This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
This document discusses weeds and their control. It defines weeds as plants that interfere with human activities and crop growth. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, light and space. This competition can reduce crop yields by 30-40% in some crops. Weeds also act as alternate hosts for pests and diseases that affect crops. The document classifies weeds based on their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), morphology (grasses, sedges, broadleaf), and number of cotyledons (mono- vs dicotyledonous). Characteristics like large seed production and dormancy allow weeds to persist despite control efforts. The critical period of weed competition is discussed as the time when
1. Weeds cause significant losses to agricultural production each year in India, estimated at 6-7 thousand crores annually or approximately 33% of food grain losses.
2. Weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients and light which can reduce crop yields by 15-60% depending on the crop and weed infestation levels.
3. In addition to yield losses, weeds increase production costs due to the need for tillage, herbicides and hand weeding for control, as well as lower crop quality by mixing weed seeds with harvests.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
This document discusses the negative impacts of weeds on crop production, including competing for resources like water, nutrients, and sunlight. Weeds can reduce crop yields by up to 45% and host pathogens and insects that damage crops. The document covers various weed control methods like physical removal, herbicides, and crop rotation. It emphasizes that prevention through clean seeds and equipment is most effective, while eradication of invasive weeds requires sustained effort focused on early detection and removal. A variety of weed control techniques should be integrated to make management more effective and economical.
This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
This document discusses weeds and their control. It defines weeds as plants that interfere with human activities and crop growth. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, light and space. This competition can reduce crop yields by 30-40% in some crops. Weeds also act as alternate hosts for pests and diseases that affect crops. The document classifies weeds based on their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), morphology (grasses, sedges, broadleaf), and number of cotyledons (mono- vs dicotyledonous). Characteristics like large seed production and dormancy allow weeds to persist despite control efforts. The critical period of weed competition is discussed as the time when
1. Weeds cause significant losses to agricultural production each year in India, estimated at 6-7 thousand crores annually or approximately 33% of food grain losses.
2. Weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients and light which can reduce crop yields by 15-60% depending on the crop and weed infestation levels.
3. In addition to yield losses, weeds increase production costs due to the need for tillage, herbicides and hand weeding for control, as well as lower crop quality by mixing weed seeds with harvests.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
This document discusses the negative impacts of weeds on crop production, including competing for resources like water, nutrients, and sunlight. Weeds can reduce crop yields by up to 45% and host pathogens and insects that damage crops. The document covers various weed control methods like physical removal, herbicides, and crop rotation. It emphasizes that prevention through clean seeds and equipment is most effective, while eradication of invasive weeds requires sustained effort focused on early detection and removal. A variety of weed control techniques should be integrated to make management more effective and economical.
This document discusses different methods for weed control and management, including avoidance, control, and eradication. Avoidance involves preventing the introduction and spread of weeds, while control limits weed infestations. Eradication completely eliminates all living weed plants, parts, and seeds from an area. Mechanical, chemical, and biological methods are then described for controlling weeds, with mechanical methods including burial, root disturbance, and crop competition. Crop rotation and the use of herbicides are also discussed as effective weed control strategies.
Natural Pest and Disease Control - Tropical Gardening, HdraFaiga64c
This document discusses natural methods of pest and disease control for vegetable gardens and small farms. It describes the advantages of natural control over chemical pesticides, including safety for humans and the environment. Several natural control methods are outlined, such as companion planting, encouraging natural predators, and making sprays from plants like chilies, onions, and neem to deter pests when needed. The document provides recipes for natural sprays and information sources for learning more about natural pest and disease control techniques.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, sunlight, and space. They reduce crop yields and farmer incomes. Under conservation agriculture, weeds are managed through methods that disturb the soil less than conventional farming, including maintaining soil cover through crops, cover crops, mulch, and crop rotation. Controlling weeds is particularly challenging when first adopting conservation agriculture due to high numbers of weed seeds in the soil. Farmers must use a combination of hand weeding, animal-drawn weeders, herbicides, and maintaining full soil coverage to manage weeds without allowing them to compete with crops. With consistent management over several years, weed numbers decline significantly.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
This document discusses the persistence and survival mechanisms of weeds. It begins by defining persistence as the continued existence of something and outlines the objectives of understanding what makes some plants able to grow where unwanted and why they are difficult to control. The main survival mechanisms of weeds discussed are reproduction, plasticity, and mimicry. Weed reproduction includes seed production, dispersal, germination, dormancy and longevity. Plasticity allows weeds to tolerate a wide range of conditions. Mimicry allows weeds to hide in crop seeds or mimic crop morphology. The document provides details on each of these mechanisms.
Weeds cause major losses to agricultural crops, reducing yields by up to 45%. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, light, and space. Weed management involves prevention, eradication, and control. Control methods include mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological approaches. No single method is effective in all situations, so an integrated approach is best. Weeds are classified based on their season, such as kharif or rabi weeds, with examples listed of common weeds for each season.
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
the weeds control program must take advantage of a combination of cultural methods, mechanical, and chemical adapted to the situation. The effectiveness of the methods of weed control depends on the weather conditions, the type of soil and cropping history. Before adopting any corrective action
This document discusses weed identification and classification. It describes the main types of weeds including annual weeds, broadleaf weeds, biennial weeds, sedges, and perennial weeds. For each type, it provides examples and describes their life cycles. The document then discusses factors that influence weed growth and provides tips for integrated pest management to control weeds, including mowing, soil management, water management, and herbicide application. It concludes by noting the importance of an integrated approach and continued improvement in weed management practices and products.
Chemical weed control uses herbicides to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants. Herbicides are part of an integrated weed management approach that combines multiple control methods. The selectivity, dose, timing and application method of herbicides are important considerations to avoid harming crops. Nearly 400 herbicides have been developed with different chemical properties and classifications based on application timing, selectivity, spectrum of weed control, and whether they are soil-applied or foliar-acting.
Parasitic weeds like Striga species are a serious problem for agriculture in many parts of the world. Striga species are either hemiparasites or holoparasites, with hemiparasites able to produce their own food but still relying on host plants for water and nutrients, while holoparasites rely completely on host plants. The life cycle of Striga involves seed germination in response to host plant secretions, attachment to host roots through haustoria, and production of seeds. Effective control methods include cultural practices like crop rotation and intercropping to manage soil health, as well as seed-based approaches like developing resistant crop varieties and using herbicide-coated seeds.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
This document provides an overview of organic weed management strategies for farmers. It discusses using multiple prevention and elimination approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods. Cultural strategies involve improving crop competitiveness through practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, mulching, and selecting competitive varieties. Mechanical methods include cultivation, mowing, and flaming. Biological controls utilize insects, diseases, and grazing animals. Organically-approved herbicides can also be used. The document emphasizes implementing many different strategies together for effective long-term weed management.
Lecturenotes on weed sc matched with the syllabus of 2nd sem,1st yr in tsrdamarnab das
This document provides lecture outlines on weed management. It covers topics such as the definition of weeds, classification of weeds based on morphology and life cycle, propagation and dispersal of weeds, weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition, methods of weed control, herbicides, weed management in various crops, and management of problematic weeds. The classification section discusses classifying weeds based on morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds, and the differences between monocots and dicots in terms of leaf shape, venation, herbicide retention, and root system.
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is considered one of the world's worst weeds. It spreads rapidly through underground rhizomes and tubers. Manual removal is difficult as it requires removing all tubers, which can remain dormant for years. Herbicides and mulches are typically used for control, but special care must be taken as many do not affect underground structures. Repeated applications over several months are usually needed to deplete the tuber reserves in the soil. Proper cultural techniques like solarization and frequent cultivation can also help control spread and reduce tuber viability.
The document discusses crop weed competition and interference, explaining that competition occurs when the demands of crop and weed plants for resources like moisture, nutrients, light, and space exceed the available supply, and interference refers to the total detrimental effect of one plant species on another. It provides details on the different principles of crop weed competition including competition for nutrients, moisture, light, and space. It also discusses factors that affect crop-weed competition and interference such as weed and crop species, soil and climate conditions, and cropping practices.
This document discusses weeds and methods of weed control. It defines weeds as plants growing where they are not wanted. Over 30,000 weed species are known worldwide, with some like bermuda grass and nutsedge causing major crop losses. The document identifies and describes common broadleaf and narrowleaf weed species found in Pakistan. It also discusses weed dispersal mechanisms and preventive measures. Methods of weed control discussed include cultural, biological, chemical and integrated approaches such as hand weeding, herbicides, and mechanical tools.
Breeding for resistance to wheat diseases in AlgeriaCIMMYT
1) Wheat production in Algeria faces several biotic stresses including various rust diseases, Septoria leaf blotch, and Tan spot. Annual disease surveys assess the prevalence, incidence, and severity of diseases across northern Algeria.
2) Screening of wheat collections identified lines with adult plant resistance to multiple diseases including leaf rust, stripe rust, Septoria leaf blotch, and Tan spot. Breeding efforts focus on improving resistance.
3) Recent surveys found high incidence of Septoria diseases, leaf rust, and yellow rust. New cultivars with improved resistance to rust diseases like stripe rust have been released to farmers.
This document discusses different methods for weed control and management, including avoidance, control, and eradication. Avoidance involves preventing the introduction and spread of weeds, while control limits weed infestations. Eradication completely eliminates all living weed plants, parts, and seeds from an area. Mechanical, chemical, and biological methods are then described for controlling weeds, with mechanical methods including burial, root disturbance, and crop competition. Crop rotation and the use of herbicides are also discussed as effective weed control strategies.
Natural Pest and Disease Control - Tropical Gardening, HdraFaiga64c
This document discusses natural methods of pest and disease control for vegetable gardens and small farms. It describes the advantages of natural control over chemical pesticides, including safety for humans and the environment. Several natural control methods are outlined, such as companion planting, encouraging natural predators, and making sprays from plants like chilies, onions, and neem to deter pests when needed. The document provides recipes for natural sprays and information sources for learning more about natural pest and disease control techniques.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, sunlight, and space. They reduce crop yields and farmer incomes. Under conservation agriculture, weeds are managed through methods that disturb the soil less than conventional farming, including maintaining soil cover through crops, cover crops, mulch, and crop rotation. Controlling weeds is particularly challenging when first adopting conservation agriculture due to high numbers of weed seeds in the soil. Farmers must use a combination of hand weeding, animal-drawn weeders, herbicides, and maintaining full soil coverage to manage weeds without allowing them to compete with crops. With consistent management over several years, weed numbers decline significantly.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
This document discusses the persistence and survival mechanisms of weeds. It begins by defining persistence as the continued existence of something and outlines the objectives of understanding what makes some plants able to grow where unwanted and why they are difficult to control. The main survival mechanisms of weeds discussed are reproduction, plasticity, and mimicry. Weed reproduction includes seed production, dispersal, germination, dormancy and longevity. Plasticity allows weeds to tolerate a wide range of conditions. Mimicry allows weeds to hide in crop seeds or mimic crop morphology. The document provides details on each of these mechanisms.
Weeds cause major losses to agricultural crops, reducing yields by up to 45%. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, light, and space. Weed management involves prevention, eradication, and control. Control methods include mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological approaches. No single method is effective in all situations, so an integrated approach is best. Weeds are classified based on their season, such as kharif or rabi weeds, with examples listed of common weeds for each season.
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
the weeds control program must take advantage of a combination of cultural methods, mechanical, and chemical adapted to the situation. The effectiveness of the methods of weed control depends on the weather conditions, the type of soil and cropping history. Before adopting any corrective action
This document discusses weed identification and classification. It describes the main types of weeds including annual weeds, broadleaf weeds, biennial weeds, sedges, and perennial weeds. For each type, it provides examples and describes their life cycles. The document then discusses factors that influence weed growth and provides tips for integrated pest management to control weeds, including mowing, soil management, water management, and herbicide application. It concludes by noting the importance of an integrated approach and continued improvement in weed management practices and products.
Chemical weed control uses herbicides to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants. Herbicides are part of an integrated weed management approach that combines multiple control methods. The selectivity, dose, timing and application method of herbicides are important considerations to avoid harming crops. Nearly 400 herbicides have been developed with different chemical properties and classifications based on application timing, selectivity, spectrum of weed control, and whether they are soil-applied or foliar-acting.
Parasitic weeds like Striga species are a serious problem for agriculture in many parts of the world. Striga species are either hemiparasites or holoparasites, with hemiparasites able to produce their own food but still relying on host plants for water and nutrients, while holoparasites rely completely on host plants. The life cycle of Striga involves seed germination in response to host plant secretions, attachment to host roots through haustoria, and production of seeds. Effective control methods include cultural practices like crop rotation and intercropping to manage soil health, as well as seed-based approaches like developing resistant crop varieties and using herbicide-coated seeds.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
This document provides an overview of organic weed management strategies for farmers. It discusses using multiple prevention and elimination approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods. Cultural strategies involve improving crop competitiveness through practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, mulching, and selecting competitive varieties. Mechanical methods include cultivation, mowing, and flaming. Biological controls utilize insects, diseases, and grazing animals. Organically-approved herbicides can also be used. The document emphasizes implementing many different strategies together for effective long-term weed management.
Lecturenotes on weed sc matched with the syllabus of 2nd sem,1st yr in tsrdamarnab das
This document provides lecture outlines on weed management. It covers topics such as the definition of weeds, classification of weeds based on morphology and life cycle, propagation and dispersal of weeds, weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition, methods of weed control, herbicides, weed management in various crops, and management of problematic weeds. The classification section discusses classifying weeds based on morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds, and the differences between monocots and dicots in terms of leaf shape, venation, herbicide retention, and root system.
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is considered one of the world's worst weeds. It spreads rapidly through underground rhizomes and tubers. Manual removal is difficult as it requires removing all tubers, which can remain dormant for years. Herbicides and mulches are typically used for control, but special care must be taken as many do not affect underground structures. Repeated applications over several months are usually needed to deplete the tuber reserves in the soil. Proper cultural techniques like solarization and frequent cultivation can also help control spread and reduce tuber viability.
The document discusses crop weed competition and interference, explaining that competition occurs when the demands of crop and weed plants for resources like moisture, nutrients, light, and space exceed the available supply, and interference refers to the total detrimental effect of one plant species on another. It provides details on the different principles of crop weed competition including competition for nutrients, moisture, light, and space. It also discusses factors that affect crop-weed competition and interference such as weed and crop species, soil and climate conditions, and cropping practices.
This document discusses weeds and methods of weed control. It defines weeds as plants growing where they are not wanted. Over 30,000 weed species are known worldwide, with some like bermuda grass and nutsedge causing major crop losses. The document identifies and describes common broadleaf and narrowleaf weed species found in Pakistan. It also discusses weed dispersal mechanisms and preventive measures. Methods of weed control discussed include cultural, biological, chemical and integrated approaches such as hand weeding, herbicides, and mechanical tools.
Breeding for resistance to wheat diseases in AlgeriaCIMMYT
1) Wheat production in Algeria faces several biotic stresses including various rust diseases, Septoria leaf blotch, and Tan spot. Annual disease surveys assess the prevalence, incidence, and severity of diseases across northern Algeria.
2) Screening of wheat collections identified lines with adult plant resistance to multiple diseases including leaf rust, stripe rust, Septoria leaf blotch, and Tan spot. Breeding efforts focus on improving resistance.
3) Recent surveys found high incidence of Septoria diseases, leaf rust, and yellow rust. New cultivars with improved resistance to rust diseases like stripe rust have been released to farmers.
This document discusses the brown plant hopper (BPH), a major pest of rice. It begins with an introduction that outlines the importance of rice as a crop and the damage caused by BPH. It then covers the classification, host plant, distribution, morphology, life cycle, nature of damage, reasons for outbreaks, and management of BPH. The management section discusses cultural, biological and chemical control methods. It concludes that effective control requires understanding BPH's biology and an integrated pest management approach using cultural practices, resistant varieties, biological control from predators, and selective use of insecticides.
The Giant African Snail is a highly invasive pest species native to East Africa. It has spread globally due to accidental and intentional human transport, and is now established on every continent except Antarctica. As one of the world's largest land snails, it consumes over 500 plant species, threatens agriculture and ecosystems, and can carry diseases transmissible to humans. Despite eradication efforts that have cost over $1 million, it remains a persistent invader difficult to control without herbicides or biological controls that may harm other species. Strict prevention of further transport and release is the most effective strategy for limiting its ongoing global spread and impacts.
The Giant African Snail is a highly invasive pest species native to East Africa. It has spread globally and is known to consume over 500 types of plants. As an introduced pest, it threatens agriculture and ecosystems. Some key points:
- It was first introduced outside of Africa in 1847 in India and has since spread globally except Antarctica.
- In the US it was first found in California in the 1940s and cost $1 million to eradicate in Florida after being introduced as pets in the 1960s.
- It consumes a wide variety of crops and can carry diseases dangerous to humans. Control methods have had limited success and prevention of spread is most effective.
This document discusses pests that affect mushroom production, including flies, mites, and nematodes. It describes key pests like sciarid flies and phorid flies, which can damage mushrooms from spawning through harvest. An integrated pest management approach is recommended using practices like proper composting and pasteurization, chemical treatments, and light traps to control fungal gnats. Mites may infest mushrooms and indicate poor compost quality, while nematodes can destroy entire crops if they infect the mycelium. Proper phase II composting is important to eliminate nematodes.
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
White mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has become a serious problem for soybean production, especially with intensive production techniques. The disease is favored by specific weather conditions during soybean flowering. To manage white mold, farmers can select moderately resistant soybean varieties, practice canopy management with appropriate row spacing, use delayed planting and rotation to non-host crops like corn or small grains. Reduced tillage may also help by exposing sclerotia to weathering instead of distributing them throughout the soil. The biofungicide Contans, containing the predatory fungus Coniothyrium minitans, shows effectiveness against white mold.
White mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has become a serious problem for commercial soybean production, especially with intensive production techniques. Non-chemical control options include varietal selection for tolerance, canopy management to promote air flow, delayed planting, crop rotation to non-host crops, reduced tillage, and biofungicides. Integrating multiple management strategies is recommended over relying on any single approach.
Effects of Chemical Constituents on Insect Pest Population in West African Ok...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effects of chemical constituents on insect pest populations in different genotypes of West African okra (Abelmoschus caillei). Six genotypes were obtained from a germplasm collection and evaluated in a field experiment. Results showed that three genotypes (NGAE-96-0067, NGAE-96-0123, and CEN 10) attracted fewer insects, had lower leaf and pod damage, and contained higher levels of chemical constituents that conferred resistance to insects. These three genotypes are recommended for farmers despite insect attacks due to their economic value. A positive correlation was found between insect damage and reduced seed yield, indicating that insect resistance is important for okra production. The study concluded that antixen
EMERGING PLANT DISEASES A THREAT TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITYVigneshVikki10
Emerging plant diseases pose a threat to global food security. In the past two decades, many plant diseases that were previously controlled have re-emerged as major problems. Emerging diseases are often caused by new pathogen strains, the introduction of pathogens to new locations, or changes in agriculture and climate that support disease emergence. Some examples of important emerging diseases discussed in the document include late blight of potato, rice blast, false smut of rice, rice root knot nematode, bakanae disease of rice, wheat blast, wheat stem rust, maize lethal necrosis, begomovirus disease on jatropha, citrus tristeza virus disease, huanglongbing/citrus greening disease, black sig
economicaly important MAJOR MAIZE DISEAE.pptxdawitg2
This document discusses several major maize diseases and their management in Ethiopia. It describes the symptoms, impact, and management strategies for:
1. Turcicum leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum, which causes leaf lesions and can defoliate plants. Management includes resistant varieties, fungicide application, and nitrogen fertilization.
2. Common leaf rust caused by Puccinia sorghi, which forms brown then black pustules on leaves as plants mature. Management relies on resistant varieties and fungicide application.
3. Grey leaf spot caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis, which forms rectangular lesions on leaves limited by veins. It can reduce
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Wheat quality can be defined in terms of inherent quality attributes those under genetic control and seasonal quality attributes. One of the parameters of wheat quality is insect-damage.
This document summarizes a study on the development of resistance to Bt corn by the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) in Kenya over four generations. The study found significantly fewer surviving borers from Bt corn events expressing Cry1Ab and Cry1Ba toxins compared to non-Bt corn. There was no significant difference between the two Bt events. Additionally, there was no evidence that the borer population developed resistance to the Cry toxins over the generations studied, indicating Bt corn can effectively control this pest.
Effectiveness of practiced management options to control sheath blight diseas...Open Access Research Paper
Severity of the infection of sheath blight disease can be very devastating problem to the farmer for rice cultivation. Some of these consequences are major yield losses. The objective to identify sustainable management options for sheath blight disease. Field experiments were conducted with cultivated variety Swarna during three consecutive kharif seasons belong to the area of Rajshahi zone at three locations (Paba, Baraigram, Patnitala). Two management systems viz. Floating debris with Folicur and Folicur with ½ MOP were used in three locations to compare their effectiveness against rice sheath blight disease. The highest fertile tiller hill-1 was recorded at Paba location using Floating debris with Folicur. Maximum disease incidence was recorded at Patnitala location and minimum disease incidence was found at Baraigram. Between two management Floating debris with Folicur was better than Folicur with ½ MOP to reduces the disease incidence at all locations. The highest yield was found at Paba location using Floating debris with Folicur. Between two management systems, Floating debris with Folicur was better than Folicur with ½ MOP (Muriate of potash) to increase yield. Considering the efficiency and eco-friendly it would be considered that Floating debris with Folicur was effective management for sheath blight disease of rice.
Challenges facing by the farmers in pulses production and productivity ?Suman Dey
This document discusses the challenges facing farmers in increasing pulses productivity and production in India. It outlines several key challenges, including agro-ecological constraints like low and erratic rainfall in rainfed areas as well as degraded soils, biological constraints as pulses have adapted to harsh conditions, biotic stresses from diseases and pests, inadequate seed availability and poor input use, socio-economic priorities that favor cereals over pulses, soil texture issues in low quality soils, and varietal constraints like a lack of high-yielding varieties. Addressing these challenges through improved seeds, greater input use, pest management, more stable markets, and new varieties adapted to local conditions is needed to boost pulses production in India.
1. Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a devastating disease in East Africa caused by the co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and either sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) or maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV).
2. The disease was first reported in Kenya in 2011 and has since spread to several other East African countries. It causes symptoms ranging from chlorosis and leaf necrosis to dead hearts and poor grain filling.
3. The disease is transmitted by various sucking insects including aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. Its spread in East Africa has been exacerbated by the cultivation of susceptible germplasm and potentially new viral
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1. Impact of Climate
Change on Wheat
Pests in Kenya
M. Macharia, M. Gethi, C. Ngari
& M. Njuguna
KARI- Njoro,
P.O. Njoro, KENYA
2. Wheat production in Kenya
Area under wheat- 150,000 ha
Average yields - 2.5 t/ha.
Strategic plan : To ensure self sufficiency by
(i) Increasing yields per unit area.
(ii) Expanding area under production.
Possible by closing the gap between:
Potential yield of wheat varieties (6- 7 t/ha).
Actual realized by farmers (1.5- 2.5 t/ha).
Gap is largely due to damage by diseases &
pests.
3. 1. African termites (Microtermes
spp)
Occur in marginal areas
& cause 10-20%
damage.
Their presence &
abundance depends
on temperature,
humidity, soil moisture
and soil type.
Termites
4. African termites….
Attack wheat plants through the roots and stem &
reduce crop stand.
Have changed food preference to wheat instead
of grasses.
Decreasing rainfall &increasing temperatures has
resulted in increased termites incidences &
damage.
Many growers are now reporting termite damage
unlike in the past.
Expansion of wheat in marginal areas will result
in increased damage
5. 2: Cereal Aphids
Important aphids
include: Russian
wheat aphid,
Diuraphis noxia,
M. dirhodum,
Sitobion avenae,
Rhopalosiphum padi
R. maidis.
Schizaphis graminum
Cereal aphid species
6. Cereal Aphids….
Responsible for most of the control interventions
on wheat.
Crop losses vary from 10 - 100 %.
Vectors of Barley yellow dwarf & cause 10- 60
% crop loss.
Aphids prefer warm humid growing conditions
which promote outbreaks,
Climate change may increase or decrease their
densities
7. Cereal Aphids….
Sensitive to precipitation & are killed by heavy rains.
A decrease in rainfall could result in reduced aphid
developmental rates.
Drought stressed wheat crops reduce the
reproductive capacity of aphids.
Responsive to climate change due to
(i) short generation time,
(ii) high reproductive rates, &
(iii) efficient dispersal mechanisms.
Efficient cereal aphids control is important for both
adaptation to, and mitigation of climate change.
8. 3: African bollworm (Helicoverpa
armigera)
One of the worst
agricultural pests in
Africa.
Attacks a wide range of
cash and subsistence
crops.
Highly polyphagous with
damage localized on
ears of wheat and thus
Boll worm attacking the ear of wheat influencing yield directly.
9. African bollworm….
Ability to adapt to diverse cropping
systems have contributed to this pest
status (Konus, 2004).
Diapauses can be induced by drought
(Jallow and Zaluchi, 1998).
Highly migratory and can fly long
distances (Fitt, 1989).
10. African bollworm….
Adopts two strategies to cope with seasonality
of their habitat; (i) spatial redistribution by
migration and (ii) diapause through periods of
drought.
Diapausing pupae are more tolerant of drought.
Fecundity is also influenced by temperature,
humidity and nutrition of adult and larvae
Effectiveness of fungal bio-pesticides is also
affected by temperature and relative humidity.
11. 4: African armyworm (Spodoptera
exempta)
An important major pest
of cereal crops (maize,
sorghum, millet, wheat ).
Devastates both small
scale subsistence and
commercial wheat
production.
30% of crop is lost in
outbreak years Armyworm caterpillar
12. African armyworm….
In areas of erratic rainfall, pest cause
90% losses of crops.
Pest is sporadic, with 3- 5 year cycles.
Applications of bio-pesticides to control
army worm require tactical response to
seasonal climatic conditions.
High temperatures do not favour
applications of pesticides or bio-pesticides.
13. African armyworm….
Increased temperatures cause foliar
sprays to have increased viscosity,
resulting to spraying inefficiencies.
Control of armyworm is a large scale
venture and requires national
collaboration.
Armyworm attacks are reported and
fighting of the armyworm is reported to
Crop Protection Branch, MoA in Kenya.
14. 5: Red billed Quelea birds (Quelea
quelea)
A major pest of small
grains throughout sub-
Saharan Africa.
Africa’s main pest bird
problem and continue to
threaten small grain
cereal production.
Male Female Worst major threat to
both small scale & large
scale wheat farming
causing 100% loss.
15. Red billed Quelea birds……
Migratory movements vary with rainfall patterns
and grass seed availability .
The management of this pest is complicated by
their extensive migrations within Africa.
Rainfall pattern and resultant availability of fresh
grass seed influence the timing of the migratory
movements.
Increased rainfall causes them migrate further,
increases their no.s & thus increasing damage
levels.
Rainfall failure due to climate change, causes
them to remain sedentary.
16. 6: Rodents (Mastomys spp &
Arvicanthis spp)
Are major known
rodents in Africa.
Are a nuisance in
agriculture causing
severe economic
losses.
Population explosions
of these rodents occur
at irregular intervals. Rats
17. Rodents …..
Crop losses of over 50% have been recorded
during outbreaks in Kenya.
Most damage in cereal crops occurs during
seedling stage and just before harvest.
30% in pre-harvest and over 50% post harvest
losses are common.
Weather (high rainfall and humidity) has a
distinct influence on occurrence of mass
appearance of rodents.
18. Rodents …..
Temperature and humidity are also significant
factors in determining rodent activity.
Farming in marginal areas has reduced native
vegetation cover & consequently the diversity of
the rodents.
Both species are the most locally threatened due
to increasing habitat change.
19. Conclusion
At present, the impacts of climate change on
wheat pests are not clear and unpredictable.
Most pests can adapt to a wide range of
environment through selection and evolution.
Climatic factors will play an important role in
limiting distribution and determining the life cycle.
Higher temperatures may cause some pests to
disappear or become minor insect pests.
In the face of climate change, there will be need to
develop and deploy new coping IPM strategies
and reduce overuse of pesticides.