Bp working-for-few-political-capture-economic-inequalityanabenedito
The document discusses growing economic inequality around the world. It notes that almost half of the world's wealth is owned by just 1% of the population, while the bottom half owns less than 1% combined. Income inequality has increased in most countries over the past several decades. The concentration of wealth among few has negative impacts and poses serious risks. It can undermine democratic systems if wealthy interests dominate policymaking. The document calls for bold actions by governments and elites to reduce inequality through policies like progressive taxation, universal healthcare and education, living wages, and greater equality of opportunity.
The document discusses rising global economic inequality based on several studies and reports. It finds that the wealthiest 1% own over half of the world's wealth, while the bottom half own less than 1%. The richest 85 people own as much as the poorest 3.5 billion. Factors contributing to rising inequality include globalization, privatization, technological changes, tax policies, and corruption in the form of tax evasion, trade mispricing, money laundering, and bribery. Developing countries lose an estimated $1-2 trillion annually due to these issues. Reducing corruption and recovering these losses could help prevent millions of deaths from lack of healthcare and investment in developing nations.
A detailed review of the causes and effects of income inequality. Details on how extreme it is. Citation of many authors suggesting how it came about and what to do about it.
Literature review and summary of recent publications, blogs and reports. Delivered July 3 2014, At University of Novi Sad Conference: The Socio-Economic Aspects of Inequality.
This document provides an overview of global inequality and stratification. It begins by outlining the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which aimed to reduce extreme poverty around the world by 2015. Progress was made in some areas like poverty, education, and health, but many goals were not fully achieved. The document then discusses different frameworks for understanding global stratification, including Wallerstein's world systems approach which categorizes countries in a global economic hierarchy as core, semi-peripheral or peripheral nations. Finally, it examines how terminology has evolved over time to describe levels of development among countries.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Presentation to the Workshop on Global Connections: UK and Global Poverty Solutions, Joseph Rowntree Foundation,
London
24th November 2010
Professor Tony McGrew, Strathclyde University
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its definition, characteristics, importance, technology tools that promote it, types, reasons for it, advantages, disadvantages, benefits, costs, and global inequality. Globalization is defined as the flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It opens doors to various fields of study and educational opportunities for students. While it advances technology and business, it can also increase risks, exploit poor countries, and intensify competition. Reducing inequalities and externalities can help maximize the long-term benefits of globalization.
Bp working-for-few-political-capture-economic-inequalityanabenedito
The document discusses growing economic inequality around the world. It notes that almost half of the world's wealth is owned by just 1% of the population, while the bottom half owns less than 1% combined. Income inequality has increased in most countries over the past several decades. The concentration of wealth among few has negative impacts and poses serious risks. It can undermine democratic systems if wealthy interests dominate policymaking. The document calls for bold actions by governments and elites to reduce inequality through policies like progressive taxation, universal healthcare and education, living wages, and greater equality of opportunity.
The document discusses rising global economic inequality based on several studies and reports. It finds that the wealthiest 1% own over half of the world's wealth, while the bottom half own less than 1%. The richest 85 people own as much as the poorest 3.5 billion. Factors contributing to rising inequality include globalization, privatization, technological changes, tax policies, and corruption in the form of tax evasion, trade mispricing, money laundering, and bribery. Developing countries lose an estimated $1-2 trillion annually due to these issues. Reducing corruption and recovering these losses could help prevent millions of deaths from lack of healthcare and investment in developing nations.
A detailed review of the causes and effects of income inequality. Details on how extreme it is. Citation of many authors suggesting how it came about and what to do about it.
Literature review and summary of recent publications, blogs and reports. Delivered July 3 2014, At University of Novi Sad Conference: The Socio-Economic Aspects of Inequality.
This document provides an overview of global inequality and stratification. It begins by outlining the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which aimed to reduce extreme poverty around the world by 2015. Progress was made in some areas like poverty, education, and health, but many goals were not fully achieved. The document then discusses different frameworks for understanding global stratification, including Wallerstein's world systems approach which categorizes countries in a global economic hierarchy as core, semi-peripheral or peripheral nations. Finally, it examines how terminology has evolved over time to describe levels of development among countries.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Presentation to the Workshop on Global Connections: UK and Global Poverty Solutions, Joseph Rowntree Foundation,
London
24th November 2010
Professor Tony McGrew, Strathclyde University
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its definition, characteristics, importance, technology tools that promote it, types, reasons for it, advantages, disadvantages, benefits, costs, and global inequality. Globalization is defined as the flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It opens doors to various fields of study and educational opportunities for students. While it advances technology and business, it can also increase risks, exploit poor countries, and intensify competition. Reducing inequalities and externalities can help maximize the long-term benefits of globalization.
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009endpoverty2015
1) The report assesses progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and finds that the global economic crisis threatens to slow or reverse gains made.
2) Major advances against extreme poverty from 1990-2005 are likely stalled, and 55-90 million more people will live in extreme poverty in 2009 than anticipated due to the crisis.
3) Progress against hunger, which had improved since the 1990s, was also reversed in 2008 due to higher food prices, and the number of undernourished people is rising again.
The document discusses the term "Third World" and its evolution over time. Originally during the Cold War, Third World referred to non-aligned countries that were not part of the Western or Eastern blocs. Now the term is commonly used to refer to the poorest, least developed countries. There is no clear definition of what constitutes a developing country, but factors like access to basic needs, a stable political system, and human development are discussed. Human development is defined by the UN as creating opportunities for people to lead productive lives according to their needs and interests.
FROM RECESSION TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION II LASTING TILL 2025 -- WHAT IS WRO...Dr. Raju M. Mathew
The Global Economic Crisis, started as Financial Meltdown, turned into Recession has grown to the dimension of 'The Great Depression II lasting at least till 2025, affecting the entire Humanity. The basic reason for the present Global Economic Crisis, growing to the level of The Great Depression II, the role played by the Nobel Laureates in Economics and Management Gurus in aggravating the Crisis and also its Solutions have been discussed. This is a Revolutionary approach and solution for the Global Economic Crisis. ,
This document summarizes Alvaro Uribe Velez's keynote address on political trends in Latin America to the JP Morgan Latin American Advisory Council. It finds the region divided between more democratic center-left countries that cooperate with the US and pursue free trade (led by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico), and more radical leftist ALBA countries (led by Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia) that are anti-US, weak on institutions, and ideology-driven. It discusses Brazil's role in the region politically and economically, China's growing influence through trade, and how Latin America is managing its relationship with China given increased economic ties.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Colombia and latin america - The next challengesAlvaro Uribe V.
This document discusses trends that will shape Latin America's future and analyzes the economic outlook for the region in 2013. Some key trends include the rise of the global middle class, emerging powers like China surpassing Western economies, increasing pressure on natural resources, and changing demographics. The document contrasts the more successful socio-economic models of countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico that embrace liberal democracy, free trade, and investment versus the weaker ALBA bloc model of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. It concludes by predicting GDP growth rates for countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Chile in 2013, with Brazil expected to be the main driver of growth in the region.
Demographic analysis, the statistical description of human populations, is a tool used by government agencies, political parties, and manufacturers of consumer goods. Polls conducted on every topic imaginable, from age to toothpaste preference, give the government and corporations an idea of who the public is and what it needs and wants.
The document discusses how governments and society overemphasize economic indicators and development at the expense of human well-being and the environment. It argues that focusing solely on numbers like GDP, inflation, and economic growth promotes the capitalist prioritization of profits and wealth accumulation over other needs. This narrow worldview has led to rising inequality, environmental damage, and failure to address existential threats. The document calls for a broader perspective that considers social, psychological, and ecological factors in policy decisions, in order to create a society aimed at fulfilling higher human needs beyond mere material sustenance.
This document summarizes a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. It finds that claims of impending eradication of extreme poverty are exaggerated and rely too heavily on flawed measures like the World Bank's international poverty line. In reality, billions still live in poverty without adequate standards of living. It argues the Sustainable Development Goals are failing on key issues like poverty, inequality, and climate change. To eliminate poverty, it says we must rethink the relationship between growth and poverty reduction, tackle inequality through redistribution, implement universal social protection, and center the role of government.
The document discusses the definition and features of third world countries. It notes that third world countries were originally defined as non-aligned countries during the Cold War but now refers more broadly to developing nations. Key characteristics include small technological development dominated by foreign companies, low levels of industrialization, economy dependent on exports of agricultural/raw materials, increasing foreign debt loads, significant population growth, and political instability. The United Nations aims to support third world countries but has been criticized for being influenced by a few powerful members.
This document outlines a new agenda for aid, trade, and investment. It notes shifts in global power, interconnectedness, patterns of poverty, and roles. Three types of bilateral relationships are identified: 1) Aid relationships focus on countries unable to reduce poverty alone, 2) Transitional relationships combine aid and trade to benefit developing and Dutch economies, 3) Trade relationships promote Dutch trade and investment. The agenda aims to eradicate extreme poverty, enable sustainable inclusive growth worldwide, and support Dutch companies abroad through coherent policy, new forms of cooperation, financing, and spending cuts.
9 Watu Wengi Population Growth And Population Mobilitytacit dynamite
The document discusses several challenges related to demographic changes and human displacement in Africa. It notes that population growth in Africa is the fastest in the world despite high mortality rates. However, the distribution of population growth is uneven across countries and regions. Migration patterns on the continent have historically included labor migration, both during and after colonial rule, as well as more recent refugee crises and internal displacement in many countries due to conflicts. Managing refugee populations presents challenges but can also contribute to development in some cases.
Factors that promote or hinder development(1)Tashmar Davis
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The three economic modules identified are: central or planned economic system, free market system or market system, and mixed economic system.
2. Two countries that practice the mixed economy module are Jamaica and Grenada.
3. Capitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual right.
4. One Caribbean country which has been influenced by Marxism is Guyana.
5. The name of the leader of Guyana influenced by Marxism is Cheddi Jagan.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
I am not sure the Stats Canada analysis are apples to apples when it comes to poverty numbers. Harper was down to 8% level when you look at LICO area. The LICO areas have gone up under @JustinTrudeau So, what are the real numbers?
Harvard global economic burden non communicable diseases 2011paulovseabra
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global economic burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It finds that NCDs already pose a substantial economic burden, expected to grow tremendously over the next two decades to $47 trillion in lost global output. This represents 75% of global GDP in 2010. Cardiovascular diseases and mental health conditions are the leading contributors. While high-income countries currently bear most of the burden, the developing world will see a rising share due to population and economic growth. Business leaders also express significant concern about the economic impacts of NCDs. The findings suggest a pressing need for increased prevention and control efforts to curb this mounting threat.
This document discusses social trends in Latin America, particularly regarding economic growth, poverty reduction, and inequality. Some key points:
- Latin America has experienced over a decade of sustained economic growth, reducing poverty by 51 million people and inequality in most countries.
- However, it's unclear if further social gains can be achieved solely through economic growth, as labor market gains have concentrated in male-dominated service sectors rather than manufacturing.
- Two trends have helped reduce poverty and inequality: rising labor incomes, and social programs like conditional cash transfers. But pockets of poverty remain among excluded groups like youth and women.
- Microtrends like high rates of "idle youth" who neither work nor study, and low
Language Support for Youth With a Migrant BackgroundMiqui Mel
1) This document summarizes language support policies for immigrant students in Europe. It identifies key elements of effective support such as initial student assessments, induction programs, ongoing language instruction, training for mainstream teachers, and support for students' native languages.
2) The summary provides examples of good practices from Denmark, including language stimulation for young children, welcoming classes for new immigrant students, and requirements for trained teachers of language as a second language.
3) However, the document also notes gaps in implementing good practices, such as lack of monitoring and evaluation, insufficient professional development, and low community involvement. The brief aims to provide recommendations to address immigrant students' linguistic needs.
Proposta per a presentar a la Mesa del Congrés dels Diputats la Proposició de...Miqui Mel
Proposta per a presentar a la Mesa del Congrés dels Diputats la Proposició de llei orgànica de delegació a la Generalitat de Catalunya de la competència per a autoritzar, convocar i celebrar un referèndum sobre el futur polític de Catalunya
Font:
Data: 17.01.2014
This document discusses how the wealth of the richest people in Britain increased substantially over the past year, while many ordinary households still struggle with low wages, debt, and poverty. It provides comparisons of what the increased wealth of just the top 100 richest individuals could pay for, such as funding millions of living wage jobs, eliminating fuel poverty for many households, or paying rent for millions of renters. The aim is to highlight growing inequality and suggest alternative uses of wealth that could benefit more people.
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009endpoverty2015
1) The report assesses progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and finds that the global economic crisis threatens to slow or reverse gains made.
2) Major advances against extreme poverty from 1990-2005 are likely stalled, and 55-90 million more people will live in extreme poverty in 2009 than anticipated due to the crisis.
3) Progress against hunger, which had improved since the 1990s, was also reversed in 2008 due to higher food prices, and the number of undernourished people is rising again.
The document discusses the term "Third World" and its evolution over time. Originally during the Cold War, Third World referred to non-aligned countries that were not part of the Western or Eastern blocs. Now the term is commonly used to refer to the poorest, least developed countries. There is no clear definition of what constitutes a developing country, but factors like access to basic needs, a stable political system, and human development are discussed. Human development is defined by the UN as creating opportunities for people to lead productive lives according to their needs and interests.
FROM RECESSION TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION II LASTING TILL 2025 -- WHAT IS WRO...Dr. Raju M. Mathew
The Global Economic Crisis, started as Financial Meltdown, turned into Recession has grown to the dimension of 'The Great Depression II lasting at least till 2025, affecting the entire Humanity. The basic reason for the present Global Economic Crisis, growing to the level of The Great Depression II, the role played by the Nobel Laureates in Economics and Management Gurus in aggravating the Crisis and also its Solutions have been discussed. This is a Revolutionary approach and solution for the Global Economic Crisis. ,
This document summarizes Alvaro Uribe Velez's keynote address on political trends in Latin America to the JP Morgan Latin American Advisory Council. It finds the region divided between more democratic center-left countries that cooperate with the US and pursue free trade (led by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico), and more radical leftist ALBA countries (led by Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia) that are anti-US, weak on institutions, and ideology-driven. It discusses Brazil's role in the region politically and economically, China's growing influence through trade, and how Latin America is managing its relationship with China given increased economic ties.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Colombia and latin america - The next challengesAlvaro Uribe V.
This document discusses trends that will shape Latin America's future and analyzes the economic outlook for the region in 2013. Some key trends include the rise of the global middle class, emerging powers like China surpassing Western economies, increasing pressure on natural resources, and changing demographics. The document contrasts the more successful socio-economic models of countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico that embrace liberal democracy, free trade, and investment versus the weaker ALBA bloc model of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. It concludes by predicting GDP growth rates for countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Chile in 2013, with Brazil expected to be the main driver of growth in the region.
Demographic analysis, the statistical description of human populations, is a tool used by government agencies, political parties, and manufacturers of consumer goods. Polls conducted on every topic imaginable, from age to toothpaste preference, give the government and corporations an idea of who the public is and what it needs and wants.
The document discusses how governments and society overemphasize economic indicators and development at the expense of human well-being and the environment. It argues that focusing solely on numbers like GDP, inflation, and economic growth promotes the capitalist prioritization of profits and wealth accumulation over other needs. This narrow worldview has led to rising inequality, environmental damage, and failure to address existential threats. The document calls for a broader perspective that considers social, psychological, and ecological factors in policy decisions, in order to create a society aimed at fulfilling higher human needs beyond mere material sustenance.
This document summarizes a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. It finds that claims of impending eradication of extreme poverty are exaggerated and rely too heavily on flawed measures like the World Bank's international poverty line. In reality, billions still live in poverty without adequate standards of living. It argues the Sustainable Development Goals are failing on key issues like poverty, inequality, and climate change. To eliminate poverty, it says we must rethink the relationship between growth and poverty reduction, tackle inequality through redistribution, implement universal social protection, and center the role of government.
The document discusses the definition and features of third world countries. It notes that third world countries were originally defined as non-aligned countries during the Cold War but now refers more broadly to developing nations. Key characteristics include small technological development dominated by foreign companies, low levels of industrialization, economy dependent on exports of agricultural/raw materials, increasing foreign debt loads, significant population growth, and political instability. The United Nations aims to support third world countries but has been criticized for being influenced by a few powerful members.
This document outlines a new agenda for aid, trade, and investment. It notes shifts in global power, interconnectedness, patterns of poverty, and roles. Three types of bilateral relationships are identified: 1) Aid relationships focus on countries unable to reduce poverty alone, 2) Transitional relationships combine aid and trade to benefit developing and Dutch economies, 3) Trade relationships promote Dutch trade and investment. The agenda aims to eradicate extreme poverty, enable sustainable inclusive growth worldwide, and support Dutch companies abroad through coherent policy, new forms of cooperation, financing, and spending cuts.
9 Watu Wengi Population Growth And Population Mobilitytacit dynamite
The document discusses several challenges related to demographic changes and human displacement in Africa. It notes that population growth in Africa is the fastest in the world despite high mortality rates. However, the distribution of population growth is uneven across countries and regions. Migration patterns on the continent have historically included labor migration, both during and after colonial rule, as well as more recent refugee crises and internal displacement in many countries due to conflicts. Managing refugee populations presents challenges but can also contribute to development in some cases.
Factors that promote or hinder development(1)Tashmar Davis
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The three economic modules identified are: central or planned economic system, free market system or market system, and mixed economic system.
2. Two countries that practice the mixed economy module are Jamaica and Grenada.
3. Capitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual right.
4. One Caribbean country which has been influenced by Marxism is Guyana.
5. The name of the leader of Guyana influenced by Marxism is Cheddi Jagan.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
I am not sure the Stats Canada analysis are apples to apples when it comes to poverty numbers. Harper was down to 8% level when you look at LICO area. The LICO areas have gone up under @JustinTrudeau So, what are the real numbers?
Harvard global economic burden non communicable diseases 2011paulovseabra
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global economic burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It finds that NCDs already pose a substantial economic burden, expected to grow tremendously over the next two decades to $47 trillion in lost global output. This represents 75% of global GDP in 2010. Cardiovascular diseases and mental health conditions are the leading contributors. While high-income countries currently bear most of the burden, the developing world will see a rising share due to population and economic growth. Business leaders also express significant concern about the economic impacts of NCDs. The findings suggest a pressing need for increased prevention and control efforts to curb this mounting threat.
This document discusses social trends in Latin America, particularly regarding economic growth, poverty reduction, and inequality. Some key points:
- Latin America has experienced over a decade of sustained economic growth, reducing poverty by 51 million people and inequality in most countries.
- However, it's unclear if further social gains can be achieved solely through economic growth, as labor market gains have concentrated in male-dominated service sectors rather than manufacturing.
- Two trends have helped reduce poverty and inequality: rising labor incomes, and social programs like conditional cash transfers. But pockets of poverty remain among excluded groups like youth and women.
- Microtrends like high rates of "idle youth" who neither work nor study, and low
Language Support for Youth With a Migrant BackgroundMiqui Mel
1) This document summarizes language support policies for immigrant students in Europe. It identifies key elements of effective support such as initial student assessments, induction programs, ongoing language instruction, training for mainstream teachers, and support for students' native languages.
2) The summary provides examples of good practices from Denmark, including language stimulation for young children, welcoming classes for new immigrant students, and requirements for trained teachers of language as a second language.
3) However, the document also notes gaps in implementing good practices, such as lack of monitoring and evaluation, insufficient professional development, and low community involvement. The brief aims to provide recommendations to address immigrant students' linguistic needs.
Proposta per a presentar a la Mesa del Congrés dels Diputats la Proposició de...Miqui Mel
Proposta per a presentar a la Mesa del Congrés dels Diputats la Proposició de llei orgànica de delegació a la Generalitat de Catalunya de la competència per a autoritzar, convocar i celebrar un referèndum sobre el futur polític de Catalunya
Font:
Data: 17.01.2014
This document discusses how the wealth of the richest people in Britain increased substantially over the past year, while many ordinary households still struggle with low wages, debt, and poverty. It provides comparisons of what the increased wealth of just the top 100 richest individuals could pay for, such as funding millions of living wage jobs, eliminating fuel poverty for many households, or paying rent for millions of renters. The aim is to highlight growing inequality and suggest alternative uses of wealth that could benefit more people.
Political Opinion Barometer - 2nd Wave 2014Miqui Mel
The document is a press report summarizing the results of the 2nd wave of the 2014 Political Opinion Barometer survey conducted in Catalonia. It provides details on the technical specifications of the survey including the sample size of 2,000 respondents and margins of error. It then summarizes the main results of the survey related to confidence in institutions, attitudes toward autonomy and independence for Catalonia, and voting intentions for the Catalan parliament.
Metodologia i Càlcul de la Balança Fiscal de Catalunya amb l’Administració Ce...Miqui Mel
Metodologia i Càlcul de la Balança Fiscal de Catalunya amb
l’Administració Central 2002-2005
Font: Grup de treball per a l'actualització de la balança fiscal de Catalunya
Data: 2009.
49th Annual Report of The European Free Trade Association 2009Miqui Mel
The document is the 49th Annual Report of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) for 2009. It summarizes key developments in EFTA, including the signing of free trade agreements with Albania, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Serbia at EFTA Ministerial meetings. It also notes progress in negotiations with Peru, Ukraine, India, Hong Kong, Indonesia, and other partners. The report discusses activities within the European Economic Area and related to the EEA and Norway Grants. It provides overviews of EFTA's advisory bodies, information activities, and administration.
Bp working-for-few-political-capture-economic-inequality-200114-enSalisu Borodo
The document discusses rising economic inequality globally and its risks. It notes that almost half of the world's wealth is owned by the richest 1% and their share of income has increased in most countries over recent decades. Extreme inequality is damaging as it can undermine economic growth, political representation, and social cohesion. Left unaddressed, inequality may further concentrate opportunity and advantages among the wealthy, exacerbating social tensions. The document calls for bold political action and policy reforms to curb the influence of wealth on politics and promote redistribution to reverse this trend.
This document discusses the development model that has been widely accepted over the past six decades of promoting economic growth through industrialization and centralized high-cost technologies. While there has been significant economic growth, the benefits have not been equally distributed, leading to large inequalities both between and within countries. International agencies now agree that development without equity is unsustainable. However, efforts to reduce inequalities through improved market rules and increased aid have had limited success. A fundamental rethinking of the development model and choice of technologies may be needed to achieve more equitable and sustainable development.
Income and Wealth Inequality in the United StatesDavid Doney
The document discusses income and wealth inequality in the United States. It notes that income and wealth inequality have steadily worsened since 1980, with the top 1% of income earners receiving about 20% of pre-tax income in 2014 compared to 10% prior to 1980. Wealth is also distributed more unequally than income, with the top 1% owning 42% of wealth versus 24% in the 1970s. The document examines several potential causes of inequality including declines in unions, shifts in tax policy, globalization, and skill-biased technological change. Solutions proposed include policies that make the income or wealth distribution more equitable such as higher taxes on top incomes combined with transfers to lower incomes.
Analysis On The Result And Implication Of The PolicyCrystal Torres
The document analyzes the results and implications of a poverty reduction policy in Indonesia called PNPM. It notes that while the policy showed some early success in decreasing poverty rates, the progress was slow. There were also issues with misuse of funds intended for poverty programs. The policy failed to properly target the poor. Additionally, there was a lack of coordination between government agencies regarding poverty reduction efforts. Overall, the analysis finds that while the policy aimed to help the poor, weaknesses in implementation meant it did not fully achieve its goals.
Act Local Please respond to the following in 2-3 paragraphsBased .docxbobbywlane695641
"Act Local" Please respond to the following: in 2-3 paragraphsBased on the two articles below, address the following:
What fundamental actions are at least two leaders of developing countries taking to improve the living standards of their people in terms of their economies, their political systems and their environments? Please give good response, DUE 6-11-15
· Development Shouldn’t Give Democracy the Cold Shoulder
· May 2013
· One of the strongest global trends today is the empowerment of citizens and their desire for dignity and freedom. As governments prepare for what should replace the Millennium Development Goals, they should take this into account. But don't hold your breath. Two recent surveys conducted by the United Nations to inform the discussion of the post-2015 agenda provide a striking demonstration of the widening gap between citizens and their governments.
·
· One of these is the U.N.-sponsored online survey known as My world. So far more than half a million citizens in 194 countries have voted in the survey, and the results show that "honest and responsive government" consistently ranks among the top three developmental priorities cited by respondents as desirable for their own countries. In the other survey undertaken among U.N. member state governments by the U.N. Secretary-General for the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development, "good governance" ranks bizarrely as only 25th out of 32 priorities listed. The disparity between the surveys' initial results are illustrative of a wider trend where citizens see democratic governance as a major priority, while governments don't. Keeping this in mind, there are two main reasons why the High-Level Panel report should make certain that it includes democracy in its recommendations for the new development framework.
·
· First, nothing matters more for development than national politics. As pointed out by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in their book Failed States, anyone who doubts the importance of national institutions and national policies need only look at the history of the two Koreas, which had the same economic starting point seven decades ago. Today, South Korea has a booming economy, high levels of education, and a life expectancy of 79 years, according to the World Health Organization. In North Korea, life expectancy is 64 years and the economy has stagnated under dictatorship. Open, democratic, and competitive politics with institutions that place constraints on power are far more likely to uphold the rule of law, protect property rights, and provide an inclusive market economy that limits corruption and provides opportunity for all.
·
· Second, this critical importance of national politics is only enhanced by the fact that trade, investment, and remittances are rapidly dwarfing traditional aid as vehicles for economic development. The world is waving goodbye to the old "donor-recipient" paradigm, in which the western world provides aid to support developi.
#TimeToCare (India Supplement) | Oxfam IndiaOxfam India
With growing inequality, it has become pertinent to address the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor. Over the last decade, academics, policymakers and multilateral institutions have been striving to draw attention to the growing importance of the subject of shared prosperity. https://www.oxfamindia.org/workingpaper/timetocare-india-supplement
This document discusses how income inequality has increased over the past 30 years and provides a framework to understand the interconnected processes that drive this trend. It presents a mechanism with two main circuits - a money circuit involving credit expansion and rising asset prices, and a debt circuit of rising household and corporate debt. These circuits are linked by social pressures of envy and peer emulation that exacerbate inequality, as well as fear and anxiety over debt, which influence policies amplifying the problems. The framework aims to identify policy targets to effectively address inequality.
There is significant global inequality in the distribution of resources, with over 1 billion people living in absolute poverty according to UN criteria in 1999. Developing countries face numerous economic challenges including lack of access to safe water, sanitation, and primary education for many children. While there is wide diversity among developing countries, common problems include underdevelopment, unequal terms of international trade, structural economic issues, and debt burdens.
The document discusses the key characteristics of developing economies. It begins by defining developing countries based on per capita income levels and then outlines 10 common features: 1) lower living standards and productivity, 2) lower human capital, 3) higher inequality and poverty, 4) higher population growth, 5) greater social divisions, 6) larger rural populations but rapid urbanization, 7) lower industrialization, 8) adverse geography, 9) underdeveloped markets, and 10) lingering colonial impacts. The document then examines several of these features in more depth, including levels of human capital, living standards, inequality, population trends, and social divisions.
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2. 9.2Contrast between the viewpoints of globalists and antiglobalists on the effects of globalization
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4. 9.4Examine the economic, social, and educational inequality that exists within rich countries
5. 9.5Examine the inequalities that exist in different aspects of life in poor countries
6. 9.6Review the six dimensions of poverty that can be used to gauge poverty
7. 9.7Evaluate some of the measures for diminishing poverty and reducing inequality
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Working For the Few - Political Capture and Economic Inequality
1. 178 OXFAM BRIEFING PAPER – SUMMARY
20 JANUARY 2014
Housing for the wealthier middle classes rises above the insecure housing of a slum community in Lucknow, India. Photo: Tom
Pietrasik/Oxfam
WORKING FOR THE FEW
Political capture and economic inequality
In November 2013, the World Economic Forum released its ‘Outlook on the Global
Agenda 2014’,1 in which it ranked widening income disparities as the second greatest
worldwide risk in the coming 12 to 18 months. Based on those surveyed, inequality is
‘impacting social stability within countries and threatening security on a global scale.’
Oxfam shares its analysis, and wants to see the 2014 World Economic Forum make the
commitments needed to counter the growing tide of inequality.
Some economic inequality is essential to drive growth and progress, rewarding those
with talent, hard earned skills, and the ambition to innovate and take entrepreneurial
risks. However, the extreme levels of wealth concentration occurring today threaten to
exclude hundreds of millions of people from realizing the benefits of their talents and
hard work.
Extreme economic inequality is damaging and worrying for many reasons: it is morally
questionable; it can have negative impacts on economic growth and poverty reduction;
and it can multiply social problems. It compounds other inequalities, such as those
between women and men. In many countries, extreme economic inequality is worrying
www.oxfam.org
2. because of the pernicious impact that wealth concentrations can have on equal political
representation. When wealth captures government policymaking, the rules bend to favor
the rich, often to the detriment of everyone else. The consequences include the erosion
of democratic governance, the pulling apart of social cohesion, and the vanishing of
equal opportunities for all. Unless bold political solutions are instituted to curb the
influence of wealth on politics, governments will work for the interests of the rich, while
economic and political inequalities continue to rise. As US Supreme Court Justice Louis
Brandeis famously said, ‘We may have democracy, or we may have wealth concentrated
in the hands of the few, but we cannot have both.’
Oxfam is concerned that, left unchecked, the effects are potentially immutable, and will
lead to ‘opportunity capture’ – in which the lowest tax rates, the best education, and the
best healthcare are claimed by the children of the rich. This creates dynamic and
mutually reinforcing cycles of advantage that are transmitted across generations.
Given the scale of rising wealth concentrations, opportunity capture and unequal political
representation are a serious and worrying trend. For instance:
• Almost half of the world’s wealth is now owned by just one percent of the population.2
• The wealth of the one percent richest people in the world amounts to $110 trillion.
That’s 65 times the total wealth of the bottom half of the world’s population.3
• The bottom half of the world’s population owns the same as the richest 85 people in
the world.4
• Seven out of ten people live in countries where economic inequality has increased in
the last 30 years.5
• The richest one percent increased their share of income in 24 out of 26 countries for
which we have data between 1980 and 2012.6
• In the US, the wealthiest one percent captured 95 percent of post-financial crisis
growth since 2009, while the bottom 90 percent became poorer.7
This massive concentration of economic resources in the hands of fewer people
presents a significant threat to inclusive political and economic systems. Instead of
moving forward together, people are increasingly separated by economic and political
power, inevitably heightening social tensions and increasing the risk of societal
breakdown.
Oxfam’s polling from across the world captures the belief of many that laws and
regulations are now designed to benefit the rich. A survey in six countries (Spain, Brazil,
India, South Africa, the UK and the US) showed that a majority of people believe that
laws are skewed in favor of the rich – in Spain eight out of 10 people agreed with this
statement. Another recent Oxfam poll of low-wage earners in the US reveals that 65
percent believe that Congress passes laws that predominantly benefit the wealthy.
The impact of political capture is striking. Rich and poor countries alike are affected.
Financial deregulation, skewed tax systems and rules facilitating evasion, austerity
economics, policies that disproportionately harm women, and captured oil and mineral
revenues are all examples given in this paper. The short cases included are each
intended to offer a sense of how political capture produces ill-gotten wealth, which
perpetuates economic inequality.
This dangerous trend can be reversed. The good news is that there are clear examples
of success, both historical and current. The US and Europe in the three decades after
World War II reduced inequality while growing prosperous. Latin America has
significantly reduced inequality in the last decade – through more progressive taxation,
2
3. public services, social protection and decent work. Central to this progress has been
popular politics that represent the majority, instead of being captured by a tiny minority.
This has benefited all, both rich and poor.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Those gathered at Davos for the World Economic Forum have the power to turn around
the rapid increase in inequality. Oxfam is calling on them to pledge that they will:
• Not dodge taxes in their own countries or in countries where they invest and operate,
by using tax havens;
• Not use their economic wealth to seek political favors that undermine the democratic
will of their fellow citizens;
• Make public all the investments in companies and trusts for which they are the
ultimate beneficial owners;
• Support progressive taxation on wealth and income;
• Challenge governments to use their tax revenue to provide universal healthcare,
education and social protection for citizens;
• Demand a living wage in all the companies they own or control;
• Challenge other economic elites to join them in these pledges.
Oxfam has recommended policies in multiple contexts to strengthen the political
representation of the poor and middle classes to achieve greater equity. These policies
include:
• A global goal to end extreme economic inequality in every country. This should be a
major element of the post-2015 framework, including consistent monitoring in every
country of the share of wealth going to the richest one percent.
• Stronger regulation of markets to promote sustainable and equitable growth; and
• Curbing the power of the rich to influence political processes and policies that best
suit their interests.
The particular combination of policies required to reverse rising economic inequalities
should be tailored to each national context. But developing and developed countries that
have successfully reduced economic inequality provide some suggested starting points,
notably:
• Cracking down on financial secrecy and tax dodging;
• Redistributive transfers; and strengthening of social protection schemes;
• Investment in universal access to healthcare and education;
• Progressive taxation;
• Strengthening wage floors and worker rights;
• Removing the barriers to equal rights and opportunities for women.
3
4. Figure 1: The rich get richer
The percentage increase in share of income of the richest one percent
United States
Australia
Sweden
Norway
Ireland
Italy
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
Denmark
Spain
France
Mauritius
0
50
100
150
The share of national income going to the richest one percent
United States
Singapore
Ireland
Japan
Italy
Australia
Spain
France
Norway
New Zealand
Mauritius
Sweden
Denmark
2008-2012
1980
0
10
20
30
Source: F. Alvaredo, A. B. Atkinson, T. Piketty and E. Saez, (2013) ‘The World Top Incomes Database’,
http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/ Only includes countries with data in 1980 and later than 2008.
4
5. NOTES
All web links given here were accessed December 2013 unless otherwise stated
1
World Economic Forum (2013) ‘Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014’, Geneva: World Economic Forum,
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalAgendaOutlook_2014.pdf
2
Credit Suisse (2013) ‘Global Wealth Report 2013’, Zurich: Credit Suisse. https://publications.creditsuisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83 And Forbes’ The
World’s Billionaires (accessed on December 16, 2013) http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/
3
Calculated based on information from Credit Suisse, op. cit. Total wealth amounts to $240.8 trillion. Share
of wealth for the bottom half of the population is 0.71 percent. That for the richest one percent is 46 percent
(amounting to $110 trillion).
4
Credit Suisse, op. cit.
5
The World Top Incomes Database, http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/
6
Ibid.
7
E. Saez (2013) ‘Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States (updated with 2012
preliminary estimates)’, Berkeley: University of California, Department of Economics.
http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf and The World Top Incomes Database.
http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/
5