This document discusses restoration approaches and techniques for restoring the physical structures and vegetation of degraded river ecosystems. It addresses restoration at multiple scales from the river basin level down to specific techniques. It emphasizes restoring natural river processes and a diversity of physical habitats to support aquatic plants and fish. Maintaining an intermediate level of riparian vegetation is important to balance energy inputs and support high fish biomass and diversity. A variety of restoration techniques are described for improving instream structures, banks, channels and introducing vegetation.
This document provides information on constructed wetlands, which are shallow depressions that receive stormwater inputs for water quality treatment. They are typically less than 1 foot deep and have variable microtopography to promote dense wetland cover. Constructed wetlands are designed to achieve different levels of pollutant removal based on factors like plant community, hydrology source, and landscape position. They can reduce pollutants like phosphorus and nitrogen from stormwater and help control water flow. The document outlines design criteria for constructed wetlands including sizing, geometry, vegetation, and other considerations.
Introduction and classification of Wetlands
Important Components of Constructed Wetland
Types and Working Principle of Constructed Wetlands
Advantages and Limitations
Description: Constructed Wetlands are treatment system that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soil and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Pasi_Wetlands manual-- a new-old green infrastrutureNidhi Pasi, PhD
Wetlands play an important role in the environment by providing hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological functions and values. They store flood waters, recharge groundwater, filter pollutants, retain sediments, cycle nutrients, and support biodiversity. This document discusses wetland types, hydrology, functions, and potential uses of restored and constructed wetlands for water quality treatment in rural and urban settings.
Prevention and Mitigating the Occurence and Impact of Flood in the City of Ib...Ezekiel Adelere Adeniran
This document provides a summary of a lecture on preventing and managing floods in Ibadan, Nigeria. The lecture discusses the causes of floods in Ibadan, including excessive rainfall and human activities. It also examines the hydrology and hydraulics of floods, and summarizes strategies for flood management, including engineering measures, preparedness, response, recovery, and recommendations. Key recommendations include installing remote monitoring systems, preventing encroachment of rivers, and creating a regional flood warning center. The overall message is that mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery techniques must be put in place to reduce the impacts of inevitable future flooding in Ibadan.
This document discusses water resources on Earth. It begins by explaining that water is essential for all life and exists in three states: liquid, solid, and gas. It then outlines the major sources and locations of water, including oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and surface water sources like rivers and lakes. The document also discusses water quality categories and regulation in the Philippines. In the end, it lists sources used to research this topic.
Item 2. National updates on soil - EgyptSoils FAO-GSP
1. The document summarizes national updates on soil in Egypt, focusing on two case studies: the Nile Delta and Siwa Oasis.
2. In the Delta, the study delineates the pro-Delta and Delta apex based on physiography, topography, and soils. It recommends adapting irrigation systems and cropping patterns based on land suitability to save water.
3. In Siwa Oasis, the study aims to monitor land degradation and its impact on unique agrobiodiversity. It finds waterlogging has increased due to uncontrolled irrigation expansion and recommends better governance of water and land resources to protect ecosystems.
This document provides information on constructed wetlands, which are shallow depressions that receive stormwater inputs for water quality treatment. They are typically less than 1 foot deep and have variable microtopography to promote dense wetland cover. Constructed wetlands are designed to achieve different levels of pollutant removal based on factors like plant community, hydrology source, and landscape position. They can reduce pollutants like phosphorus and nitrogen from stormwater and help control water flow. The document outlines design criteria for constructed wetlands including sizing, geometry, vegetation, and other considerations.
Introduction and classification of Wetlands
Important Components of Constructed Wetland
Types and Working Principle of Constructed Wetlands
Advantages and Limitations
Description: Constructed Wetlands are treatment system that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soil and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Pasi_Wetlands manual-- a new-old green infrastrutureNidhi Pasi, PhD
Wetlands play an important role in the environment by providing hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological functions and values. They store flood waters, recharge groundwater, filter pollutants, retain sediments, cycle nutrients, and support biodiversity. This document discusses wetland types, hydrology, functions, and potential uses of restored and constructed wetlands for water quality treatment in rural and urban settings.
Prevention and Mitigating the Occurence and Impact of Flood in the City of Ib...Ezekiel Adelere Adeniran
This document provides a summary of a lecture on preventing and managing floods in Ibadan, Nigeria. The lecture discusses the causes of floods in Ibadan, including excessive rainfall and human activities. It also examines the hydrology and hydraulics of floods, and summarizes strategies for flood management, including engineering measures, preparedness, response, recovery, and recommendations. Key recommendations include installing remote monitoring systems, preventing encroachment of rivers, and creating a regional flood warning center. The overall message is that mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery techniques must be put in place to reduce the impacts of inevitable future flooding in Ibadan.
This document discusses water resources on Earth. It begins by explaining that water is essential for all life and exists in three states: liquid, solid, and gas. It then outlines the major sources and locations of water, including oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and surface water sources like rivers and lakes. The document also discusses water quality categories and regulation in the Philippines. In the end, it lists sources used to research this topic.
Item 2. National updates on soil - EgyptSoils FAO-GSP
1. The document summarizes national updates on soil in Egypt, focusing on two case studies: the Nile Delta and Siwa Oasis.
2. In the Delta, the study delineates the pro-Delta and Delta apex based on physiography, topography, and soils. It recommends adapting irrigation systems and cropping patterns based on land suitability to save water.
3. In Siwa Oasis, the study aims to monitor land degradation and its impact on unique agrobiodiversity. It finds waterlogging has increased due to uncontrolled irrigation expansion and recommends better governance of water and land resources to protect ecosystems.
This document summarizes factors that affect water quality and its degradation. It discusses how human activities impact both water quality and quantity on various scales. Upstream human impacts on water quality can negatively affect downstream users as pollutants are transported through watersheds. Effective management requires recognizing how human activities can cyclically and cascadingly impact water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways.
Impact of Building Dam on River Ecosystem and Its Preventive Measures╚»Śăńğĩť Βăńĩķ«╝
The document discusses the environmental impacts of dam construction on river ecosystems. It states that dams can result in physical, chemical, and biological changes to ecosystems upstream, in the reservoir, and downstream. Specific impacts mentioned include blocking fish migration, changes in sediment flow, flooding of natural habitats, and species changes from altered flooding patterns. The document also provides a case study on the impacts of the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges River in Bangladesh, such as reduced sediment and water flows. It notes some proposed solutions like building additional reservoirs and canals. The conclusion discusses how dams have both benefits and detriments and calls for further studying impacts and improving engineering to reduce negative effects.
This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial groundwater recharge in India. It discusses that groundwater is an increasingly important source of water in India to meet demands for irrigation, drinking, and industry. However, over-extraction of groundwater has led to declining water levels and quality issues in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board has implemented pilot artificial recharge schemes since the 8th Five Year Plan to augment groundwater resources in a sustainable manner. This manual aims to provide guidance on planning, designing, and implementing effective artificial recharge schemes based on hydrogeological investigations and technical and economic evaluations. It covers topics like source water assessment, site selection, recharge structure design, and monitoring of schemes.
The document discusses the Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) project. The goals of the project are to implement environmental and socio-economic impact assessments in 66 subregions, and identify linkages between issues affecting transboundary aquatic environments and their causes. The project uses a methodology that includes scoping and scaling priority issues, detailed impact assessments, causal chain analysis, and developing strategic action programs. Key concerns assessed are freshwater shortage, pollution, habitat modification, unsustainable exploitation of resources, and global change.
Agua y Cambio Climático 1 water reserves eugenio barrios wwf mexicoaguaycambioclimatico
This document discusses Mexico's efforts to establish new water management models through the identification and analysis of water reserves. It outlines criteria for identifying water reserves, including water availability/stress, biodiversity importance, extraction restrictions, infrastructure, irrigation zones, overexploited aquifers, and population density. The analysis incorporates 7 core variables and 48 secondary variables across 728 basins. The goal is to reduce user risk, support biodiversity conservation, and ensure environmental services through a National System of water reserves and Public-Private Initiative with an initial budget of $10 million USD.
Assessment, analysis and study of encroachments and change in natural water f...eSAT Journals
Abstract Advancements in study and assessment of changing land use patterns using modern techniques like use of satellite data is inevitable today owing to high accuracy and ease of its accessibility to researchers. In this study, satellite images of over last ten years have been precisely used to analyze the changes in natural water flow and geographic characteristics of world famous Dal Lake in state of Jammu & Kashmir arising due uncontrolled human expansion and destruction of natural lake topography. The lake currently in advanced stages of eutrophication has been rapidly shrinking in its area at an alarming rate over last five decades. Major contributors to such changes are the direct or indirect discharge of untreated wastes from Srinagar city into water body through numerous sewer lines and uncontrolled land filling by local inhabitants in interiors of lake to meet their growing needs of urbanization and need for more agricultural land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen derived from growth of vegetation within the lake and sewage have drastically altered water quality parameters and dramatically disrupted the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of lake from years; making the water obtained from lake unfit for any kind of consumption or aquatic life. Uncontrolled pollution and wide encroachments laden with exponential increase of sewage discharges have led to severe changes in land use pattern in interiors of the lake which is the main source of destruction of natural physiognomies of lake and gradual choking up of its water sources. All this has compounded into complete breakdown of drainage mechanism of the Lake with a threat of floods in Lake Catchment unavoidable in coming time. Keywords: Sewage, Eutrophication, Catchment, Topography, Ecology
The document provides background information on a study analyzing the pollutant removal efficiency of the Villanova University Constructed Stormwater Wetland. It discusses the site's history as a dry detention basin that was retrofitted in 1999 to become a constructed stormwater wetland. The primary goals of the study are to analyze pollutant removal efficiencies during baseflow and storm events and investigate the effects of different plant species on removals. A secondary component involves plots with different plant types to determine which species are most effective at nutrient removal.
Wilmington Conservation Priorities ProjectEmily Green
This document outlines conservation priorities and potential projects in the Cape Fear River Basin and coastal North Carolina. It identifies key threats to water quality and wildlife in the basin, including sedimentation, pollution, and invasive species. Research priorities are listed to improve understanding of aquatic species and monitor populations. Threats to marine and coastal habitats include beach erosion, artificial lighting, pollution, and fisheries bycatch. The document recommends protecting strategic habitat areas, enhancing habitats, improving water quality, and expanding cooperation between agencies. Potential conservation projects focus on priority habitats and species, including pollinators, colonial waterbirds, and coastal preserves.
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
The document discusses artificial recharge, which aims to augment groundwater reservoirs by modifying natural surface water movement using civil engineering techniques. It aims to maintain groundwater resources, store excess surface water underground, improve saline water intrusion, and remove impurities from wastewater. Common recharge sources are rainfall, roof runoff, canal water, streams, and treated wastewater. Factors like topography, water supply, geology and cost affect recharge projects. Common methods are surface techniques like flooding, basins, streams and ditches, and subsurface techniques like injection wells and recharge pits. Successful projects require source assessment, structure planning, design, monitoring and maintenance.
Groundwater balance in pabna, bangladeshRubiat Islam
The document discusses a study of groundwater balance in Pabna district, Bangladesh. It analyzed rainfall and static water level data from 7 stations from 2001-2007. The results show that in most stations, the static water level is declining over time due to over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation. The duration of rainfall is also decreasing, resulting in insufficient groundwater recharge. Overall, the groundwater level in the study area declined approximately 2 meters over the period studied. The document provides background on groundwater and the importance of proper management. It describes the location and geology of the study area.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document provides a report on rejuvenating the Hauz Khas Tank in Delhi, India. It discusses the impact of urbanization on lakes, including increased runoff and pollution. It describes how the Hauz Khas Tank has become eutrophic due to nutrient pollution, causing algal blooms and affecting the tank's ecology and aesthetics. The report examines the tank's history and current state, provides water quality analysis results, and proposes a design concept and investment plan to rejuvenate the tank.
This document summarizes a study assessing the feasibility of blending drainage water with river water for irrigation in Samawa, Iraq. Water samples were taken monthly from a drainage and nearby rivers over a year and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and pH. The drainage water SAR was found to be less than 12, making it acceptable for irrigation without chemical treatment. Blending drainage water with river water in ratios from 90%:10% to 10%:80% also produced water suitable for irrigation. Drainage water EC was below 8000 microsiemens/cm, making it acceptable to irrigate halophytic crops. The document discusses characterizing water salinity using EC and total dissolved sol
Josh Swanson will present on his research assessing alternative media for use in bioslopes and bioswales. Specifically, he is investigating the soil fertility, infiltration capacity, water retention capacity, and pollutant removal efficiencies of peat, muck, compost and taconite tailings from northern Minnesota as locally available alternatives to the standard sand and compost mixture currently specified. The goal is to determine the biological, hydraulic, and water quality improvement capabilities of these salvage materials for use in biofiltration systems, which can provide economic benefits compared to standard specifications.
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's considerationCPWF Mekong
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
This document discusses river ecosystems and the Brahmaputra River Basin. It describes the importance of natural flow regimes and habitat heterogeneity for river health. Various habitats in the Brahmaputra River Basin are described, including fast flowing sections, pools and riffles, river confluences and meanders, the open river, and floodplain lakes. Livelihoods of local communities depend on resources from these ecosystems. An integrated ecohydrological approach is needed to assess and manage freshwater sustainability that considers the interrelationships between water and biology.
This document discusses dams and their environmental and social impacts. It begins by defining dams and explaining their purposes, which include irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and navigation. It then describes the main types of dams and discusses their environmental performance, noting impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from habitat loss and changes to natural flow regimes. Socially, dams can displace large populations and disrupt livelihoods when people are resettled or downstream access to resources is reduced. Planning for dams often undercounts affected people and resettlement efforts are frequently inadequate.
Land Conservation for the Protection of Water QualityHannah Kiesler
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between land use and water quality in the Saco River watershed in New Hampshire. Water samples were taken at 12 locations along the Saco River and its tributaries and tested for various parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, temperature, phosphorus, E. coli, and nitrogen. The results showed that water quality generally decreased further downstream as more developed land affected the sampling locations. Land use patterns like the percentage of developed land within a 1km radius also impacted water quality. Maintaining natural lands and riparian buffers is important for preserving the high water quality of the Saco River and protecting aquatic habitat.
Dams provide many benefits like improving quality of life through irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and more. However, they can also negatively impact the environment and human populations. Key impacts include displacing many people worldwide and inadequate compensation, harming terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by blocking animal migrations and altering natural river flows, and emitting greenhouse gases from reservoirs. While dams provide irrigation and hydropower, their construction often undercounts displaced people and fails to fully resettle them, compromising livelihoods. Cultural heritage sites can also be damaged or lost. Mitigation efforts are often insufficient to address these social and environmental impacts.
This document summarizes factors that affect water quality and its degradation. It discusses how human activities impact both water quality and quantity on various scales. Upstream human impacts on water quality can negatively affect downstream users as pollutants are transported through watersheds. Effective management requires recognizing how human activities can cyclically and cascadingly impact water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways.
Impact of Building Dam on River Ecosystem and Its Preventive Measures╚»Śăńğĩť Βăńĩķ«╝
The document discusses the environmental impacts of dam construction on river ecosystems. It states that dams can result in physical, chemical, and biological changes to ecosystems upstream, in the reservoir, and downstream. Specific impacts mentioned include blocking fish migration, changes in sediment flow, flooding of natural habitats, and species changes from altered flooding patterns. The document also provides a case study on the impacts of the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges River in Bangladesh, such as reduced sediment and water flows. It notes some proposed solutions like building additional reservoirs and canals. The conclusion discusses how dams have both benefits and detriments and calls for further studying impacts and improving engineering to reduce negative effects.
This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial groundwater recharge in India. It discusses that groundwater is an increasingly important source of water in India to meet demands for irrigation, drinking, and industry. However, over-extraction of groundwater has led to declining water levels and quality issues in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board has implemented pilot artificial recharge schemes since the 8th Five Year Plan to augment groundwater resources in a sustainable manner. This manual aims to provide guidance on planning, designing, and implementing effective artificial recharge schemes based on hydrogeological investigations and technical and economic evaluations. It covers topics like source water assessment, site selection, recharge structure design, and monitoring of schemes.
The document discusses the Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) project. The goals of the project are to implement environmental and socio-economic impact assessments in 66 subregions, and identify linkages between issues affecting transboundary aquatic environments and their causes. The project uses a methodology that includes scoping and scaling priority issues, detailed impact assessments, causal chain analysis, and developing strategic action programs. Key concerns assessed are freshwater shortage, pollution, habitat modification, unsustainable exploitation of resources, and global change.
Agua y Cambio Climático 1 water reserves eugenio barrios wwf mexicoaguaycambioclimatico
This document discusses Mexico's efforts to establish new water management models through the identification and analysis of water reserves. It outlines criteria for identifying water reserves, including water availability/stress, biodiversity importance, extraction restrictions, infrastructure, irrigation zones, overexploited aquifers, and population density. The analysis incorporates 7 core variables and 48 secondary variables across 728 basins. The goal is to reduce user risk, support biodiversity conservation, and ensure environmental services through a National System of water reserves and Public-Private Initiative with an initial budget of $10 million USD.
Assessment, analysis and study of encroachments and change in natural water f...eSAT Journals
Abstract Advancements in study and assessment of changing land use patterns using modern techniques like use of satellite data is inevitable today owing to high accuracy and ease of its accessibility to researchers. In this study, satellite images of over last ten years have been precisely used to analyze the changes in natural water flow and geographic characteristics of world famous Dal Lake in state of Jammu & Kashmir arising due uncontrolled human expansion and destruction of natural lake topography. The lake currently in advanced stages of eutrophication has been rapidly shrinking in its area at an alarming rate over last five decades. Major contributors to such changes are the direct or indirect discharge of untreated wastes from Srinagar city into water body through numerous sewer lines and uncontrolled land filling by local inhabitants in interiors of lake to meet their growing needs of urbanization and need for more agricultural land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen derived from growth of vegetation within the lake and sewage have drastically altered water quality parameters and dramatically disrupted the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of lake from years; making the water obtained from lake unfit for any kind of consumption or aquatic life. Uncontrolled pollution and wide encroachments laden with exponential increase of sewage discharges have led to severe changes in land use pattern in interiors of the lake which is the main source of destruction of natural physiognomies of lake and gradual choking up of its water sources. All this has compounded into complete breakdown of drainage mechanism of the Lake with a threat of floods in Lake Catchment unavoidable in coming time. Keywords: Sewage, Eutrophication, Catchment, Topography, Ecology
The document provides background information on a study analyzing the pollutant removal efficiency of the Villanova University Constructed Stormwater Wetland. It discusses the site's history as a dry detention basin that was retrofitted in 1999 to become a constructed stormwater wetland. The primary goals of the study are to analyze pollutant removal efficiencies during baseflow and storm events and investigate the effects of different plant species on removals. A secondary component involves plots with different plant types to determine which species are most effective at nutrient removal.
Wilmington Conservation Priorities ProjectEmily Green
This document outlines conservation priorities and potential projects in the Cape Fear River Basin and coastal North Carolina. It identifies key threats to water quality and wildlife in the basin, including sedimentation, pollution, and invasive species. Research priorities are listed to improve understanding of aquatic species and monitor populations. Threats to marine and coastal habitats include beach erosion, artificial lighting, pollution, and fisheries bycatch. The document recommends protecting strategic habitat areas, enhancing habitats, improving water quality, and expanding cooperation between agencies. Potential conservation projects focus on priority habitats and species, including pollinators, colonial waterbirds, and coastal preserves.
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
The document discusses artificial recharge, which aims to augment groundwater reservoirs by modifying natural surface water movement using civil engineering techniques. It aims to maintain groundwater resources, store excess surface water underground, improve saline water intrusion, and remove impurities from wastewater. Common recharge sources are rainfall, roof runoff, canal water, streams, and treated wastewater. Factors like topography, water supply, geology and cost affect recharge projects. Common methods are surface techniques like flooding, basins, streams and ditches, and subsurface techniques like injection wells and recharge pits. Successful projects require source assessment, structure planning, design, monitoring and maintenance.
Groundwater balance in pabna, bangladeshRubiat Islam
The document discusses a study of groundwater balance in Pabna district, Bangladesh. It analyzed rainfall and static water level data from 7 stations from 2001-2007. The results show that in most stations, the static water level is declining over time due to over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation. The duration of rainfall is also decreasing, resulting in insufficient groundwater recharge. Overall, the groundwater level in the study area declined approximately 2 meters over the period studied. The document provides background on groundwater and the importance of proper management. It describes the location and geology of the study area.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document provides a report on rejuvenating the Hauz Khas Tank in Delhi, India. It discusses the impact of urbanization on lakes, including increased runoff and pollution. It describes how the Hauz Khas Tank has become eutrophic due to nutrient pollution, causing algal blooms and affecting the tank's ecology and aesthetics. The report examines the tank's history and current state, provides water quality analysis results, and proposes a design concept and investment plan to rejuvenate the tank.
This document summarizes a study assessing the feasibility of blending drainage water with river water for irrigation in Samawa, Iraq. Water samples were taken monthly from a drainage and nearby rivers over a year and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and pH. The drainage water SAR was found to be less than 12, making it acceptable for irrigation without chemical treatment. Blending drainage water with river water in ratios from 90%:10% to 10%:80% also produced water suitable for irrigation. Drainage water EC was below 8000 microsiemens/cm, making it acceptable to irrigate halophytic crops. The document discusses characterizing water salinity using EC and total dissolved sol
Josh Swanson will present on his research assessing alternative media for use in bioslopes and bioswales. Specifically, he is investigating the soil fertility, infiltration capacity, water retention capacity, and pollutant removal efficiencies of peat, muck, compost and taconite tailings from northern Minnesota as locally available alternatives to the standard sand and compost mixture currently specified. The goal is to determine the biological, hydraulic, and water quality improvement capabilities of these salvage materials for use in biofiltration systems, which can provide economic benefits compared to standard specifications.
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's considerationCPWF Mekong
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
This document discusses river ecosystems and the Brahmaputra River Basin. It describes the importance of natural flow regimes and habitat heterogeneity for river health. Various habitats in the Brahmaputra River Basin are described, including fast flowing sections, pools and riffles, river confluences and meanders, the open river, and floodplain lakes. Livelihoods of local communities depend on resources from these ecosystems. An integrated ecohydrological approach is needed to assess and manage freshwater sustainability that considers the interrelationships between water and biology.
This document discusses dams and their environmental and social impacts. It begins by defining dams and explaining their purposes, which include irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and navigation. It then describes the main types of dams and discusses their environmental performance, noting impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from habitat loss and changes to natural flow regimes. Socially, dams can displace large populations and disrupt livelihoods when people are resettled or downstream access to resources is reduced. Planning for dams often undercounts affected people and resettlement efforts are frequently inadequate.
Land Conservation for the Protection of Water QualityHannah Kiesler
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between land use and water quality in the Saco River watershed in New Hampshire. Water samples were taken at 12 locations along the Saco River and its tributaries and tested for various parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, temperature, phosphorus, E. coli, and nitrogen. The results showed that water quality generally decreased further downstream as more developed land affected the sampling locations. Land use patterns like the percentage of developed land within a 1km radius also impacted water quality. Maintaining natural lands and riparian buffers is important for preserving the high water quality of the Saco River and protecting aquatic habitat.
Dams provide many benefits like improving quality of life through irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and more. However, they can also negatively impact the environment and human populations. Key impacts include displacing many people worldwide and inadequate compensation, harming terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by blocking animal migrations and altering natural river flows, and emitting greenhouse gases from reservoirs. While dams provide irrigation and hydropower, their construction often undercounts displaced people and fails to fully resettle them, compromising livelihoods. Cultural heritage sites can also be damaged or lost. Mitigation efforts are often insufficient to address these social and environmental impacts.
Sustainable Management Approach In Rivers, Lakes And reservoirs.pdfSOURAV SAHA
Rivers, lakes, and reservoirs provide important ecosystem services but face threats to their sustainability. Climate change impacts water temperatures and precipitation patterns, affecting ecosystems. Pollution from contaminants, agriculture, and aquaculture introduces antimicrobial resistance and eutrophies water bodies. Invasive species outcompete native species through predation, habitat alteration, and transmitting diseases. Unsustainable aquaculture practices pollute waters and introduce non-native genetics through escaped fish. Overall, climate change and human activities degrade inland water quality and biodiversity.
Reservoir-Capacity and factors affecting it.pptxSudiptaBiswas83
Reservoir capacity refers to the maximum volume of water that can be stored in a reservoir. It is crucial for water resource management as it determines how much water is available for uses like irrigation, drinking water, and power generation. Reservoir capacity ensures reliable water supply, aids flood control, and acts as a buffer during droughts. However, factors like climate change, sedimentation, and land use can impact reservoir capacity over time. Proper management of reservoir capacity is important for balancing water needs and presents ongoing challenges.
The document discusses riparian zones, which are the vegetated areas near streams. It defines riparian ecology and outlines the characteristics and functions of riparian zones, including providing habitat, improving water quality, and acting as corridors for wildlife. The document also notes threats to riparian zones from human activities like agriculture, grazing, development and dams. Maintaining healthy riparian zones is important for streams and watersheds.
IRJET- Grey Water Treatment by Water Hyacinth-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using water hyacinth plants to treat greywater. It discusses how water hyacinth systems function as horizontal trickling filters that provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to degrade organic matter. The literature review summarizes several studies that found water hyacinth and other aquatic plants like lotus and hydrilla were effective at removing pollutants like BOD, COD, nutrients, and bacteria from domestic wastewater through physical and biochemical processes. The document also outlines a proposed method for a study using floating rafts of water lily and canna plants to treat domestic wastewater through phyto-remediation and absorption of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
Watershed management aims to balance competing resource needs and preserve ecosystem services through integrated planning. It considers all natural resources within a watershed, including water, land, soil, and vegetation. The key goals are sustainable resource use, rehabilitation of degraded areas, and protection from hazards like flooding and erosion. Watershed management addresses the root causes of environmental problems through multistakeholder collaboration and adoption of sustainable practices.
Developing Australia's Tropical Water ResourceseWater
As Australia looks increasingly to its tropical northern lands as a prospective ‘food-bowl for Asia’ we should reflect on two important questions:
(i) Have we gained sufficient knowledge and wisdom from a century of unsustainable irrigation practices in southern Australia to do things differently in the future?
(ii) Is Northern Australia really the agricultural utopia that some in the community argue, and do the potential rewards justify the risks to our largely pristine and biodiverse tropical river basins?
Part one of this series describes the environmental consequences of water resources development in Australia’s south – in the Murray-Darling Basin.
- The document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of marine macroalgae in maintaining water quality in a closed tropical marine water system over 24 days.
- The addition of two macroalgae species (a green moss and Halimeda spp.) to one of the tanks (tank B) appeared to significantly lower concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium compared to the control tank (tank A) without macroalgae.
- The macroalgae removed a total of 27.3g of inorganic nitrogen from the water through nutrient uptake, with ammonium uptake averaging 0.05 mg/L/day and nitrate/nitrite uptake averaging 28.4 mg/L/day
This document discusses frameworks for assessing watershed conditions and prioritizing restoration projects on the Tongass National Forest. It outlines gathering existing information, identifying data gaps, developing watershed assessments to identify restoration projects, implementing those projects, and monitoring them through adaptive management. Key parts of the framework include classifying watershed conditions, conducting landscape and aquatic assessments at multiple tiers, setting habitat management objectives, and leveraging partnerships to fund restoration. The overall goal is to maintain and improve watershed health and aquatic habitat.
In many countries throughout the world struggling with massive amounts of water hyacinths affects
in the country’s fresh water recourses and created problems associated with navigation, national security,
irrigation and drainage, water supply, hydro electricity and fishing. Mechanical removal is most effective
Method for Aquatic plant removal. In this project we are designed and manufactured water hyacinth
shredder prototype in which we designed shaft, conveyor, bearing, & cutters, and making frame and
selection of motor.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the growth and nutrient absorption capabilities of two aquatic macrophyte species, Myriophyllum verticillatum and Elodea canadensis, with the goal of reintroducing them into a eutrophicated shallow Italian lake. A preliminary experiment found that planting the macrophytes at a density of 30 plants per aquarium optimized their growth. In the main experiment, both species showed growth over four weeks but M. verticillatum grew taller while E. canadensis formed dense bottom carpets. M. verticillatum more than tripled its dry biomass while E. canadensis nearly doubled. Chlorophyll and nutrient levels decreased in the water of
Treatment Performance of Domestic Wastewater in a Tropical Constructed Wetlan...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by Jonah S Butler* *Fulbright Scholar, DILG-GTZ Affiliate in Philippines: For Environmental Science Study on Wastewater Treatment. (Email: Jonahsbutler@gmail.com) for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multipurpose ProjectsEbad Ur Rahman
Multipurpose projects have several advantages: they can reduce flooding, impound water for irrigation, human consumption, and power generation while also improving transportation. However, they also have disadvantages, including the inundation of land and forests, displacement of people, and disruption of infrastructure and aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, multipurpose projects face challenges of attracting private investment given their complexity, and require strong regulatory frameworks and coordination between different users and sectors to balance competing demands.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
1. 169
11.A. RESTORATION OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURES IN A RIVER
The physical assessment of stream conditions lies
within a broad framework of environmental re-
storation. Several multimetric and multivariate
assessment methods are used to estimate the sta-
tus and potential for restoration of river ecosys-
tems. This chapter points out some main restora-
tion approaches and physical structure restoration
techniques necessary to achieve ecological inte-
grity in degraded river ecosystems.
WHAT SCALES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
FOR RIVER RESTORATION?
Riverine habitats are organized hierarchically in a
basin context (Box 11.1; Frissell et al., 1986) and
should be especially considered during restoration
projects.
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
Fig. 11.1
Natural section of the Oder River
(photo: Z. Kaczkowski)
HOW TO PLAN RESTORATION?
Most river rehabilitation methods recommend the
use of a pre- and post-restoration assessment of
conditions to check the effectiveness of river re-
storation.
For example, this includes a description of pre-
sent stream conditions and evaluation of the suc-
cess of the rehabilitation process (Box 11.2).
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2. 170
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
WHAT IMPACT CATEGORIES
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN RIVER MANAGEMENT?
Human-induced impacts to river systems fall into
5 major categories (Table 11.1).
All these variables are important for ecological
integrity (EI) of a river ecosystem and should be
considered in management plans.
WHAT METHODOLOGY CAN BE USED
IN A DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM
FOR RIVER MANAGEMENT?
Several physical assessment methods can support
restoration options of degraded river ecosystems
(see chapters in the Part Two: Surveys and Asses-
sment).
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3. 171
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
WHAT TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED IN
RESTORATION OF A RIVER’S PHYSICAL STRUCTURE?
Several techniques of river physical structure re-
storation , as listed and described in Table 11.2,
include the following groups of practices:
instream processes;
stream bank treatment; and
channel reconstruction.
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11.B. RESTORATION OF VEGETATION: INCREASING NUTRIENT RETENTION
CAPACITY AND SELF-PURIFICATION ABILITY
The role of macrophytes in floodplain management
and freshwater protection has been highlighted
by many authors. It is also worth stressing that
they play a crucial role in the restoration and
management of rivers. Macrophyte biomass and
distribution directly influence the water chemi-
stry and hydraulics of river systems. Indirectly they
significantly modify biological diversity through
space partitioning and creation of habitats. The
aim of this chapter is to present basic concepts
related to use of macrophytes in river restoration
and management projects.
WHY RESTORE PLANTS IN RIVER CHANNELS?
The role of plants in river channel includes:
decrease of flow velocity and dissipation of
wave energy (by stems and leaves);
anchoring sediments by plant roots, which
increases channel roughness;
changes in bottom structure and distribu-
tion of flow velocities - decrease of «active»
cross-section of a channel;
raising the water level in a river channel and
neighboring areas;
accelerating ice-cover break-up and remo-
val; and
regulation of suspended matter transport.
All the above factors lead to a decrease of bot-
tom erosion and bank abrasion and, consequen-
tly, increase maximal allowable flow velocities.
In channels devoid of vegetation it should not
exceed 0,45 m s-1
for silt and sandy bottoms, 0,6
m s-1
for organic substrates, and 0,7 m s-1
for clay.
In the case of vegetated channels, velocities may
reach 0,9 m s-1
with poor plant cover, 1,2 m s-1
for
well developed cover and 1,5 m s-1
for dense ve-
getation.
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE VEGETATION
EFFICIENCY?
The role of plants depends on:
type of plant community;
mechanical characteristics of individual spe-
cies;
substrate properties; and
flow velocity and water depth.
It also changes depending on the season. Usually
plants are active for 200-225 days a year, but the
vegetation of some communities can be continu-
ous.
USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS FOR RIVER
MANAGEMENT
The role of plants is most pronounced in rivers up
to 2 metres deep (during the highest discharges).
Plant expansion is regulated by temperature,
light access, flow distribution in a channel, nu-
trient concentrations and oxygen concentration.
Other important factors regulating plant growth
and role are hydraulic resistance of the channel
and periodical changes in bottom and bank shape.
Therefore, proper introduction of vegetation for
sustainable river management requires:
precise calculation of water movement pa-
rameters;
an understanding of channel hydraulics; and
knowledge about biomass distribution and
ecology of dominant plant species.
Table 11.3 presents some of the major riverine
species - representatives of ecological groups - and
remarks related to their application in river ma-
nagement.
Some plant species are not suitable for improving
river habitats, because:
they present a health hazard, e.g., Herac-
leum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed), Co-
nium maculatum (hemlock);
they are invasive, therefore, difficult to con-
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
Fig. 11.2
Ecotones are stabilizers of nutrient cycles
and buffers aganist alterations
(photo: V. Santiago-Fandino)
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8. 176
trol, e.g., Reynoutria japonica (Japanese kno-
tweed), Stratiotes aloides (water soldier), Im-
patiens glandulifera (Himalayan balam), Nym-
phoides peltata (fringed water lily); and
Phragmites australis (Norfolk reed), Typha
latifolia (bullrush) are suitable only for large
rivers (NRA Severn-Trent Region).
MAINTENANCE
The role of plants, as components modifying and
preparing in-stream conditions for organisms, is
sometimes questioned because they may decrease
channel flow capacity and increase the risk of floods.
What has to be considered before plant remo-
val?
Decisions about mechanical removal of plants sho-
uld be taken carefully after analyzing:
possible threat of valley flooding if existing
vegetation is left undisturbed;
retentiveness of river bed and valley during
rising discharges;
water levels at which plants are removed
from the channel by currents; and
natural mechanisms limiting plant growth and
expansion.
Also very important is an assessment of the influ-
ence of chemical and mechanical plant removal
methods on the microflora and microfauna, mat-
ter accumulation and rate of biomass decay. Even-
tually these processes may lead to ecological ca-
tastrophes downstream due to oxygen depletion
and degradation of habitats.
What are the advantages of vegetation control?
In some situations it is impossible to avoid main-
taining removal operations. Control of in-stream
vegetation is important because:
it stops the rise of water level caused by
flow impedance;
it opens areas of clear water important for
organisms, habitat diversity and users of wa-
ter bodies; and
in autumn it prevents the blockage of cu-
lverts, pumps and sluices with washed-out
plants.
Control of riparian vegetation:
encourages root development - enhance-
ment of bank stability;
prevents invasion of shrubs;
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
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9. 177
prevents large organic matter and debris ac-
cumulation; and
provides access to the water for users.
How to protect the functions of river
ecosystems.
In cases when some intervention is necessary for
conservation reasons, some important considera-
tions are:
leaving, wherever possible, undisturbed
sections of the river or at least parts of the
middle and edge - they act as refugia for plants
and animals and allow recolonization
(Box 11.3);
timing of plant cutting;
cutting and dredging operations should be
conducted not more than every few years
and all operations should be combined;
aquatic plants, which have been disturbed
during dredging, should be transplanted and
a minimum amount of silt left in the channel
to retain its profile (Box 11.4); and
fish and invertebrates should be protected
during all maintenance operations and fish
spawning seasons avoided.
Some alternative solutions maybe: partial shading
of a river bed, change in the cross-section shape,
and enhancing reproduction of herbivores.
PLANT INTRODUCTION AND PROTECTION
Marginal and emergent plants should not be pla-
ced in areas with water depths greater than 20
cm (Table 11.4). It is also highly advised to use
structures that protect plants from wave action
and flushing by currents. This maybe done by use
of a plastic pipe boom or by creating bays. In both
cases, two goals are obtained - plant protection,
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
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10. 178
and creation of diverse habitats for invertebrates
and fish (Box 11.5).
Species having rhizomes should not be grown from
seeds (Box 11.5). In the case of reeds it is better
to establish plants in drier soils and allow them to
spread naturally.
Before planting floating leaved or submerged
plants in water that has little organic matter, they
should be first placed in sacks filled with 50:50
soil and rooted manure or compost.
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
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11. 179
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Application of phytotechnologies, based on the
planting of vegetation within, or on, banks of stre-
am channels, increases the self-purification po-
tential of water ecosystems and enhances a fishe-
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
MAKE SURE TO CHECK THESE RESOURCES:
ry, nature conservation and aesthetic values. Ho-
wever, all the operations have to be preceded with
careful analysis of their objectives, as well as the
time, effort, and costs necessary for protection
and maintenance of vegetation.
Guidelines: chapter 6
http://home.arcor.de/limnologie/Boehme.htm
http://www.aquabotanic.com/paper2-4.html
http://www.unece.org/env/water/documents/icpdr.pdf
http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/plants/macrophytes/plantframe.htm
VwerySmatrBook03.p65 2004-06-17, 17:38
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12. 180
11.C. MANAGEMENT OF SHORELINE AND RIVERBED STRUCTURES:
INCREASING FISH YIELDS
Riparian vegetation, the main structural element
of shorelines, stabilize river banks, are a source
of important organic matter for a river, and de-
termine the input of solar energy to a river. This
directly influences algal and macrophyte primary
productivity and indirectly influences productivi-
ty of higher trophic levels like invertebrates and
fish. This chapter gives quantitative examples of
how stream bank structure should be maintained
or restored for increasing fish yields.
WHY SHORELINE STRUCTURE IS IMPORTANT
FOR FISH
Shoreline structure plays an important role in sup-
porting both biomass and biodiversity of fish in
rivers (Table 11.5). Fish respond especially quic-
kly to changes in habitat structure. For example,
the removal of woody debris can cause close to a
50% decrease in fish biomass and diversity (Lapin-
ska et al., 2002; Zalewski et al., 2003) - Box 11.6.
HOW MUCH RIPARIAN VEGETATION
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED?
According to the Intermediate Complexity
Hypothesis (Zalewski et al., 1994) optimal energy
pathways might be obtained in river channels with
an intermediate complexity of riparian vegetation.
It has been found for small-size upland and low-
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
Fig. 11.3
Examples of various shorline vegeration structures
(photo: K. Krauze)
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13. 181
land rivers that the optimal complexity of ripa-
rian vegetation, for maintaining high fish biomass
and diversity, is when the amount of light reaching
the stream channel is between 300 to 700 µE cm-2
s-1
(Zalewski et al., 2001; 2003). Fish biomass, and
also diversity, in such habitats may be up to three
times higher than in upland and lowland rivers
receiving lower or maximal light inputs (Box 11.7
a,b).
HOW CAN MANAGING RIVERBED STRUCTURE
INCREASE FISH YIELDS?
Fish species are characterized by high habitat pre-
ferences, thus their diversity and biomass is di-
rectly related to the presence of diversified habi-
tats in river ecosystems (Box 11.8 a,b). For exam-
ple, fish biomass and diversity estimated for small
sized rivers can be twice that of rivers high in rif-
fles and pools than in more uniform run habitats,
irrespective of the river type (Zalewski, 2002).
River chanalization and regulation for uniform
habitat in the form of continuous run stretches,
and rehabilitation of meanders and pool-riffle se-
quences, are especially advised (see chapter 4.A).
WHY IS RIVERBED STRUCTURE IMPORTANT
FOR FISH?
Equilibrium of watercourses
As water flows downstream from its source to the
sea, much of its energy is spent overcoming the
resistive forces of the valley floor: erosion dissi-
pates energy. Material eroded from floodplains,
riverbeds and banks is deposited as the underly-
ing slope declines and the stream loses energy.
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
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14. 182
Heavier, coarser material is deposited first. Sedi-
ment gradually becomes finer downstream.
Watercourses exist in a state of equilibrium (Box
11.9) with the surrounding environment, which
Management:
Streams,
&
Rivers
allows development of a variety of habitats, espe-
cially meanders, pools and riffles (Box 11.10), that
are inhabited by riverine biota (e.g., macroinver-
tebrates, fish).
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16. 184
Sustainable management of aquaculture should be
understood as the integral part of ecohydrologi-
cal basin-scale management. It creates possibility
not only for efficient fishery production, but also
for improvement of water quality and quantity.
Use of pond capacity for storage of water during
high flow periods and its gradual release it into
the river channel during low water flow allows to
stabilize hydrological conditions of a river. It can
be also applied for reduction of nutrient loads re-
lated to the hydro-peaking events (see chapter
10.C), while integrated with phytotechnologies.
Adopting such an ecohydrological approach for
pond aquaculture increases water and nutrient
retention in watershed and enhance self-purifica-
tion processes. It also support wild fish popula-
tions in rivers through shortening the low flow
events.
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF POND AQUACULTURE
ON NATURE RESOURCES?
Traditionally freshwater pond aquaculture usually
contributes to water pollution through discharge
of farm effluents and through the impact of cul-
tured animals on wild communities. However, from
the other point of view, if properly managed, ponds
can be used as a tool for sustainable management
of streams and rivers. Pond aquaculture can be
used for enhancing riverine absorbing capacity
through:
increasing water retention in watersheds;
enhancing nutrient transfer into food webs;
creation of refuge areas for land-water plant
and animal communities, thus increasing bio-
diversity of land-water communities; and
surplus production of plants and animals for
restoration purposes.
Improvement of the water cycle
Proper management of aquaculture production
should be balanced with water resources availabi-
lity. It should tend to adopt a production cycle
that enables the reconciliation of water reten-
tion with production. Water gathered during wet
seasons will be released to adjacent areas thro-
ugh infiltration and evaporation. This would posi-
tively influence the ground water level and mi-
11.D. ECOHYDROLOGICAL APPROACH IN POND AQUACULTURE
croclimate. Joining aquaculture with watershed-
scale water retention and flood protection strate-
gies could minimize the need for expensive engi-
neering works, such as river regulation and rese-
rvoir construction. This would not only provide
economic benefits through a reduced number of
engineering investments, but also would be a me-
chanism limiting impacts on physical and biological
components of river environments.
Decreasing nutrient enrichment
Nutrients transported into ponds by water supplies
can be trapped in pond sediments and transferred
into food webs. Thus, pollution is transformed into
valuable aquaculture products.
It has been shown that phosphorus retention is
positively correlated with its rate of input into
ponds. Mean inflow/outflow difference is about
0,07kg total phosphorus per hectare per year.
(Knoeshe et al., 2003).
Improving landscape values
Diversified patchy landscapes, which are provided
by pond aquaculture, create high quality refuge
areas for land-water plant and animal communi-
ties. This can cause problems for pond manage-
ment (e.g., occurrence of protected animals such
as beavers, otters and fish-eating birds) but also
can be used for enhancement of the recreational
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
Photo 11.4
Aquaculture pond
(photo: Z. Kaczkowski)
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17. 185
value of a given area. This in turn should increase
local labour demand and provide additional inco-
me from recreation. Such simultaneous existence
of a sustainable fishery and wildlife is possible
when management scenarios, balanced between
aquaculture production and nature protection
needs, are created.
Active protection of animals and plants
Aquaculture facilities can also be incorporated into
active protection of animals and plants (see Gu-
idelines, chapter 6). At present this is especially
important for protecting heavily exploited fish
stocks or stocks threatened with a disrupted re-
cruitment cycle (e.g., lack of spawning habitats).
Additional production of fish for stocking purpo-
ses can significantly increase the financial effi-
ciency of production when compared to typical
market production (e.g., polyculture of ide, Leuci-
scus idus L., with carp in Poland).
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN BE EXPECTED?
The main problem is to reconcile the goal of aqu-
aculture, production and income enhancement,
with increased environmental awareness and wa-
tershed management needs. This means that achie-
ving the sustainable ecohydrological development
of aquaculture is possible only when producers are
supported with scientific information and additio-
nal financial funds for investments are available.
Such help should be provided by local or central
governments and should be planned as a part of
watershed protection scenarios. The most valu-
able help would be supporting the development
of recreational attributes of a given facility. Some
possibilities are commercial fisheries, places for
bird watching, hunting and water sports.
THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Unsustainable freshwater pond aquaculture can
contribute to water pollution through discharge
of fish farm effluents and the impact of cultured
animals on wild communities. Usually the impact
of wastewaters created by pond aquaculture is li-
mited mostly to the period of drying and harve-
sting the fish. This pollution is related especially
to the bottom layer of water (0 - 0,25 m above
the sediments), which takes on the quality of ho-
usehold sewage and mostly consists of suspended
solids and different forms of nitrate and phosphorus.
Wastewater quality can be specific to a given cul-
ture through introduced substances such as anti-
biotics, feeds and other chemical substances.
Other kinds of pollution connected with cultured
animals that can threaten native communities are
introduction of non-native species, genetic impacts
on native populations or transfer of diseases and
parasites. Escaped cultured animals can influence na-
tive populations also through predation and competi-
tion for food and space (see Guideline, chapter 6).
HOW TO MITIGATE THE THREATS?
Fish farm effluents should be brought into areas
covered by sedimentation pools and artificial we-
tlands (Box 11.11):
the outflow of sediment can be regulated
by flow speed. The threshold flow speed
to minimize sediment outflow is 50 mm s-1
(180 m h-1
) - Imhoff & Imhoff, 1982;
specific weight of suspended solids for ef-
fluents from fishery facilities range between
1,00 and 1,20 N m-3
(Karpinski, 1999). For very
small flock solids the flow limit is 72 mm h-1
(Table 11.6);
fish faeces sedimentation reaches 90% if flow
speed is lower than 0,033 m s-1
(Jenssen,
1972). This process is more effective if efflu-
ents have low turbidity, which prevents crum
bling of faecal flocks; and
the best results for enhancing suspended
solids retention are achieved if water reten
tion time is at its highest and the flow (V) at
its lowest. Estimation of these two values
can be calculated from the following equ-
ation:
where:
V (m h-1
) = flow (m3
h-1
) / transverse surface profi-
le of the sedimentation pool (m2
).
For example, to achieve good results, a well desi-
gned sediment pools for flow of 250 L s-1
should
cover an area of 1100 m2
(Karpinski, 1999).
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
Water Retention Time (h) =
volume of sedimentary pool (m3
) / flow(m3
h-1
)
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185
18. 186
The quantity of contaminated water can also be redu-
ced by proper construction of a pond (bottom slope).
According Jezierska-Madziar & Pinskwar (1998), the
total volume of contaminated water can be reduced
from 24% to 2% of total water volume.
very good results can be achieved by con-
structing wetlands on the water outflow from
the ponds used for aquaculture. Construc-
ted wetlands can reduce concentrations of
total phosphorus up to 50-90 % and total ni-
trogen up to 80%;
those biotechnological methods can be sup-
ported by technical solutions such as nets,
sieves or microstainers. Nets and sieves used
on the outflow can reduce suspended ma-
terial up to 50-70%.
TOWARDS „ECOHYDROLOGICAL” AQUACULTURE
The main problem that has to be resolved is re-
conciling reasonable production with minimal
impact on the environment. One of the resolu-
tions for the future can be creating integrated
intensive/extensive culture systems (Varadi,
2003; Varadi & Bekefi, 2003). Such systems con-
sist of small-area intensive ponds providing high
yield of cultured animals and large-area extensi-
ve ponds (Box 11.12) - Fig. 11.5. An extended part
of the facility can be adapted for purposes of re-
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
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186
19. 187
Management:
Streams
&
Rivers
creation, recreational fishery and nature protec-
tion. Large-area extensive ponds can be replaced
by considerably smaller area constructed we-
tlands. Removing macrophytes and shoreline ve-
getation can additionally increase nutrient reten-
tion in both types of ponds, enhancing their capa-
city for absorbing and reducing the effect of envi-
ronmental impacts (Kerepeczki & Pekar, 2003).
Photo 11.5
Extensive pond for reducing nutrient loads
from aquaculture
(photo: Z. Kaczkowski)
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