1. Lesson 1
HISTORY OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Where Are We Going &
Where Have We Been
Prepared & Modified by
FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL

2. Educational
Technology
Objectives: History of
 To identify events and devices of the Education
al
past that contributed to the Technolo
technological revolution. gy
 To examine the organizations and
their viewpoints that have shaped
technology use in the classroom
today.
 To prepare for the future in
educational technology by analyzing
current trends and advances.

3. Educational
Technology
History of
“Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of Education
al
gadgets, instruments, Technolo
gy
machines and devices … most
(educators) will defer to
technology as computers.”
(Muffoletto, 1994)
TEA

4. Educational
Technology
History of
The history of “Educational
technology … can be traced back Education
al
to the time when tribal priests Technolo
gy
systemized bodies of knowledge,
and early cultures invented
pictographs or sign writing to
record and transmit information.”
(Paul Saettler, 1990)

5. Educational
Technology
In ancient Greece, the Elder History of
Sophist used the term “techne” to Education
al
refer the process of applying Technolo
knowledge systematically to the gy
practical art of instruction. They
formulated cognitive rules,
systematically analyzed subject
matter designed instructional
technologies and devised effective
instructional materials.

6. Educational
Technology
During the Middle Age History of
Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Education
al
Pierre Abelard introduced a Technolo
gy
technology of instruction which
was really a new method of
structuring and presenting
materials that helped set the style
of scholastic education.

7. Educational
Technology
Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel,
Herbart and Montessori contributed their History of
own concept on educational technology Education
improving educative process. al
Technolo
John Amos Comenius was gy
recognized as the pioneer of modern
instructional technology by reason of
his book Orbis Pictus (The World in
Picture) which was illustrated
textbooks for children studying Latin &
Sciences.

8. Educational
Technology
Edward Thorndike and John Dewey
History of
formulated scientific theory of learning
and the scientific method, respectively. Education
al
Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of Technolo
gy
empirical investigation as a basis for an
organized process of learning. On his
part, Dewey introduced a method of
instruction in terms scientific method in
broad terms

9. Educational
Technology
The 19th century paved in the History of
advent of effective technological Education
development including the production al
Technolo
of textbooks, use of blackboards and gy
improvements in writing implements
like pen and ink. Photography was
invented, giving a way to a movement
called “Visual Instruction”.

10. Educational
Technology
By 1920, visual media became
History of
widely accepted. Then came the
publication of audio-visual media Education
al
texts. Technolo
gy
In 1926, educational films
were used as instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on
programmed learning through a
machine which tested and
confirmed a learning task.

11. Educational
Technology
In 1932, the first instructional
History of
television program was aired at the
Education
State University of Iowa. About the al
same time, the 16 mm sound Technolo
gy
motion picture was developed and
this served as the educational
workhorse during the audio-visual
movement of the time.

12. Educational
Technology
During World War II, the U.S.
government encouraged the History of
implementation of technology of Education
al
instruction for military training Technolo
programs. This gave impetus to a gy
system approach to instruction to
include: micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, Language laboratories,
behavioral laboratories, behavioral
objectives, computer assisted
instruction and among others

13. History of
“Computers”
 Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC History of
 Calculators---1600s Education
al
 Punched Card Devices---1800s Technolo
 gy
First Electronic Computers---1940s
 Mainframes---1950s
 Minicomputers---1960s
 Microcomputers---1970s
 Microcomputer Systems---1980s
 Internet---1990s

14. Ancient Computing
History
History of
The Abacus
Mechanical aid used for Education
al
counting and making Technolo
quick calculations. gy
Still in
use
around
the
world.
Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.

15. Early Computing
History
Blaise Pascal History of
Invented the first Education
mechanical calculator. al
Technolo
The Pascaline used gy
cogs and gears to solve
math equations.

16. Mechanical
Calculators
History of
Joseph Jacquard
Education
 First “programmable” al
Technolo
machine. gy
 Used punched cards
(binary instructions) to
automate weaving loom.
 Punched cards were a
staple of early and
modern computer
programming.

17. Electronic Computer
Systems
History of
First Education
 Generation:1943-1956
Used vacuum tubes in al
Technolo
electronic circuits. gy
 Used punch cards to input
and externally store data.
 Up to 4K of memory.
 Programming in machine
language and assembly
language.
 Required a compiler.

18. First Generation:
1943-1956
Electronic Numerical Integrator History of
and Calculator (ENIAC) Education
al
Technolo
World’s first electronic gy
digital computer.
Used to produce
WWII ballistic firing
tables for the U.S.
Defense Department.
Check out the ENIAC exhibit.

19. Second Generation:
1957-1964
History of
1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Education
 Used transistors, al
developed by Bell Labs. Technolo
gy
 Up to 32K of memory.
 Programming in
computer languages,
such as FORTRAN and
COBOL.
Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.

20. Third Generation:
1965-1971
History of
 Used integrated Education
circuits. al
Technolo
 Up to 3 million bytes gy
of memory.
 Lower cost, smaller
size, and increasing
processor speed.

21. Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
History of
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.
Education
 1971, Intel develops 4004, the first al
Technolo
microprocessor chip. gy
 Altair sold in 1975, the first personal
computer. It is a kit that must be
assembled.
 Apple Computer is formed in 1976
and sells 50 Apple I.
 Advances increase memory size,

22. Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
History of
Microcomputers
Education
 Personal computers or PCs. al
Technolo
 Usually cost about $2,000 or less. gy
 Process over 1 billion operations per
second.
 “Stand-alone” or connected
to other computers as a
network system.
TEA

23. 1990’s
Connecting the World
History of
Tim Berners-Lee
Education
 Developed HTML and the World Wide Web al
Technolo
(WWW) was born. gy

24. 1990’s
Connecting the World
History of
Marc Andreessen
Education
al
 An original developer of Mosaic, the Technolo
first browser software able to read gy
HTML.
 Co-founder of Netscape
Communications.

25. The 21st Century
 Technologies of the Future
History of
 Advanced robotics
Education
commonplace al
Technolo
 Smart houses gy
 Wearable computers
 Holodeck virtual reality
 Truly individualized education
Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in
the year 2015, one of the Resources.

26. The 21st Century
 Only recently focused on History of
computers. Education
al
 Internet current primary trend. Technolo
gy
 Communication with colleagues.
 Lesson plan preparation.
 Student resources.
 Access research and best practices for
teaching.
TEA
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27. Educational
Technology
History of
Education
al
Technolo
gy
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue

28. Educational
Technology
History of
Our Definition:
Education
“A combination of the processes al
and tools involved in addressing Technolo
gy
educational needs and problems,
with an emphasis on applying the
most current tools: computers
and their related technologies.”
(M. D. Roblyer, 2000)

29. Educational
Technology
History of
Has technology changed how and
what we teach? Education
al
Technolo
gy

30. Educational
Technology
History of
Two trends of today’s society:
Education
 Explosive increase in number and type al
Technolo
of technology resources available. gy
 Dramatic decrease in total cost of
ownership (TCO).
TEA

31. Educational
Technology
IBM unveils first PC in 1981. History of
Education
 CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088 al
 Memory: 64K Technolo
gy
 Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive
 Display: 12 inch monochrome
 Price: $2880.00
Read about
IBM Through the Years
in Resources.

32. Educational
Technology
History of
Change in educational philosophy
of what constitutes basic skills Education
al
Technolo
 No longer just three R’s gy
 “Learning to learn” skills essential
 Lifelong learning
TEA

33. Four Different
Views
 Association for Educational History of
Communications & Technology Education
(AECT) al
Technolo
 International Society for gy
Performance Improvement (ISPI)
 International Technology Education
Association (ITEA)
 International Society for Technology
in Education (ISTE)

34. Four Different
Views
History of
AECT
Education
 Audiovisual Media Communications.
al
 Begun in 1923. Technolo
gy
 Initially centered on radio.
 Quickly extended focus to include instructional
film strips and educational television.
 Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting,
two-way audio, and visual communications.

35. Four Different
Views
AECT History of
 “Branch of educational theory and
Education
practice concerned primarily with al
the design and use of messages Technolo
gy
which control the learning process.”
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
 Publications:
 TechTrends
 Handbook of Research for Educational
Communications and Technology
Vis it th e AE C T we b s ite from R e s ou rce s .

36. Four Different
Views
History of
ISPI Education
 Instructional systems approach al
Technolo
based on Behaviorist theories gy
 “Systematic approach to
designing, developing, and
delivering instruction matched
to carefully identified needs.”
(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino,
1997)

37. Four Different
Views
History of
ISPI
Education
 Publications: al
Technolo
 Performance Improvement Journal gy
 Performance Improvement Quarterly
E xp lore IS P I re s ou rce s at th e IS P I we b s ite .

38. Four Different
Views
History of
ITEA
Education
 Industry trainers and vocational al
Technolo
teachers. gy
 Schools should prepare
students for work force Learning
about technology as used in the
“real world” is essential.

39. Four Different
Views
History of
ITEA
Education
 Includes robotics, al
Technolo
manufacturing systems, gy
computer-assisted design
(CAD).
 Publications:
 The Technology Teacher
 Technology and Children
 The Journal of Technology Education
Find out more at the ITEA web site.

40. Four Different
Views
ISTE History of
 Primary focus encompassed both Education
al
instructional and support Technolo
applications of computers. gy
 Begun by trainers and educators who
predicted that computers would
revolutionize education.
 Influenced by technical personnel,
such as programmers and systems
analysts.

41. Four Different
Views
ISTE History of
 National Educational Education
al
Technology Standards for Technolo
gy
Students and Teachers (NETS)
 Publications:
 Learning and Leading with Technology
(formerly The Computing Teacher)
 Journal of Research on Computing in
Education
ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.

42. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Mainframe Computer Systems
Education
al
 First instructional use of computers Technolo
gy
was as a flight simulator used to
train pilots at MIT in 1950.

43. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Mainframe Computer Systems
Education
al
 First use in public schools taught Technolo
gy
New York elementary students
binary arithmetic in 1959.

44. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Mainframe Computer Systems
Education
al
 Federal funds supported many Technolo
large-scale projects in gy
mainframe computer-assisted
instruction (CAI) in schools,
colleges, and universities
through the middle of 1970’s.

45. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Mainframe Computer Systems
Education
al
 Stanford University – first multimedia Technolo
learning station, Course writer gy
 Programmed Logic for Automatic
Teaching Operations (PLATO)
 BYU – Time-shared Interactive
Computer-Controlled Information
Television (TICCIT)

46. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Mainframe Computer Systems
Education
al
Designed to support personalized Technolo
gy
mastery learning
 Individually Prescribed Instruction
(IPI) - University of Pittsburgh
 Program for Learning in Accordance
with Needs (PLAN) - American
Institutes of Research

47. Modern Educational
Technology History
National Education Computing History of
Conference (NECC) Education
al
 Created by mainframe programming Technolo
gy
enthusiasts from universities
nationwide.
 First conference held in1979.
 Today is the largest educational
technology conference in U.S. with
attendance of 10,000+ people.

48. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Microcomputers in Education
Education
 Introduced in late 1970’s. al
Technolo
 Adopted by public school systems gy
during 1980’s.
 Apple II
 Commodore PET
 Radio Shack TRS - 80

49. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Software
Education
 Early courseware developed for al
Technolo
mainframes were provided by: gy
 Large hardware manufacturers
 Software systems companies
 University development projects
 New microcomputer software
market driven primarily by
educators.

50. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Software
Education
 Minnesota Educational Computing al
Technolo
Consortium (MECC) gy
 Initially largest provider of educational
software.
 Funded by National Science Foundation.
 MicroSift, EPIE
 Provided courseware evaluations.

51. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Software
Education
 Authoring systems al
Technolo
 Response to educators quest for gy
input into design of educational
software.
 Allowed educators to develop their
own courseware.
TEA
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52. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Software
Education
 Authoring systems al
Technolo
 Required extensive expertise. gy
 Extended time commitment.
 Expanded work investment.
TEA

53. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
Computer Literacy
Education
 Originally defined as programming al
Technolo
skills and tools such as word gy
processing.
 Today’s world can only agree that
the term refers to skills that are
constantly changing.
15:45.0

54. Modern Educational
Technology History
Seymour Papert History of
 Educational theorist mentored by Education
al
Jean Piaget. Technolo
gy
 Developed programming language
for young children based on
constructivist theory of education.
 Raised national consciousness
about potential of technology to
change the educational system.
16:25.0

55. Modern Educational
Technology History
History of
The Internet and the WWW
Education
Biggest challenge for the public al
Technolo
educational system has been how gy
to prepare schools physically and
train teachers effectively for its use
in the classroom.
TEA
16:50.0

56. What We’ve
Learned
 Computer literacy or knowledge of History of
computer applications is a moving Education
al
target. Technolo
gy
 Teaching students technical skills
for today is valuable.
 More important are “learning to
learn” tools for tomorrow and years
to come.
17:20.0

57. What We’ve
Learned
History of
 Computer-based materials are just
one component of resources Education
al
available to educational system. Technolo
gy
 Integration of technology as a tool
to advance learning in the content
areas adds to the effectiveness of
other resources and teacher
created activities.
18:00.0

58. What We’ve
Learned
History of
Development of technology
materials and integration strategies Education
al
is time intensive and should not be Technolo
gy
a classroom teacher’s primary
responsibility – You’ve got enough
to do!
18:20.0
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59. What We’ve
Learned
 Educators must keep pace with History of
technological advances. Education
al
 But often times technology Technolo
gy
changes faster than the
educational environment.
 Business and Industry must do it’s
part in providing economical
technology solutions.
18:40.0

60. What We’ve
Learned
History of
 Teachers will always be necessary!
Education
 Definition of learning environments al
Technolo
are changing. gy
 Identity of classrooms must
change.
19:03.0
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61. What We’ve
Learned
History of
 Our models of effective instruction
Education
must change too! al
Technolo
 Educators must be more than: gy
 Sage on the Stage
 Guide on the Side
19:40.0

62. What We’ve
Learned
History of
Vet in the Net
Education
Today’s teacher must be willing to be: al
Technolo
 A participating learner in the classroom. gy
 One who will take the same risks and
not always have the right answer.
 A veteran learner in a network of
learners called the classroom.
20:10.0

63. Reference
“EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY”
by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr. History of
Milagros L. Borabo Education
al
Technolo
gy
Web Link
http://www.tcet.unt.edu/weblibrary2/overview
20:10.0