This document discusses water resources on Earth. It begins by explaining that water is essential for all life and exists in three states: liquid, solid, and gas. It then outlines the major sources and locations of water, including oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and surface water sources like rivers and lakes. The document also discusses water quality categories and regulation in the Philippines. In the end, it lists sources used to research this topic.

2. Group III

3.  a common chemical substance that is
essential for the survival of all known forms
of life. In typical usage, water refers only to
its liquid form or state, but the substance
also has a solid state (ice), and a gaseous
state (water vapor or steam).

4.  Water resources are sources of water that are
useful or potentially useful. Uses of water
include agricultural, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental activities. The
majority of human uses require fresh water.

5.  Water is widely distributed on Earth as
freshwater and salt water in the oceans. The
Earth is often referred to as the "blue planet"
because when viewed from space it appears
blue. This blue color is caused by reflection
from the oceans which cover roughly 71% of
the area of the Earth.

6.  97% of the water on the Earth is salt water.
Only three percent is fresh water; slightly
over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers
and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen
freshwater is found mainly as groundwater,
with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.

7.  A graphical distribution of the locations of
water on Earth.

9.  Rain Water
- collects on the earth in the form of
surface water and underground water.

10.  Surface Water
- Water present on the surface of the
earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes,
ponds and streams is called surface water.
The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain
and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers
flow into the sea.

11. River
Ocean

12. Stream
Lake

13.  Ground Water
- Fresh water stored underground in aquifers.
- Most fresh water resources are stored here.
- Aquifer area underground with rocks and
gravel that have spaces where water can
accumulate.

14.  Rainfall depths for specific durations and
streamflow peaks occurring during long
period of time are stochastic variables and
can be analyzed as such. Statistical and
probabilistic analyses allow the development
of probability statements or estimates related
to the magnitude of certain events.

15.  For the programming of irrigation supply and
simulation of irrigation management
conditions, the concept of dependable rainfall
is often employed. Dependable rainfall is
defined as the amount of rainfall which can
be exceeded over a given location for a fixed
number of years out of given total number of
years.

16.  For instance, the 80% dependable rainfall is
normally used in calculating the capacity of
storage reservoirs and of main irrigation
canals. This dependable monthly or annual
rainfall is the value that will be exceeded on
the average four out of five years that is with
a probability of exceedance of 80%. For
drainage projects, the 20% dependable
rainfall is usually adopted.

17.  The rainfall in a given period is considered
normal if the rainfall that fell within the
period is 50% dependable, i.e., it will be
exceeded on the average every other year.

18.  Streamflow records may be extended in time
for purpose other than curve improvement. A
mean for some past month or year may be
needed. This can be obtained by simple
regression or by regression models with both
streamflow and precipitation as independent
variables.

19.  Schneider (1961), Riggs (1964) and Martin
(1964) proposed and evaluated several
models for estimating monthly mean
discharges for months outside the period of
record from discharge at a nearby gauged
site and from the monthly precipitation totals
on the two sites. Carroon (1970) extended
monthly flow records at many sites in the
upper Colorado River basin by a graphical
method. The reliability of such a regression
estimate is indicated by the standard error.

20.  Rainfall-runoff models which can account for
the detailed disposition of rainfall may be
used to extend streamflow records. These
may be regression models in which runoff is
related to storm magnitude, storm duration,
and an index of antecedent soil moisture or
digital computer models which model the
land phase of the hydrologic cycle. Both types
of models require several years of concurrent
streamflow and hourly precipitation records
for calibration their output.

21.  Surface water and groundwater are not
isolated components of the hydrologic
system, but instead interact in a variety
of physiographic and climatic
landscapes. Thus, development or
contamination of one commonly affects
the other.

23.  Groundwater is a hidden resource. At one
time, its purity and availability were taken for
granted.
 Groundwater is the water that saturates the
tiny spaces between alluvial material (sand,
gravel, silt, clay) or the crevices of fractures in
rocks.

24.  Scientists estimate groundwater accounts for
more than 95% of all fresh water available for
use.
 Approximately 50% of Americans obtain all or
part of their drinking water from
groundwater.
 Nearly 95% of rural residents rely on
groundwater for their drinking supply.

25.  About half of irrigated cropland uses
groundwater.
 Approximately one third of industrial water
needs are fulfilled by using groundwater.
 About 40% of river flow nationwide (on
average) depends on groundwater.

26.  The source of groundwater (recharge) is
through precipitation or surface water that
percolates downward. Approximately 5-50%
(depending on climate, land use and many
other factors) of annual precipitation results
in groundwater recharge.

27.  Losing streams.
In some areas, streams literally recharge
the aquifer through stream bed infiltration.
These are called losing streams.

28.  One of the most commonly used forms of
groundwater comes from unconfined shallow
water table aquifers.
 These aquifers are major sources of drinking
and irrigation water. They also interact
closely with streams, sometimes flowing
(discharging) water into a stream or lake and
sometimes receiving water from the stream
or lake.

29.  Gaining streams.
 An unconfined aquifer that feeds
streams provides the stream’s base flow. This
is called a gaining stream. In fact,
groundwater can be responsible for
maintaining the hydrologic balance of surface
streams, springs, lakes, wetlands, and
marshes. This is why successful watershed
partnerships take a special interest in the
unconfined aquifer adjacent to the stream,
lake or other surface water body.

30.  Left untouched, groundwater naturally
achieves balance—discharging and
recharging—depending on hydrologic
conditions. In fact, some streams are gaining
streams at times and losing streams at other
times.

31.  Water Quality in the Philippines
◦ Water quality protection and operation and
maintenance of sanitation facilities are a
collaborative undertaking of the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) through the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB), Department of
Health (DOH), Department of Works and
Sewerage System (DWSS).

32.  The Philippine government aims to maintain
the quality of its surface waters according to
their best beneficial use. This is embodied in
the DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 34,
which classifies bodies of water according to
the degree of protection required. Class AA
and SA have the most stringent water quality
for fresh surface waters and marine/coastal
waters; and D and SD waters have the least
stringent water quality for fresh surface water
and marine waters, respectively.

33.  Hot spots areas of surface water quality were
assessed by province using Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
as parameters.
 Groundwater quality was assessed by using
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Coliform.

34.  Saltwater intrusion was mapped based on
National Water Resources Board (NWRB) data.
Other hot spots were identified and rated on
the basis of the objective of recovering the
water quality of surface waters (rivers, lakes,
and bays) for beneficial use, i.e., Class A (for
fresh surface waters) for drinking, and Class
SB ( for coastal and marine waters) for
recreation.

35.  Categories
◦ The parameters for water quality are
determined by the intended use. Work in
the area of water quality tends to be
focused on water that is treated for human
consumption or in the environment.

36.  Alkalinity, Color of water, pH, Taste, and
odor. Dissolved metals and salts (sodium,
chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese,
magnesium). Microorganisms such as fecal
coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli),
Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia.
Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead,
mercury, arsenic, etc.) Dissolved organics:
colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM),
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) Radon Heavy
metals.

37.  Physical Properties: Color, odor, temperature,
solids (residues), turbidity, oil content, and
grease content. Chemical Properties - pH -
Conductivity - Dissolved oxygen (DO) -
Nitrate - Orthophosphate - Chemical oxygen
demand (COD) - Biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) - Pesticides Biological Properties
Bacteriological parameters: coliforms, fecal
coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses.

38.  www.wikipedia.org
 www.slideshare.net
 Google books
 GROUNDWATER & SURFACE WATER:
UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTION

41. Antioquia, Gail
Capistrano, Gavino
Bolivar, Kim Jonah
Zamudio, Pedro
Barrameda, Joppet
Ibo, Maria Louisa
Dimaiwat, Reynaldo
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