This document discusses Enterobius vermicularis (the pinworm). It begins by listing learning objectives about the parasite's geographical distribution, morphology, life cycle, diseases caused, and diagnosis. It then covers the parasite's history, morphology, life cycle, transmission as eggs via contaminated hands, symptoms of pruritus, and diagnosis via microscopic identification of eggs in feces or perianal scrapings. Treatment involves pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on hygiene like handwashing and changing undergarments.
This document summarizes information about the whipworm (Trichuris trichura) including its morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It notes that the adult worm is 50mm long with a thicker posterior end. Eggs measure 50-54 by 22-23 micrometers and contain unembryonated eggs that are passed in stool. The life cycle involves ingestion of eggs which hatch and develop into adults in the intestines. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to digestive disturbances depending on worm burden. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs using iodine or histopathology of intestinal mucosa. Treatment involves albendazole or mebendazole.
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a life cycle involving pigs and humans, where larvae encyst in muscle tissue. Humans can become infected by eating undercooked pork containing the larvae. The larvae hatch in the small intestine and mature into adults, reproducing via viviparity. Newborn larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate via the bloodstream to encyst in skeletal muscle, preferentially in the diaphragm, jaw and neck muscles. Clinical features include gastrointestinal and muscle pain as the larvae invade tissues. Diagnosis involves testing for eosinophilia or detecting larvae in muscle biopsies. Treatment involves albendazole and corticosteroids
Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm, infects approximately one quarter of the world's population. It resides in the large intestine of humans. Whipworm infection is transmitted via fecal-oral route and is more common in less developed countries with poor sanitation. Heavy infections can cause bloody diarrhea, anemia, and rectal prolapse. Diagnosis involves detecting the barrel-shaped whipworm eggs in stool samples. Treatment includes mebendazole or albendazole which kill the worms. Prevention focuses on proper handwashing and sanitation to avoid ingesting contaminated soil or food.
This document discusses intestinal flagellates and provides details about Giardia lamblia. It covers the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, treatment and references. Key points include that G. lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea worldwide, it has a trophozoite and cyst form, and infection can cause malabsorption and symptoms like diarrhea and cramps. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for cysts.
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as the pinworm or threadworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the large intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution and is considered the most common human parasite, primarily affecting children. The adult worms live in the cecum and appendix where the female lays eggs around the anal area, causing intense itching and scratching. The eggs can hatch and reinfect the host through autoinfection or contaminate surfaces, transmitting the infection through contaminated hands, food, water, clothing or dust. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples collected from the perianal area to detect eggs. Treatment involves a single dose of anthelmintic medication and repeated treatment to
This document discusses Entamoeba coli, a non-pathogenic intestinal parasite commonly found in humans. It describes E. coli's life cycle between a trophozoite stage inside the intestine and a cyst stage passed in feces. Transmission occurs worldwide via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or water. While usually harmless, large populations of E. coli can cause minor digestive issues. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples under a microscope for cysts or trophozoites. Treatment is not usually needed, but improved hygiene can reduce transmission.
This document summarizes information about the whipworm (Trichuris trichura) including its morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It notes that the adult worm is 50mm long with a thicker posterior end. Eggs measure 50-54 by 22-23 micrometers and contain unembryonated eggs that are passed in stool. The life cycle involves ingestion of eggs which hatch and develop into adults in the intestines. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to digestive disturbances depending on worm burden. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs using iodine or histopathology of intestinal mucosa. Treatment involves albendazole or mebendazole.
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a life cycle involving pigs and humans, where larvae encyst in muscle tissue. Humans can become infected by eating undercooked pork containing the larvae. The larvae hatch in the small intestine and mature into adults, reproducing via viviparity. Newborn larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate via the bloodstream to encyst in skeletal muscle, preferentially in the diaphragm, jaw and neck muscles. Clinical features include gastrointestinal and muscle pain as the larvae invade tissues. Diagnosis involves testing for eosinophilia or detecting larvae in muscle biopsies. Treatment involves albendazole and corticosteroids
Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm, infects approximately one quarter of the world's population. It resides in the large intestine of humans. Whipworm infection is transmitted via fecal-oral route and is more common in less developed countries with poor sanitation. Heavy infections can cause bloody diarrhea, anemia, and rectal prolapse. Diagnosis involves detecting the barrel-shaped whipworm eggs in stool samples. Treatment includes mebendazole or albendazole which kill the worms. Prevention focuses on proper handwashing and sanitation to avoid ingesting contaminated soil or food.
This document discusses intestinal flagellates and provides details about Giardia lamblia. It covers the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, treatment and references. Key points include that G. lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea worldwide, it has a trophozoite and cyst form, and infection can cause malabsorption and symptoms like diarrhea and cramps. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for cysts.
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as the pinworm or threadworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the large intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution and is considered the most common human parasite, primarily affecting children. The adult worms live in the cecum and appendix where the female lays eggs around the anal area, causing intense itching and scratching. The eggs can hatch and reinfect the host through autoinfection or contaminate surfaces, transmitting the infection through contaminated hands, food, water, clothing or dust. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples collected from the perianal area to detect eggs. Treatment involves a single dose of anthelmintic medication and repeated treatment to
This document discusses Entamoeba coli, a non-pathogenic intestinal parasite commonly found in humans. It describes E. coli's life cycle between a trophozoite stage inside the intestine and a cyst stage passed in feces. Transmission occurs worldwide via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or water. While usually harmless, large populations of E. coli can cause minor digestive issues. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples under a microscope for cysts or trophozoites. Treatment is not usually needed, but improved hygiene can reduce transmission.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Ascaris is a large, cylindrical, pinkish-white intestinal nematode parasite with a life cycle involving eggs. The male has a ventrally curved hook and two copulatory spicules, while the female has a midventral vulva and can produce 200,000 eggs per day. The document describes the morphology and life cycle of Ascaris.
Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the fish tapeworm, infects humans who consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing plerocercoid larvae. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine and can grow to 10 meters long. It lays eggs that are released in feces and infect copepods in water. Fish eat the copepods and can become infected, transmitting the larvae when eaten raw or undercooked by humans. Infection usually causes mild or no symptoms but can potentially lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide and prevention focuses on thoroughly cooking fish from infected waters.
Cestodes, or tapeworms, are flat segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines of humans and other animals. They range in size from a few millimeters to several meters in length. The body consists of a head (scolex) and chain of segments (proglottids) that contain reproductive organs. Two major orders that infect humans are Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Pseudophyllidea have slit-like grooves instead of suckers, while Cyclophyllidea have cup-like suckers. Common tapeworms infecting humans include Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia sol
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
The topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Trichinella is a neamtode, The disease is called as Trichinellosis/Trichinosis. This topic will be explaining about Morphology of Trichinella, mode of transmission, life cycle ,clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
1. Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, and Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as the rat tapeworm, are the two species of tapeworms that can infect humans.
2. H. nana has a direct life cycle and can re-infect its host without an intermediate host, while H. diminuta requires an arthropod intermediate host.
3. Symptoms of infection are usually mild but large numbers of worms can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration in humans, particularly children or those with weak immune systems. Treatment is with praziquantel.
Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal nematode parasite of humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can cause complications like intestinal obstruction. The adult female worm is 20-35cm long and lays hundreds of thousands of eggs per day that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, travel to the lungs, and are then swallowed making their way back to the small intestine where they mature into adult worms.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Fasciolopsis buski, also known as the Asian giant intestinal fluke, is prevalent in Southeast Asia where it lives in human and pig intestines. The fluke causes enteritis and malnutrition by attaching to the intestines and competing with the host for food. Diagnosis is done through stool examination using direct smear or sedimentation methods. Treatment involves administering praziquantel or other drugs to patients, carriers, and pigs. Prevention focuses on health education, sanitation, and avoiding feeding pigs raw water plants to disrupt the fluke's lifecycle.
Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm. Its definitive host is humans and its intermediate host is deerflies of the genus Chrysops. The life cycle involves microfilariae infecting deerflies which can then pass the infection to humans. Loiasis is often asymptomatic but can cause episodic angioedema or migration of an adult worm under the conjunctiva or eye. Diagnosis involves examination of blood samples for microfilariae or identification of adult worms from biopsies or removal from the eye.
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with poor sanitation. H. nana lives in the small intestine and can reproduce asexually inside the host, allowing infections to persist for years. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding H. nana eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent hosts.
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, inhabits the large intestine of humans. The female produces 2,000-10,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs become infective in soil after 2-3 weeks. People are infected by ingesting infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or hands. Worms attach to the intestinal mucosa and can live up to 5 years. Heavy infections may cause symptoms like bloody mucus stool. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool samples through sedimentation or flotation techniques.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is a small fluke that inhabits the bile ducts of a variety of mammalian hosts. It has a complex life cycle involving three hosts: land snails as the first intermediate host, ants as the second intermediate host, and various grazing mammals as the definitive host. D. dendriticum alters the behavior of infected ants, causing them to cling to plant tops at night where they are more likely to be eaten by grazing mammals. While it typically does not cause severe effects in hosts, heavy infections can lead to liver damage and other issues. Diagnosis is challenging as the eggs are small and difficult to detect in feces. No single treatment has proven fully effective against the parasite.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Enterobius vermicularis and ascaris lumbricodesNCRIMS, Meerut
- Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm that inhabits the small intestine of humans.
- It produces large numbers of eggs that are passed in feces and can remain viable in soil for months.
- People become infected by ingesting these eggs. The larvae hatch and migrate through the lungs before reaching the intestine where they mature into adult worms.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, obstruction, and malnutrition. Large numbers of worms can cause complications by blocking bile ducts or other organs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool samples under microscopy.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Ascaris is a large, cylindrical, pinkish-white intestinal nematode parasite with a life cycle involving eggs. The male has a ventrally curved hook and two copulatory spicules, while the female has a midventral vulva and can produce 200,000 eggs per day. The document describes the morphology and life cycle of Ascaris.
Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the fish tapeworm, infects humans who consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing plerocercoid larvae. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine and can grow to 10 meters long. It lays eggs that are released in feces and infect copepods in water. Fish eat the copepods and can become infected, transmitting the larvae when eaten raw or undercooked by humans. Infection usually causes mild or no symptoms but can potentially lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide and prevention focuses on thoroughly cooking fish from infected waters.
Cestodes, or tapeworms, are flat segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines of humans and other animals. They range in size from a few millimeters to several meters in length. The body consists of a head (scolex) and chain of segments (proglottids) that contain reproductive organs. Two major orders that infect humans are Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Pseudophyllidea have slit-like grooves instead of suckers, while Cyclophyllidea have cup-like suckers. Common tapeworms infecting humans include Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia sol
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
The topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Trichinella is a neamtode, The disease is called as Trichinellosis/Trichinosis. This topic will be explaining about Morphology of Trichinella, mode of transmission, life cycle ,clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
1. Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, and Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as the rat tapeworm, are the two species of tapeworms that can infect humans.
2. H. nana has a direct life cycle and can re-infect its host without an intermediate host, while H. diminuta requires an arthropod intermediate host.
3. Symptoms of infection are usually mild but large numbers of worms can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration in humans, particularly children or those with weak immune systems. Treatment is with praziquantel.
Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal nematode parasite of humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can cause complications like intestinal obstruction. The adult female worm is 20-35cm long and lays hundreds of thousands of eggs per day that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, travel to the lungs, and are then swallowed making their way back to the small intestine where they mature into adult worms.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Fasciolopsis buski, also known as the Asian giant intestinal fluke, is prevalent in Southeast Asia where it lives in human and pig intestines. The fluke causes enteritis and malnutrition by attaching to the intestines and competing with the host for food. Diagnosis is done through stool examination using direct smear or sedimentation methods. Treatment involves administering praziquantel or other drugs to patients, carriers, and pigs. Prevention focuses on health education, sanitation, and avoiding feeding pigs raw water plants to disrupt the fluke's lifecycle.
Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm. Its definitive host is humans and its intermediate host is deerflies of the genus Chrysops. The life cycle involves microfilariae infecting deerflies which can then pass the infection to humans. Loiasis is often asymptomatic but can cause episodic angioedema or migration of an adult worm under the conjunctiva or eye. Diagnosis involves examination of blood samples for microfilariae or identification of adult worms from biopsies or removal from the eye.
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with poor sanitation. H. nana lives in the small intestine and can reproduce asexually inside the host, allowing infections to persist for years. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding H. nana eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent hosts.
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, inhabits the large intestine of humans. The female produces 2,000-10,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs become infective in soil after 2-3 weeks. People are infected by ingesting infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or hands. Worms attach to the intestinal mucosa and can live up to 5 years. Heavy infections may cause symptoms like bloody mucus stool. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool samples through sedimentation or flotation techniques.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is a small fluke that inhabits the bile ducts of a variety of mammalian hosts. It has a complex life cycle involving three hosts: land snails as the first intermediate host, ants as the second intermediate host, and various grazing mammals as the definitive host. D. dendriticum alters the behavior of infected ants, causing them to cling to plant tops at night where they are more likely to be eaten by grazing mammals. While it typically does not cause severe effects in hosts, heavy infections can lead to liver damage and other issues. Diagnosis is challenging as the eggs are small and difficult to detect in feces. No single treatment has proven fully effective against the parasite.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Enterobius vermicularis and ascaris lumbricodesNCRIMS, Meerut
- Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm that inhabits the small intestine of humans.
- It produces large numbers of eggs that are passed in feces and can remain viable in soil for months.
- People become infected by ingesting these eggs. The larvae hatch and migrate through the lungs before reaching the intestine where they mature into adult worms.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, obstruction, and malnutrition. Large numbers of worms can cause complications by blocking bile ducts or other organs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool samples under microscopy.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
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Worm infestation, also known as helminthiasis, is a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries with poor sanitation. The document discusses the most common types of worm infections including roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, and tapeworm. It provides details on the lifecycles, symptoms, and treatment for each type. The highest rates of worm infections are found in children living in tropical areas with lack of clean water and proper hygiene. Preventive measures include washing hands, avoiding contaminated food/water, and practicing safe disposal of human waste.
Plague is a bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis that primarily affects rodents. It can be transmitted to humans via flea bites. In humans, it typically manifests as bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic plague depending on how the bacteria enter the body. Bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, while pneumonic plague is a severe form that causes pneumonia and can spread from person to person. Treatment involves antibiotics such as streptomycin or gentamicin. Prevention focuses on flea control and avoiding contact with infected animals.
The document discusses several nematode parasites including Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm), and filarial worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of these parasites. Key information includes that pinworms infect the intestines and guinea worms emerge from blisters in the skin after a year of maturation, while filarial worms reside in the lymphatic system and bloodstream, being transmitted by mosquitoes.
Enterobius vermicularis is more common in families and institutions like orphanages and schools than the general population because it spreads easily in crowded, unsanitary conditions where personal hygiene is poor. The pinworm lays its eggs around the anus, most often at night, and the eggs can spread through contaminated hands, clothes, bedding or other objects. Transmission is facilitated by close contact between infected and uninfected individuals in crowded living environments.
This document discusses soil-transmitted helminths (intestinal worms) that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. It describes the life cycles of key soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and hookworms. The worms are transmitted through eggs passed in feces that contaminate soil in areas with poor sanitation. The eggs hatch into larvae that can penetrate the skin (hookworms) or be ingested (roundworm and whipworm), developing into adult worms in the intestines. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and deworming treatments.
Scabies is caused by the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei that burrows into the skin. It spreads through prolonged skin-to-skin contact. Clinical features include intense itching and skin burrows typically found on fingers, wrists, armpits and genitals. Diagnosis is made by finding mites, eggs or feces in skin scrapings under microscopy. Treatment involves topical scabicides like permethrin or oral ivermectin applied to the entire body along with treating contacts to eliminate reinfestation. Crusted or Norwegian scabies occurs in immunocompromised individuals with thick scales and crusts over large areas of the body and is highly
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm or seat worm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the human intestine. It has a two month lifecycle where sexually mature worms inhabit the small and large intestines and lay eggs in the perianal area. Infection occurs when eggs are ingested and hatch in the small intestine. Pinworms are a common cause of itching and irritation around the anus but often cause no symptoms. Diagnosis involves detecting eggs on perianal skin or microscopic examination of stool samples. Treatment involves administering anthelmintic drugs to infected individuals and members of their household. Prevention focuses on good personal hygiene like handwashing and cutting fingernails short
Nematodes are roundworms that range in length from 90 μm to 1000 mm. They have an anterior mouth and posterior anus. Their life cycle involves hatching from eggs as larvae and molting through different larval stages to become adults. Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is a common intestinal nematode. Females are 10mm long while males are 3mm. It has a direct life cycle. Pinworm infection is widespread, with over 1 billion cases globally. The parasite's eggs are deposited on the skin at night and spread through contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms include irritation and itching. Diagnosis involves examining adhesive tape touched to the skin under a microscope for eggs. Treatment and prevention
Nematodes are roundworm parasites that infect humans through ingestion of eggs or larvae from contaminated food, water or soil. They can infect the gastrointestinal tract, tissues, or lymphatic system. Common nematode infections include ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infection, strongyloidiasis and trichinellosis. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples under a microscope for eggs or larvae. Treatment involves anthelmintic medications like mebendazole or albendazole. Follow up is important for cases of strongyloidiasis to prevent hyperinfection from chronic autoinfection.
The document provides background information on helminths (parasitic worms). It discusses their lifecycles, transmission methods, locations within the host body, and impacts on human health. Specifically, it covers the major groups of intestinal nematodes (roundworms) that commonly infect humans, including their classification, lifecycles involving egg/larval stages and environmental transmission, clinical symptoms, and methods of diagnosis through fecal sample examination.
Enterobius vermicularis, also known as the pinworm or threadworm, is a common intestinal parasite in humans. It has a worldwide distribution. The female pinworm is 8-13 mm long and lives in the colon, where it lays eggs. The eggs can cause itching when they are deposited around the anus by the female at night. Infection occurs through ingestion of pinworm eggs. Proper hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of pinworm infection.
This document provides information on several sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, and AIDS. For each STI, the document outlines the causative agent, incubation period, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The majority of the document is devoted to providing detailed information on gonorrhea, including transmission routes, clinical manifestations, complications, and management approaches.
1. Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as the pinworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the human intestine.
2. It has separate sexes, with the female being larger than the male, and a life cycle that involves eggs being laid around the anus causing itching.
3. Pinworm infection is common in children under 12 and spreads through ingestion of eggs, causing symptoms of perianal itching and scratching that can lead to secondary bacterial infection.
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
Ascaris lumbricoides is a common roundworm parasite that infects an estimated 1 billion people worldwide (1 out of 4 people), being most prevalent in underdeveloped areas with poor sanitation. It is transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food or soil and causes symptoms ranging from abdominal discomfort to pulmonary issues during larval migration. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like mebendazole or albendazole and prevention focuses on improved sanitation and limiting the use of human feces as fertilizer.
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3. Learning Objectives:
By the end of this session, students are expected to be
able to:
Explain the geographical distribution and habitat
Enterobius vermicularis.
Describe morphology of Enterobius vermicularis.
Describe the mode of transmission & life cycle of
Enterobius vermicularis.
Explain the diseases caused Enterobius vermicularis.
Explain the prevention and control of Enterobius
vermicularis.
Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Enterobius
vermicularis.
4. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION
Formerly “oxyuris vermicularis”
Enterobius vermicularis means tiny worm living in
intestine.
World most common parasite.
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6. Definition of terms
Buccal capsule= in nematodes is a structure
connecting the oral opening with the anterior portion
of the esophagus. It also called the stoma.
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7. Enterobiasis
Disease: Enterobiasis, Pinworm infection.
Infectious agent: Enterobius vermicularis an
intestinal nematode which causes
enterobiasis, an intestinal parasitic infestation
that occurs commonly in children.
Enterobius vermicularis is also known as the
thread worm, pin or seat worm
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8. Morphology
The adult worms are small cylindrical and
white
› Have three lips no buccal capsule and the
oesophagus has a posterior bulb characteristics
Female measure
› 8-13mm x 0.3-0.5mm long
› Paired uterine are filled with thousand of eggs
Male measure
› 2-5 x 20-30mm long
› Posteriorly curved
› Single spicule measuring 70µ long
8
9. Morphology…
The eggs:
Measure 50-60 x 20-30µm
Oval in shape
Has a characteristic shape flattened on one site.
Eggs can be found in
specimens collected from perianal skin. Occasionally
eggs can also be found in faeces.
It is almost colorless with a bean –shaped double
contour shell containing a fully formed embryo
9
10. Habitat
Adult inhabit large intestine and
they remain attached to the
mucosa of the caecum, vermiform
appendix and adjacent parts of the
large intestine.
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11. 11
Distribution/epidemiology:
Prevalent worldwide, in temperate and colder climates.
More common in children.
It occurs in family groups or institutions such as
schools especially under crowded conditions.
Infection is hand to mouth
Reservoir: Humans
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12. Mode of Transmission
There are four possible ways of transmission:-
1. The commonest is by direct transmission from
the anal and perianal region to the mouth by
finger nail contamination and by dirty night
clothes
2. By exposure to viable eggs on dirty bed linen
other contaminated objects in the environment
3. Via the mouth or nose from contaminated dust in
which embryonated eggs have been found.
4. By rectroinfection in which eggs hatch on the
anal mucosa and larva migrate up to the bowel.
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13. Life Cycle
Life cycle of E. vermicularis is simple and is
completed in a single host. Man is a natural host,
no intermediate host is required.
No multiplication inside the body.
Mature female has a duration of life of 37-93 days.
After mating, the fertilized gravid female migrates
to the rectum, pass out of the anus during the
night and deposit the eggs numbering between
5000-10,000, on the perianal and perineal skin.
The males dies immediately after fertilizing the
female & the female also dies after depositing the
eggs.
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14. Life Cycle…
Man acquires infection by ingestion of the
embryonated eggs through contaminated hands
with eggs lodged under the finger nails.
Eggs hatch in stomach and larvae emerge which
rapidly grow up to 140-150µm in length.
They pass through the intestine to the ceacum
and appendix where they invade the glandular
crypts and mature.
The whole cycle takes between two and four
weeks.
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15. Life Cycle…
The infective eggs may cause infection in the
same host(auto-infection) by hand to mouth
transfer or in other hosts through infective
linens and beddings.
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17. Pathology
The adult worm lives in the upper part of the
large intestine, especially the caecum and
lower ileum, where minute ulcerations may
develop at the site of attachment of the adult
worms to the caecal and appendiceal mucosa.
Sometimes haemorrhages occur and
secondary infection causes ulcers and
submucosal abscesses
Symptoms are caused when gravid females
migrate out of the anus into perianal skin to
deposit eggs, where they cause itching.
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18. Symptoms and signs
Most cases are asymptomatic.
Pruritus is the main symptom and varies from
a mild itching to acute pain which is mainly at
night.
Pruritus provokes scratching of the perianal
region resulting secondary infection.
Vulvitis may be caused by pinworm entering
the vulva causing mucoid discharge and
pruritus of vulva.
Vulvitis (inflammation of the vulva) is often
accompanied by intense itching.
18
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19. Symptoms and signs…
<10% anal pruritus; rarely vaginitis.
General symptoms are insomnia, and
restless, and considerable proportion of
children show loss of appetite, loss of
weight, irritability.
There is usually no eosinophilia or anaemia.
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20. Diagnosis
Microscopic identification of eggs in faeces
Eggs are present in the faeces of no more than 5% of
infected individuals
Perianal scrapings or swabs from finger nails
Finding adult worms around anus, usually at
night.
Applying transparent adhesive tape (scotch-tape)
swab to perianal region & examine the tape
microscopically for eggs (material obtained early in
the morning before bathing or defecation) 20
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23. Treatment
Pyrantel pomoate, Mebendazole
(vermox), Albendazole (zentel).
Treatment should be repeated after 2
weeks, concurrent treatment of the
whole family may be advisable if
several members are infected.
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24. Prevention
Educate the public in person hygiene,
particularly the need to wash hands before
eating or preparing food.
Removes source of infection by treatment of
cases
Daily morning baths
Frequent change to clean under clothing, night
clothes and bed sheets preferably after bathing.
Reduce overcrowding in living accommodations
Provide adequate sanitary facilities.
24
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26. Trichuris trichiura
Disease – whipworm disease, Trichuriasis
(whipworm infection).
Infectious agent: Trichuris trichiura
Habitat: large intestine; caecum, appendix &
rectum.
Occurrence: Worldwide, especially in warm and
moist regions.
Reservoir: humans.
26
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27. 2
7
Introduction
•Trichuris trichiura or Trichocephalus
trichiuris
•Inhabit a human large intestine (ceacum)
•Causing the disease known as
trichiuriasis.
•It is soil transmitted infection (eggs are
infective stage found in soil).
•Is commonly known as the whipworm
because it
looks like the whip.
29. Morphology
Common name –whipworm.
Adult - Small, pink-whitish, whip-like in
shape on anterior region.
Coiled and narrow at the anterior end and
wide at the tail end.
Male measure 4cm, posterior end curved
Female measure 5cm long.
The hair like tail anterior portion comprise
of 3/5 of the entire length of the parasite.
29
30. • The worms has thin anterior and thick posterior part
• They attach to intestinal mucosa by embedding their
anterior part.
• They feed on tissue fluid (not blood).
3
0
31. Morphology…
• Both worms have an attenuated anterior
three-fifths traversed by a narrow
esophagus resembling a string of beads.
• And the robust posterior two-fifths
contain the intestine and a single set of
reproductive organs.
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33. Morphology…
Eggs;
Are lemon shaped with plug like
transculent polar prominences, barrel-
shaped with clear “ polar plugs”
Appear yellow in colour and measure
approximately 50µm x 25µm
Fertilized eggs are unsegmented.
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35. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Transmission is direct from mature eggs to
the mouth via fingers, vegetables, water,
contaminated from infected soil, not
transmissible from person to person.
Eggs appear in the feces 70-90 days after
ingestion of the embryonated eggs;
symptoms may appear much earlier.
Children are more susceptible to infection
than adults due to their nature of playing
with faecally contaminated soil.
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36. LIFE CYCLE
Egg is laid unsegmented, required a minimum
of 10-14 days in warm moist soil to become
infective (embryonation).
Can withstand low temperatures.
The infection is direct from the infested faeces.
Egg when swallowed hatch in intestine, larvae
emerge in the small intestine, penetrates the
villi and develop for a week until it re-emerge
and passes to the ceacum and large intestine,
where it attaches itself to the mucosa and
become adults.
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37. When fertilized the female lay.
Un embryonated eggs and are excreted in
feces.
At warm damp soil the eggs embryonate.
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39. Clinical feature & Pathology
Few worms have little damage, in heavy infections
the worms spread throughout the large bowel to the
rectum causing;
Haemorrhages
Mucopurulent stools
Symptoms of dysentery with rectal prolapse
especially in children
Weight loss and weakness
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Nausea, vomiting & anemia
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40. Rectal Prolapse
Is the protrusion of a few or all layers of the
rectal mucous membrane through the anus.
Rectal prolapse has many cause;
Prolonged straining during bowel
movements due to constipation or diarrhea
Pregnancy and the stresses of childbirth
Advancing age.
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41. Progressive weakening of rectal muscles
and ligaments weaken the muscles causing
the rectum to slide downwards with gravity
leading to fecal incontinence.
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44. Diagnosis
Clinical manifestations are not specific
Microscopic demonstration of barrel-
shaped with clear “ polar plugs” eggs in
stool.
Eggs are distinctive –easily seen in fecal
specimens
Adults can be seen in heavy infections
Prevalent warm humid climates
Commonly, double infections occur with
ascaris
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47. Trichuris trichiura: a macroscopic view of a tangled mass
of adults (male and female) in pure glycerin.
The adult female measures about 35-50 mm in length, and
the male about 30-45 mm.
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49. Preventive measures
Educate all the members of the family,
particularly children, in the use of toilet
facilities
Provide adequate facilities for faces disposal
Encourage satisfactory hygiene habits,
especially hand washing before food handling
Avoid ingestion of soil likely to be
contaminated.
Food hygiene (washing of vegetables and
fruits thoroughly before eating).
Early diagnosis & treatment of infected
individuals.
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