local memory into a virtual shared memory space. It consists of nodes connected by high-speed communication and each node contains components associated with the DSM system. Algorithms for implementing DSM deal with distributing shared data across nodes to minimize access latency while maintaining data coherence with minimal overhead.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) is a memory architecture where physically separate memories can be addressed as a single logical address space. In a DSM system, data moves between nodes' main and secondary memories when a process accesses shared data. Each node has a memory mapping manager that maps the shared virtual memory to local physical memory. DSM provides advantages like shielding programmers from message passing, lower cost than multiprocessors, and large virtual address spaces, but disadvantages include potential performance penalties from remote data access and lack of programmer control over messaging.
IPC allows processes to communicate and share resources. There are several common IPC mechanisms, including message passing, shared memory, semaphores, files, signals, sockets, message queues, and pipes. Message passing involves establishing a communication link and exchanging fixed or variable sized messages using send and receive operations. Shared memory allows processes to access the same memory area. Semaphores are used to synchronize processes. Files provide durable storage that outlives individual processes. Signals asynchronously notify processes of events. Sockets enable two-way point-to-point communication between processes. Message queues allow asynchronous communication where senders and receivers do not need to interact simultaneously. Pipes create a pipeline between processes by connecting standard streams.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
There are 5 levels of virtualization implementation:
1. Instruction Set Architecture Level which uses emulation to run inherited code on different hardware.
2. Hardware Abstraction Level which uses a hypervisor to virtualize hardware components and allow multiple users to use the same hardware simultaneously.
3. Operating System Level which creates an isolated container on the physical server that functions like a virtual server.
4. Library Level which uses API hooks to control communication between applications and the system.
5. Application Level which virtualizes only a single application rather than an entire platform.
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
System Interconnect Architectures,Network Properties and Routing,Linear Array,
Ring and Chordal Ring,
Barrel Shifter,
Tree and Star,
Fat Tree,
Mesh and Torus,Dynamic InterConnection Networks,Dynamic bus ,Switch Modules
,Multistage Networks,Omega Network,Baseline Network,Crossbar Networks
There are several mechanisms for inter-process communication (IPC) in UNIX systems, including message queues, shared memory, and semaphores. Message queues allow processes to exchange data by placing messages into a queue that can be accessed by other processes. Shared memory allows processes to communicate by declaring a section of memory that can be accessed simultaneously. Semaphores are used to synchronize processes so they do not access critical sections at the same time.
The document discusses memory organization and hierarchy. It describes that memory enables data storage and follows the principle of locality. There are two types of locality - temporal and spatial. The memory hierarchy uses multiple memory levels with increasing access times but also sizes as the levels are further from the CPU. This structure is useful due to the principle of locality. The memory hierarchy consists of CPU registers, cache/SRAM, main memory/DRAM, local disks, and remote storage.
Open mp library functions and environment variablesSuveeksha
The document discusses OpenMP library functions and environment variables. It provides examples of some of the most heavily used OpenMP library functions like omp_get_num_threads(), omp_set_num_threads(), and omp_get_thread_num(). It also lists some additional OpenMP library functions for initializing, destroying, setting, and testing simple locks. An example code shows how these functions can be used within an OpenMP parallel region to distribute a loop workload across threads. Finally, it discusses some common OpenMP environment variables for setting the schedule, number of threads, and enabling dynamic thread adjustment.
This document provides an overview of performance analysis of parallel programs. It defines key terms like speedup, efficiency, and cost. It describes Amdahl's law, which establishes that the maximum speedup from parallelization is limited by the fraction of the program that must execute sequentially. The document also discusses concepts like superlinear speedup, optimal parallel algorithms, and barriers to higher parallel performance like communication overhead. Overall, the document introduces important metrics and models for predicting and understanding the performance of parallel programs.
The document discusses the key concepts of virtual memory including hardware and software structures that support virtual memory like page tables, translation lookaside buffers, and paging/segmentation. It covers virtual memory techniques like demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and policies for page fetching, placement, cleaning, and load control that help improve system utilization and allow for more processes to reside efficiently in main memory than physically available memory.
Virtual memory allows processes to be larger than physical memory by storing portions on disk. When a process accesses memory not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the OS brings the needed page into RAM, possibly writing another page out first. Hardware and software structures like page tables, TLBs, and policies for replacement, placement, loading, and cleaning optimize virtual memory performance.
The document discusses different memory management strategies:
- Swapping allows processes to be swapped temporarily out of memory to disk, then back into memory for continued execution. This improves memory utilization but incurs long swap times.
- Contiguous memory allocation allocates processes into contiguous regions of physical memory using techniques like memory mapping and dynamic storage allocation with first-fit or best-fit. This can cause external and internal fragmentation over time.
- Paging permits the physical memory used by a process to be noncontiguous by dividing memory into pages and mapping virtual addresses to physical frames, allowing more efficient use of memory but requiring page tables for translation.
Feng's Classification from 1972 classified computer architectures based on their degree of parallelism. It defined the maximum degree of parallelism P as the maximum number of bits that can be processed within a unit of time. Architectures were classified into four categories based on whether processing occurred at the word and bit level serially or in parallel: word serial/bit serial, word parallel/bit serial, word serial/bit parallel, and word parallel/bit parallel. The degree of parallelism P is calculated as the product of the number of bits in a word and the number of words processed in parallel.
Neuro-fuzzy systems combine neural networks and fuzzy logic to overcome the limitations of each. They were created to achieve the mapping precision of neural networks and the interpretability of fuzzy systems. There are different types of neuro-fuzzy systems depending on whether the inputs, outputs, and weights are crisp or fuzzy. Two common models are fuzzy systems providing input to neural networks, and neural networks providing input to fuzzy systems. Neuro-fuzzy systems have applications in domains like measuring water opacity, improving financial ratings, and automatically adjusting devices.
This document discusses shared memory in Linux, including creating shared memory segments using shmget, attaching and detaching shared memory using shmat and shmdt, controlling shared memory segments using shmctl, and using mmap to map files to shared memory. It provides details on the system calls used for shared memory and examples of creating and using shared memory between processes.
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) allows nodes in a cluster to access shared memory across the cluster in addition to each node's private memory. DSM uses a software memory manager on each node to map local memory into a virtual shared memory space. It consists of nodes connected by high-speed communication and each node contains components associated with the DSM system. Algorithms for implementing DSM deal with distributing shared data across nodes to minimize access latency while maintaining data coherence with minimal overhead.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) is a memory architecture where physically separate memories can be addressed as a single logical address space. In a DSM system, data moves between nodes' main and secondary memories when a process accesses shared data. Each node has a memory mapping manager that maps the shared virtual memory to local physical memory. DSM provides advantages like shielding programmers from message passing, lower cost than multiprocessors, and large virtual address spaces, but disadvantages include potential performance penalties from remote data access and lack of programmer control over messaging.
IPC allows processes to communicate and share resources. There are several common IPC mechanisms, including message passing, shared memory, semaphores, files, signals, sockets, message queues, and pipes. Message passing involves establishing a communication link and exchanging fixed or variable sized messages using send and receive operations. Shared memory allows processes to access the same memory area. Semaphores are used to synchronize processes. Files provide durable storage that outlives individual processes. Signals asynchronously notify processes of events. Sockets enable two-way point-to-point communication between processes. Message queues allow asynchronous communication where senders and receivers do not need to interact simultaneously. Pipes create a pipeline between processes by connecting standard streams.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
There are 5 levels of virtualization implementation:
1. Instruction Set Architecture Level which uses emulation to run inherited code on different hardware.
2. Hardware Abstraction Level which uses a hypervisor to virtualize hardware components and allow multiple users to use the same hardware simultaneously.
3. Operating System Level which creates an isolated container on the physical server that functions like a virtual server.
4. Library Level which uses API hooks to control communication between applications and the system.
5. Application Level which virtualizes only a single application rather than an entire platform.
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
System Interconnect Architectures,Network Properties and Routing,Linear Array,
Ring and Chordal Ring,
Barrel Shifter,
Tree and Star,
Fat Tree,
Mesh and Torus,Dynamic InterConnection Networks,Dynamic bus ,Switch Modules
,Multistage Networks,Omega Network,Baseline Network,Crossbar Networks
There are several mechanisms for inter-process communication (IPC) in UNIX systems, including message queues, shared memory, and semaphores. Message queues allow processes to exchange data by placing messages into a queue that can be accessed by other processes. Shared memory allows processes to communicate by declaring a section of memory that can be accessed simultaneously. Semaphores are used to synchronize processes so they do not access critical sections at the same time.
The document discusses memory organization and hierarchy. It describes that memory enables data storage and follows the principle of locality. There are two types of locality - temporal and spatial. The memory hierarchy uses multiple memory levels with increasing access times but also sizes as the levels are further from the CPU. This structure is useful due to the principle of locality. The memory hierarchy consists of CPU registers, cache/SRAM, main memory/DRAM, local disks, and remote storage.
Open mp library functions and environment variablesSuveeksha
The document discusses OpenMP library functions and environment variables. It provides examples of some of the most heavily used OpenMP library functions like omp_get_num_threads(), omp_set_num_threads(), and omp_get_thread_num(). It also lists some additional OpenMP library functions for initializing, destroying, setting, and testing simple locks. An example code shows how these functions can be used within an OpenMP parallel region to distribute a loop workload across threads. Finally, it discusses some common OpenMP environment variables for setting the schedule, number of threads, and enabling dynamic thread adjustment.
This document provides an overview of performance analysis of parallel programs. It defines key terms like speedup, efficiency, and cost. It describes Amdahl's law, which establishes that the maximum speedup from parallelization is limited by the fraction of the program that must execute sequentially. The document also discusses concepts like superlinear speedup, optimal parallel algorithms, and barriers to higher parallel performance like communication overhead. Overall, the document introduces important metrics and models for predicting and understanding the performance of parallel programs.
The document discusses the key concepts of virtual memory including hardware and software structures that support virtual memory like page tables, translation lookaside buffers, and paging/segmentation. It covers virtual memory techniques like demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and policies for page fetching, placement, cleaning, and load control that help improve system utilization and allow for more processes to reside efficiently in main memory than physically available memory.
Virtual memory allows processes to be larger than physical memory by storing portions on disk. When a process accesses memory not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the OS brings the needed page into RAM, possibly writing another page out first. Hardware and software structures like page tables, TLBs, and policies for replacement, placement, loading, and cleaning optimize virtual memory performance.
Virtual memory allows processes to have a logical address space that is larger than physical memory by paging portions of processes into and out of RAM as needed. When a process attempts to access a memory page that is not currently in RAM, a page fault occurs which brings the required page into memory from disk. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU are used to determine which page to remove from RAM to make room for the new page. If page faults occur too frequently due to insufficient free memory, it can cause thrashing which degrades system performance.
Virtual Memory
• Copy-on-Write
• Page Replacement
• Allocation of Frames
• Thrashing
• Operating-System Examples
Background
Page Table When Some PagesAre Not in Main Memory
Steps in Handling a Page Fault
This document discusses memory management and implementation issues related to segmentation and paging. It covers the role of the memory manager in allocating and managing memory, early approaches without memory abstractions, and later approaches using segmentation and paging. Key aspects covered include page fault handling, instruction backup after a fault, locking pages in memory, and policies around local vs global page replacement.
This chapter discusses operating system support and functions including program creation, execution, I/O access, file access, system access, error handling, and accounting. It covers the evolution of operating systems from early single-program systems with no OS to modern time-sharing systems. Key topics include memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory which allow more efficient use of system resources through processes and virtual address translation.
A demand-paging system is similar to a paging system, discussed earlier, with a little difference that it uses - swapping.
Processes reside on secondary memory (which is usually a disk).
When we want to execute a process, we swap it into memory.
Rather than swapping the entire process into memory, however, we use a lazy swapper, which swaps a page into memory only when that page is needed.
Since we are now viewing a process as a sequence of pages, rather than one large contiguous address space, the use of the term swap will not technically correct.
A swapper manipulates entire processes, whereas a pager is concerned with the individual pages of a process.
We shall thus use the term pager, rather than swapper, in connection with demand paging.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems. It discusses the basic requirements of memory management including relocation, protection, sharing, and logical/physical organization. It then describes different partitioning approaches like fixed, dynamic, and buddy systems. Next, it covers paging which divides memory into equal-sized pages and processes into pages, requiring page tables. Finally, it discusses segmentation which divides programs into variable-length segments addressed by segment number and offset.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses the objectives and functions of operating systems including convenience, efficiency, and acting as a resource manager. It describes different types of operating systems such as interactive, batch, and multi-tasking. Early batch systems are summarized that used resident monitor programs. Features to support multi-programming like memory protection and interrupts are outlined. Process scheduling, memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory are briefly introduced.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses the objectives and functions of operating systems including convenience, efficiency, and acting as a resource manager. It describes different types of operating systems such as interactive, batch, and multi-tasking. Early batch systems are summarized that used resident monitor programs. Features to support multi-programming like memory protection and interrupts are outlined. Process scheduling, memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory are briefly introduced.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses the objectives and functions of operating systems, including convenience, efficiency, and acting as a resource manager. It describes different types of operating systems and early batch processing systems. It also provides overviews of memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, virtual memory, and demand paging. Process scheduling and different approaches to memory allocation are summarized as well.
This document discusses virtual memory and how it is implemented using paging and segmentation. Some key points:
- Virtual memory allows a process to be larger than physical memory by storing portions on disk and swapping them in and out of RAM as needed.
- Paging breaks a process into fixed-size pages which are mapped to frames in RAM. Segmentation divides a process into variable-length segments.
- The translation lookaside buffer (TLB) caches recent translations to improve performance by avoiding accessing the page table on every memory access.
- On a page fault, the operating system loads the missing page from disk, may remove another page using a replacement policy like LRU, and updates page tables
This document discusses virtual memory and demand paging. It begins with background on virtual memory, how it allows programs to be larger than physical memory. It then discusses demand paging specifically, how pages are brought into memory only when needed by a reference. It describes how page tables track valid/invalid pages and cause page faults when an invalid page is accessed. It also discusses page replacement algorithms which select a page to remove from memory when a new page is needed but no frame is available.
The objectives of these slides are:
- To describe the benefits of a virtual memory system
- To explain the concepts of demand paging, page-replacement algorithms, and allocation of page frames
- To discuss the principle of the working-set model
Virtual memory allows for larger logical address spaces than physical memory by storing portions of programs and data on disk when not actively in use. Demand paging loads pages into memory only when accessed, reducing memory usage. When a page fault occurs and no frames are free, page replacement algorithms select a victim page to swap out based on policies like FIFO, LRU, or optimal. File systems organize data on storage using structures like directories with file attributes, allocation methods like contiguous or chained, and access methods like sequential or direct.
- Paging is a memory management technique that divides logical memory into fixed-size pages and physical memory into frames. When a process is executed, its pages are loaded into any available frames. This allows physical memory to be non-contiguous while avoiding external fragmentation.
- Address translation uses a page table containing the frame number for each process page. A logical address is divided into a page number, which indexes the page table, and a page offset, which combined with the frame base address gives the physical memory location.
- Segmentation divides a process into variable-sized segments, each with a base and limit defined in a segment table. A logical address has a segment number and offset, with the offset added to the base
Storage management controls computer memory by allocating blocks to programs and freeing blocks when no longer needed. This allows multiprogramming to improve performance. Files are organized in a directory structure on storage devices like disks. The file system controls how data and programs are stored and retrieved. Common file operations include create, read, write, delete and more. Memory management techniques like paging and segmentation allow processes to execute using virtual memory larger than physical memory. Page replacement algorithms determine which memory pages to page out to disk to allocate space for new pages.
This document discusses virtual memory and demand paging. It explains that virtual memory allows a program's logical address space to be larger than physical memory by only loading needed pages from disk. Demand paging loads pages on demand when they are accessed rather than all at once. This reduces I/O and memory usage while allowing more programs to run simultaneously. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU are covered, which determine which in-memory page to replace when a new page is needed. Thrashing can occur if page faults are too frequent, wasting CPU cycles.
Memory Management in Operating Systems for allVSKAMCSPSGCT
The document discusses memory management techniques used in computer systems. It describes the memory hierarchy from fast registers to slower main memory and disk. Memory management aims to efficiently allocate memory for multiple processes while providing protection, relocation, sharing and logical organization. Techniques include contiguous allocation, fixed and dynamic partitioning, paging using page tables, segmentation using segment tables, and swapping processes in and out of memory. Hardware support through relocation registers, memory management units, translation lookaside buffers and associative memory help map logical to physical addresses efficiently.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
2. Hardware and Control
Structures
• Memory references are dynamically
translated into physical addresses at run
time
– A process may be swapped in and out of main
memory such that it occupies different regions
3. Hardware and Control
Structures
• A process may be broken up into pieces,
which do not need to be located
contiguously in main memory
• It is not necessary for all pieces of a
process to be loaded in main memory
during execution of the process
4. Execution of a Program
• Operating system brings into main
memory a few pieces of the program
• Resident set - portion of process that is in
main memory
• An interrupt is generated when an address
is needed that is not in main memory
• Operating system places the process in a
blocking state
5. Execution of a Program
• Piece of process that contains the logical
address is brought into main memory
– Operating system issues a disk I/O Read
request
– Another process is dispatched to run while the
disk I/O takes place
– An interrupt is issued when disk I/O complete
which causes the operating system to place
the affected process in the Ready state
6. Improved System Utilization
• More processes may be maintained in
main memory
– Only load in some of the pieces of each
process
– With so many processes in main memory, it is
very likely a process will be in the Ready state
at any particular time
• A process may be larger than all of main
memory
7. Types of Memory
• Real memory
– Main memory
• Virtual memory
– Memory on disk
– Allows for effective multiprogramming and
relieves the user of tight constraints of main
memory
8. Thrashing
• Swapping out a piece of a process just
before that piece is needed
• The processor spends most of its time
swapping pieces rather than executing
user instructions
9. Principle of Locality
• Program and data references within a
process tend to cluster
• Only a few pieces of a process will be
needed over a short period of time
• Possible to make intelligent guesses about
which pieces will be needed in the future
• This suggests that virtual memory may
work efficiently
10. Support Needed for Virtual
Memory
• Hardware must support paging and
segmentation
• Operating system must be able to do the
management the movement of pages
and/or segments between secondary
memory and main memory
11. Paging
• Each process has its own page table
• Each page table entry contains the frame
number of the corresponding page in main
memory
• A bit is needed to indicate whether the
page is in main memory or not
13. Modify Bit in Page Table
• Modify bit is needed to indicate if the page
has been altered since it was last loaded
into main memory
• If no change has been made, the page
does not have to be written to the disk
when it needs to be replaced
18. Inverted Page Table
• Used on PowerPC, UltraSPARC, and IA-
64 architecture
• Page number portion of a virtual address
is mapped into a hash value
• Hash value points to inverted page table
• Fixed proportion of real memory is
required for the tables regardless of the
number of processes
19. Inverted Page Table
• Page number
• Process identifier
• Control bits
• Chain pointer
21. Translation Lookaside Buffer
• Each virtual memory reference can cause
two physical memory accesses
– One to fetch the page table
– One to fetch the data
• To overcome this problem a high-speed
cache is set up for page table entries
– Called a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)
23. Translation Lookaside Buffer
• Given a virtual address, processor
examines the TLB
• If page table entry is present (TLB hit), the
frame number is retrieved and the real
address is formed
• If page table entry is not found in the TLB
(TLB miss), the page number is used to
index the process page table
24. Translation Lookaside Buffer
• First checks if page is already in main
memory
– If not in main memory a page fault is issued
• The TLB is updated to include the new
page entry
29. Page Size
• Smaller page size, less amount of internal
fragmentation
• Smaller page size, more pages required
per process
• More pages per process means larger
page tables
• Larger page tables means large portion of
page tables in virtual memory
30. Page Size
• Secondary memory is designed to
efficiently transfer large blocks of data so
a large page size is better
31. Page Size
• Small page size, large number of pages
will be found in main memory
• As time goes on during execution, the
pages in memory will all contain portions
of the process near recent references.
Page faults low.
• Increased page size causes pages to
contain locations further from any recent
reference. Page faults rise.
34. Segmentation
• May be unequal, dynamic size
• Simplifies handling of growing data
structures
• Allows programs to be altered and
recompiled independently
• Lends itself to sharing data among
processes
• Lends itself to protection
35. Segment Tables
• Starting address corresponding segment
in main memory
• Each entry contains the length of the
segment
• A bit is needed to determine if segment is
already in main memory
• Another bit is needed to determine if the
segment has been modified since it was
loaded in main memory
38. Combined Paging and
Segmentation
• Paging is transparent to the programmer
• Segmentation is visible to the programmer
• Each segment is broken into fixed-size
pages
42. Fetch Policy
• Determines when a page should be
brought into memory
• Demand paging only brings pages into
main memory when a reference is made to
a location on the page
– Many page faults when process first started
• Prepaging brings in more pages than
needed
– More efficient to bring in pages that reside
contiguously on the disk
43. Placement Policy
• Determines where in real memory a
process piece is to reside
• Important in a segmentation system
• Paging or combined paging with
segmentation hardware performs address
translation
44. Replacement Policy
• Which page is replaced?
• Page removed should be the page least
likely to be referenced in the near future
• Most policies predict the future behavior
on the basis of past behavior
45. Replacement Policy
• Frame Locking
– If frame is locked, it may not be replaced
– Kernel of the operating system
– Key control structures
– I/O buffers
– Associate a lock bit with each frame
46. Basic Replacement Algorithms
• Optimal policy
– Selects for replacement that page for which
the time to the next reference is the longest
– Impossible to have perfect knowledge of
future events
47. Basic Replacement Algorithms
• Least Recently Used (LRU)
– Replaces the page that has not been
referenced for the longest time
– By the principle of locality, this should be the
page least likely to be referenced in the near
future
– Each page could be tagged with the time of
last reference. This would require a great
deal of overhead.
48. Basic Replacement Algorithms
• First-in, first-out (FIFO)
– Treats page frames allocated to a process as
a circular buffer
– Pages are removed in round-robin style
– Simplest replacement policy to implement
– Page that has been in memory the longest is
replaced
– These pages may be needed again very soon
49. Basic Replacement Algorithms
• Clock Policy
– Additional bit called a use bit
– When a page is first loaded in memory, the
use bit is set to 1
– When the page is referenced, the use bit is
set to 1
– When it is time to replace a page, the first
frame encountered with the use bit set to 0 is
replaced.
– During the search for replacement, each use
bit set to 1 is changed to 0
55. Basic Replacement Algorithms
• Page Buffering
– Replaced page is added to one of two lists
• Free page list if page has not been modified
• Modified page list
56. Resident Set Size
• Fixed-allocation
– Gives a process a fixed number of pages
within which to execute
– When a page fault occurs, one of the pages of
that process must be replaced
• Variable-allocation
– Number of pages allocated to a process
varies over the lifetime of the process
57. Fixed Allocation, Local Scope
• Decide ahead of time the amount of
allocation to give a process
• If allocation is too small, there will be a
high page fault rate
• If allocation is too large there will be too
few programs in main memory
– Processor idle time
– Swapping
58. Variable Allocation, Global
Scope
• Easiest to implement
• Adopted by many operating systems
• Operating system keeps list of free frames
• Free frame is added to resident set of
process when a page fault occurs
• If no free frame, replaces one from
another process
59. Variable Allocation, Local Scope
• When new process added, allocate
number of page frames based on
application type, program request, or other
criteria
• When page fault occurs, select page from
among the resident set of the process that
suffers the fault
• Reevaluate allocation from time to time
60. Cleaning Policy
• Demand cleaning
– A page is written out only when it has been
selected for replacement
• Precleaning
– Pages are written out in batches
61. Cleaning Policy
• Best approach uses page buffering
– Replaced pages are placed in two lists
• Modified and unmodified
– Pages in the modified list are periodically
written out in batches
– Pages in the unmodified list are either
reclaimed if referenced again or lost when its
frame is assigned to another page
62. Load Control
• Determines the number of processes that
will be resident in main memory
• Too few processes, many occasions when
all processes will be blocked and much
time will be spent in swapping
• Too many processes will lead to thrashing
64. Process Suspension
• Lowest priority process
• Faulting process
– This process does not have its working set in
main memory so it will be blocked anyway
• Last process activated
– This process is least likely to have its working
set resident
65. Process Suspension
• Process with smallest resident set
– This process requires the least future effort to
reload
• Largest process
– Obtains the most free frames
• Process with the largest remaining
execution window