1. Brazil has experienced low economic growth since democratization in 1985, with average annual GDP per capita growth of just 0.9% between 1985-2010. Inequality remains high in Brazil despite a falling Gini coefficient.
2. The Brazilian model has been one of "low growth with dissipative redistribution", where high inequality leads to redistribution to not only the poor but also the rich and some middle-income groups, which undermines growth.
3. Unless inequality is further reduced and barriers to growth removed through reforms to areas like social security, education and regulation, Brazil risks perpetuating a cycle of inefficient redistribution and remaining trapped in low growth.
I am not sure the Stats Canada analysis are apples to apples when it comes to poverty numbers. Harper was down to 8% level when you look at LICO area. The LICO areas have gone up under @JustinTrudeau So, what are the real numbers?
I am not sure the Stats Canada analysis are apples to apples when it comes to poverty numbers. Harper was down to 8% level when you look at LICO area. The LICO areas have gone up under @JustinTrudeau So, what are the real numbers?
Looking at the statistics around the demographic splits and how they affect economic growth and prosperity, it becomes obvious that a Youth Movement is Required and Soon.
WIDER Annual Lecture 20 – Martin RavallionUNU-WIDER
Martin Ravallion’s WIDER Annual Lecture focused on the economic and political issues surrounding the use of direct interventions, such as cash transfers and in kind contributions, against poverty. He highlighted two key lessons that are important for policymakers to keep in mind when designing interventions. First, there is too much focus on how policies are targeted, and not enough attention on how effectively policies promote and protect. Second, policymakers should consider how to improve the protection-promotion tradeoff, and look for ways to design policies that allow markets to work better from the perspective of poor people.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
In May 2005, Karen was one of the seven 'visionaries' selected from 1600 applicants by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. With her ideas for a more just and peaceful world, Karen founded Equanomics UK.
Equanomics UK is an initiative to build a UK community led alliance that reshapes race related policy through an economic lens. Through Equanomics UK Karen organised two UK tours with the Reverend Jesse Jackson to highlight economic injustice.
In addition to her work with Equanomics UK, Karen runs her own consultancy with the premise: 'Equality for Your Business is My Business'. She also teaches Glen Parva Youth Offenders Institute, South Leicestershire College, and the Workers Educational Association.
Voluntary Action LeicesterShire was delighted to welcome Karen as a keynote speaker at our 2013 Future Focus Conference. The conference is now complete, but if you'd like to be a part of our 2014 conference, visit www.valonline.org.uk
UNDESA-DSPD, from 8 August to 5 September 2012, conducted a global online survey to gather inputs for consideration by the 51st session of the Commission for Social Development (CSocD), which took place from 6 to 15 February 2013.
The survey enabled the public worldwide to respond to a set of questions that were related to the priority theme of CSocD on "Promoting empowerment of people in achieving poverty eradication, social integration and full employment and decent work for all”.
Looking at the statistics around the demographic splits and how they affect economic growth and prosperity, it becomes obvious that a Youth Movement is Required and Soon.
WIDER Annual Lecture 20 – Martin RavallionUNU-WIDER
Martin Ravallion’s WIDER Annual Lecture focused on the economic and political issues surrounding the use of direct interventions, such as cash transfers and in kind contributions, against poverty. He highlighted two key lessons that are important for policymakers to keep in mind when designing interventions. First, there is too much focus on how policies are targeted, and not enough attention on how effectively policies promote and protect. Second, policymakers should consider how to improve the protection-promotion tradeoff, and look for ways to design policies that allow markets to work better from the perspective of poor people.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
In May 2005, Karen was one of the seven 'visionaries' selected from 1600 applicants by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. With her ideas for a more just and peaceful world, Karen founded Equanomics UK.
Equanomics UK is an initiative to build a UK community led alliance that reshapes race related policy through an economic lens. Through Equanomics UK Karen organised two UK tours with the Reverend Jesse Jackson to highlight economic injustice.
In addition to her work with Equanomics UK, Karen runs her own consultancy with the premise: 'Equality for Your Business is My Business'. She also teaches Glen Parva Youth Offenders Institute, South Leicestershire College, and the Workers Educational Association.
Voluntary Action LeicesterShire was delighted to welcome Karen as a keynote speaker at our 2013 Future Focus Conference. The conference is now complete, but if you'd like to be a part of our 2014 conference, visit www.valonline.org.uk
UNDESA-DSPD, from 8 August to 5 September 2012, conducted a global online survey to gather inputs for consideration by the 51st session of the Commission for Social Development (CSocD), which took place from 6 to 15 February 2013.
The survey enabled the public worldwide to respond to a set of questions that were related to the priority theme of CSocD on "Promoting empowerment of people in achieving poverty eradication, social integration and full employment and decent work for all”.
Future World Giving - Recognising the potential of middle class givingIDIS
Apresentação realizada por Adam Pickering, International Policy Manager da Charities Aid Foundation (CAF), por ocasião da realização da primeira edição de 2014 dos módulos nacionais da CAF Foundation School, iniciativa no Brasil desenvolvida pelo IDIS.
We need to frame the way we gather and use data in the context of the post-2015 agenda on poverty eradication. Tony German and Judith Randel from Development Initiatives examine issues around disaggregating data for better informed choices about development spending.
Luis Henrique Paiva, Associate Researcher at the IPC-IG, Researcher at Ipea and, former National Secretary of the Bolsa Familia Programme (2012-2015), gave a presentation on "The Bolsa Família Programme" at the Delhi Economics Conclave, 2015, in New Delhi, India on 6 November. Mr Paiva spoke at Plenary Session 1 about the Brazilian experience with conditional cash transfers. Organised by the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India, this year's theme for the conference was "Realising India's JAM Vision". It was policy-oriented and covered topical economic issues affecting India as well as the world at large.
Functional Income inequality and the post 2015 Agenda - presentation by Rolp...reinoutthebroker
Rolph van der Hoeven, ISS
For the occasion of The Development Studies Association Annual Conference 2013
16 November 2013, Birmingham
Panel 25: Inequality and the Post 2015 Agenda, organised by the Broker
http://thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/Inequality-is-politics
Poverty alleviation strategies - use of fiscal instruments and other public p...ROBERTO VILLARREAL
This presentation analyzes in a stylized fashion the use of fiscal instruments, particularly taxes, grants and subsidies, for the aim of reducing poverty. It is argued that the adequate use of these instruments combined with other public policies for social equity and inclusion are conducive to poverty eradication.
Recent political and economic developments in Brazil. Perspectives and challenges. Business opportunities: (i) social and economic dynamics, (ii) business climate, (iii) regional development, (iv) clusters, and (v) growth acceleration program
Literature review and summary of recent publications, blogs and reports. Delivered July 3 2014, At University of Novi Sad Conference: The Socio-Economic Aspects of Inequality.
Similar to 2013.11.15_OECD-ECLAC Regional Consultation_marcos mendes (20)
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. OECD/ECLAC
REGIONAL
CONSULTATION
Inclusive Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean
Inclusive growth in Brazil? Where?
Marcos Mendes
Economic Advisor in the Brazilian Senate
2. 2
Since democratization in 1985, long
term growth in Brazil has been meager
GDP per capita: average annual growth rate for selected countries (1985-
2010) (Source: Penn World Table 7.1)
0,3
0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
2,9
3,4 3,4 3,5 3,6
4,2 4,4
5,0 5,0
5,4
8,5
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
VENEZUELA
PARAGUAY
MEXICO
RUSSIA*
SOUTH AFRICA
ECUADOR
BOLIVIA
BRAZIL
PHILIPPINES
COLOMBIA
PERU
ARGENTINA
COSTA RICA
SPAIN
AUSTRALIA
TURKEY
PORTUGAL
POLAND
BOTSWANA
IRELAND
MALASYA
EGYPT
CHILE
INDIA
TAIWAN
VIETNAM
SOUTH KOREA
CHINA
3. Even if we consider only the best sub-period of the Brazilian
economy (2004-2010), and exclude China and India from the
comparison group, the country does not appear in a prominent
position
GDP per capita: average annual growth rate for selected countries
(2004-2010)
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
-2,0
IRELAND
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
BOTSWANA
MEXICO
AUSTRALIA
BOLIVIA
SOUTH AFRICA
PARAGUAY
BRAZIL
PHILIPPINES
COSTA RICA
MALASYA
ECUADOR
COLOMBIA
CHILE
TURKEY
VENEZUELA
SOUTH KOREA
EGYPT
TAIWAN
POLAND
RUSSIA
ARGENTINA
PERU
VIETNAM
INDIA
CHINA
Per Capita GDP annual growth rate Mean Mean excluding China and India
5. 0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
Friday, 05
December
2014
5
Despite the fall in inequality, Gini Index
is still very high (source: OECD)
0,00
Iceland
Slovenia
Norway
Denmark
Czech Republic
Belgium
Finland
Slovak Republic
Austria
Sweden
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
New Zealand
France
Italy
Canada
Estonia
Ireland
Australia
India
United Kingdom
Spain
Japan
Greece
Israel
United States
Russian Federation
Portugal
Indonesia
China
Argentina
Mexico
Uruguay
Peru
Chile
Costa Rica
BRAZIL
Colombia
South Africa
Paraguay
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
6. Low growth with dissipative
redistribution*
* Alston et al (2012) proposes the definition of
“dissipative inclusion”
Friday, 05
December
2014
6
The Brazilian economic model after
democratization (1985) is not of inclusive
growth but one of:
7. Democracy = government susceptible to political
pressure
Inequality = heterogeneous groups, with different
endowments of human and physical capital,
demand different public policies
In order to avoid political crises and reinforce
democracy, numerous redistributive policies are
put in place in favor of:
a) the rich
b) the poor
c) some middle income groups
Friday, 05
December
2014
7
High inequality + Democracy =
Low growth with dissipative redistribution
8. The rich always had privileged access to
governmental decisions and could create
exclusionary policies that reinforced inequality.
After democratization, they were able to
preserve many privileges, due to high economic
power and political connections.
Friday, 05
December
2014
8
Throughout history, inequality shaped
Brazilian institutions in favor of the rich.
9. • protection of local producers from external
competition (import substitution);
• subsidized public credit to large firms;
• restricted access to an expensive and sluggish
judicial system;
• regulatory agencies captured by regulated
firms
• preferential access of well connected groups
to the capital of public pension funds
• numerous public bailouts to big farmers
Friday, 05
December
2014
9
As a consequence, Brazilian society, before and after
democratization, is characterized by features such
as:
10. The Brazilian economy remains poorly
regulated and with low participation in
external trade.
Privileges to well connected firms and
groups abound.
Most of them increase public expenditure
Friday, 05
December
2014
10
Consequences...
11. • 8th most closed economy to international
trade among 191 nations (Source: Penn
World Table 7.1)
• 116th among 185 countries in a rank of
“contract enforcement”, (Source: Doing
Business 2013)
• 143rd among 185 countries in a rank of
“resolving insolvency” (Source: Doing
Business 2013)
Friday, 05
December
2014
11
Some empirical evidence
12. • Inequality produces political, judicial and
regulatory institutions biased to the rich (Glaeser
et al – 2003; Engerman and Sokoloff – 2002)
• Property rights are ill regulated in unequal
countries, which creates opportunity for the rich to
expropriate others (Gradstein – 2007, Sonin -
2003)
• “Extractive institutions” (Acemoglu e Robinson –
2011)
• Feedback between extractive institutions and
inequality (Chong e Gradstein – 2007)
• The Brazilian case: Zanella et al (2003), Naritomi
et al (2012)
Friday, 05
December
2014
12
Literature on the Redistribution to the
Rich
13. • Before democratization pro-poor policies were almost
inexistent: in the 1980’s some social indicators, such
as literacy and life expectancy were similar to those
observed in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• In a democracy, politicians need votes, and the poor
have lots of them (Alesina and Rodrik - 1994; Person
and Tabellini – 1994).
• After democratization, poverty reduction policies
boomed, playing an important role in reducing
inequality and poverty: conditional cash transfers
(Bolsa Família), pensions to rural workers, minimum-wage
real value, which almost tripled in 20 years;
benefits to the disabled and elderly among the poor;
real budget increases for public education and health.
• Important source of poverty and inequality reduction.
Friday, 05
December
2014
13
Redistribution to the poor
14. The poor are not the only group of voters that acquired voice
after the transition to democracy. Some middle income
groups are well positioned to influence policies in their
favor. According to Robinson (2008) some groups offer a
good benefit-cost relation for politicians in search for votes.
They mix features of the rich (access to political decision-making)
and of the poor (some large groups with lots of
votes)
• The elderly, religious and ethnic groups (large number)
• Unionized middle income workers (collective action)
• Civil servants (access to decision making + collective action)
Friday, 05
December
2014
14
Redistribution to some middle income
groups
15. • Regressive, expensive and unsustainable public
social security system
• High wages for civil servants
• Tuition-free public universities for high and
middle income students
• The Elderly Statute
• Cumbersome labor legislation in favor of middle
income workers
• Some cash transfers that are expensive and not
targeted to the poorest
Friday, 05
December
2014
15
Some examples
16. • Redistribution to the rich and to middle
income groups partially undoes inequality
reduction promoted by policies targeting
the poor
• Inequality could be reduced faster with a
lower cost if part of the benefits
distributed by the government had not
leaked to high and middle income
households.
Friday, 05
December
2014
16
Dissipative redistribution
17. • Polarization of interests caused by income and
wealth inequality.
• Social groups are unable to agree on any
consensual agenda.
• Political instability is avoided by means of
distributing benefits to almost everybody
• Public expenditure skyrockets
• Excessive regulation to protect rents
• Everybody has incentive to rent seeking
behaviour
Friday, 05
December
2014
17
The inverse of a “middle class
consensus”
18. 1. Increasing public current expenditure implies higher
tax burden: reduction of net profits, high compliance
costs, use of distortionary taxes that reduce
productivity.
2. Negative public savings: restriction to investment;
3. Public investment in infrastructure plummeted;
4. Judicial and regulatory uncertainty: discouragement
to investment;
5. Closed economy: no creative destruction or
technological update;
6. Burdensome labor law + high tax burden = firms
remain small (and unproductive) to hide from
authorities;
Friday, 05
December
2014
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Low growth
19. • Despite dissipation, the net result has been a
reduction in inequality.
• The country may be going in the direction of a
“middle class consensus” (Banerjee and Duflo –
2003; Easterly – 2001)
• Part of the redistribution to the poor comes in the
form of more public education, which increases
human capital (Saint Paul and Verdier – 1993)
• Poverty reduction eases credit restriction to the poor
(Banerjee and Newman - 1993, Galor and Zeira -
1993, Ghatak and Jiang -2002)
• In the future there may be less demand for social
policies and more demand for good public services
and a leveled playing field for businesses.
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2014
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A virtuous cycle?
20. • Inequality may stop falling and stall at a high
level, perpetuating the present situation of
heterogeneous and unequal groups fighting
for rents provided by the government;
• There are signals that the present trend of
inequality reduction will decelerate (Souza e
Medeiros, 2013);
• Large part of households that escaped from
poverty are still vulnerable to poverty in case
of an economic downturn (Ferreira et al,
2013);
Friday, 05
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2014
20
A vicious cycle?
21. • Emphasize policies and reforms that, at the same
time, reduce inequality and remove barriers to
growth: social security, education, sewage
infrastructure.
• Make governmental budget constraint harder to
limit fiscal space for rent seekers
• However, inequality itself blocks such reforms,
due to entrenched interests. Only political
leaders/coalitions with a long term view can
break the present inefficient equilibrium.
• Otherwise, an economic crisis will be necessary
to foster reforms.
Friday, 05
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What to do to increase the odds of a
virtuous cycle?
22. Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A. (2011) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. Princeton University Press.
Alesina, Alberto, Rodrik, Dani (1994) Distributive Politics and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, V. 109, Nº 2, 465-490
Alston, Lee J., Melo, Marcus, Muller, Bernardo, Pereira, Carlos (2012) Changing Social Contracts: Beliefs and Dissipative Inclusion in Brazil.
NBER – Working Paper 18588.
Banerjee, Abhijit, Duflo, Esther (2003) Inequality and Growth: What Can the Data Say? Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 267-299.
Banerjee, Abhijit, Newman, Andrew (1993) Occupational Choice and the Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 101, nº 2,
April, p. 274-298.
Chong, Alberto, Gradstein, Mark (2007) Inequality and Institutions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(3), Aug., 454-465.
Easterly, William (2001) The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Growth, (6), 4, Dec., 317-335.
Engerman, Stanley, Sokoloff, Kenneth (2002) Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies,
NBER Working Paper 9259.
Fernandez, Raquel, Rodrik, Dani (1991) Resistance to Reform: Status Quo Bias in the Presence of Individual-Specific Uncertainty. The
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Galor, Oded, Zeira, Joseph (1993) Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60, 35-52.
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Economics, 69, p. 205-226.
Glaeser, Edward, Scheinkman, J., Shleifer, Andrei (2003) The Injustice of Inequality. Jounal of Monetary Economics, 50, 199-222.
Gradstein, Mark (2007) Inequality, Democracy and the Protection of Property Rights. The Economic Journal, 117, Jan., 252-269.
Lisboa, Marcos de B., Latif, Zeina (2013) Democracy and Growth in Brazil. Mimeo. Insper-SP.
Naritomi, Joana, Soares, Rodrigo R., Assunção, Juliano J. (2012) Institutional Development and Colonial Heritage within Brazil. The Journal of
Economic History, v. 72, n. 2, p. 393-422.
Persson, Torsten, Tabellini, Guido (1994) Is inequality Harmful for Growth? The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, Nº 3, 600-621.
Pessôa, Samuel de A. (2011) O Contrato Social da Redemocratização. In: Bacha, E., Schwartzman, S. (Orgs.) (2011) Brasil: a nova agenda
social. Ed. Gen/LTC, p. 204-211.
Rajan, Raghuran (2006) Competitive Rent Preservation, Reform Paralysis, and the Persistence of Underdevelopment. NBER – Working
Paper 12093.
Robinson, James A. (2008) The Political Economy of Redistributive Policies. Background Paper for the UNDP project on “Markets, the State,
and the Dynamics of Inequality: how to advance inclusive growth”. Mimeo.
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Sonin, Konstantin (2003) Why the Rich may Favor Poor Protection of Property Rights. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31, 715-731.
Souza, Pedro H.G.F, Medeiros, Marcelo (2013) The Decline of Inequality in Brazil, 2003-2009: The Role of the State. Universidade de Brasília,
Economics and Politics Research Group, Working Paper, 14/2013.
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References