Interviews in Qualitative Research with Kantian and Phenominological Philosophy

Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Πα
ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμε
ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως
ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδ
τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσ
τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ' ἔχουσαν. Ναὶ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν, Παγὰν ἀενάου φύσεως : ῥιζώματ'
Interviews in Qualitative Research
with
Kantian and Phenomenological Philosophy
Kan Yuenyong
GSPA
NIDA DA8130 Qualitative Research

Based on
• Interviews in Qualitative Research (2nd edition,
2019)

• Nigel King, Christine Horrocks, and Joanna Brooks

• (Borrowed from NIDA’s main library)

Chapter 2: Philosophical
Assumptions

Visualizing
Observer
The Knower
Reality
(The Thing Known)
Perceive
Engage
Knowledge
Experience
Single/Multiple/Existing?
Mind/Body
If we can [perceive/engage/have knowledge/experience] with something out there, should we consider that “reality” does exist?

Definition
• Methodology and methods: Methods = techniques or procedures we use to
collect and analyze data. Qualitative methods can be interview, observation,
diaries, the generation of visual image or other forms of text; Methodology = a
process where the design of the research and choice of particular methods (and
the justification of these in relation to the research project) are made evident

• Epistemology: how we know what we know, a means of establishing what
counts as knowledge - is central in any methodological approach

• Ontology: the ‘science of study of being’ (Blake, 1993: 6)

• Realist, Relativist, Critical Realism, Interpretivism (hermeneutics,
phenomenology, ethnography, discursieve, interactionist)

https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/american-indians-characters-elements-
set_6169022.htm#page=1&query=indigenous&position=48&from_view=keyword
Positivist
(one version of
reality)
Interpretivist
(multiple versions
of reality)
Which Tribe?

See an example of a review of Mixed Method Research by Dr Sawat Wannarat on

Generic technology-based service quality dimensions in banking Impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty

by Shirshendu Ganguli and Sanjit Kumar Roy, DOI 10.1108/02652321111107648

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfZ1y7Y-2N4
The power of physics engine: PhysX

Whether are we engaging with rope, or
code in the computer? What is the reality?
Think about Facebook (Social Media)
and Echo Chamber, when we really
immense in the “simulacra”
The Last of Us

https://www.smalljoys.tv/boy-fakes-living-luxurious/
Luxurious “virtual” life experiment

My Facebook Network or My Echo Chamber? De-authenticity
Why we believe or trust online posting (“image building”) from social media without seeing them physically?
How to deal with echo chamber:
(1) We need to follow news and trends, but we don’t want to be psycho by the network

(2) Purge (significantly unfriend the network, 25-50% unfriend) + balancing the network proportionally (use SNA tools for analyzing) by
occupation, political view, nationality, etc.

(3) Private post, use for self-reminding only. Don’t think about to change somebody else. [Divided between “active” vs “passive” social media]

(4) Alternative sources of information

(5) Engage to real policymaking circle to triangular check

(6) Metaverse will be far more dangerous than Facebook nowadays, see https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-whistleblower-frances-
haugen-60-minutes-polarizing-divisive-content/

(7) The appearance of timeline of everybody have been managed by “the algorithm” by striking optimality between (a.) “social popularity
(trend)”, (b.) networking weight (influenced/influencer), and (c.) paid money (advertising auction), (d.) general policy (parameters adjustment)
will also involve; and no one really understand it even Facebook engineers

(8) Native digital citizen (gen alpha) will never notice the world without internet before. They will prone to trust “digital materials or assets”

Chapter 3: Ethics in Qualitative
Interviewing

Morality, Epistemology and Ethics
• Ethics concerns the morality of human conduct. In relation to social
research, it refers to the moral deliberation, choice and accountability on the
part of researchers throughout the research process. (Edwards and
Mauthner, 2002: 16)

• Respect for persons demands that individuals participate voluntarily, having
had adequate information about what involvement in the beseech will entail
— including possible consequences.

• Beneficence relates to the researcher’s responsibility to secure the wellbeing
of participants.

• Justice is a fair distribution of both the benefits and burdens of research.

Ethical Codes and Review Panels
• Informed consent

• Confidentiality

• Right to withdraw

• Assessing risk of harm

• Deception

• Debriefing

• Use of incentives

• Limitations to the researcher’s role

• honesty and integrity in the research process

Chapter 4: Designing an
Interview Study

Framing the Research Question
• Avoid asking about simple causal relationships, i.e. “What causes young women to
develop eating disorder?” (see reality vs epistemology)

• Avoid asking highly generalization question, i.e. “Are women more strongly
influenced than men by media representations of body image?”

• Focusing more on meaning and experience, i.e. “How do young women view the
presentation of body image ideals in magazines and newspapers?”

• Focusing more on perception, i.e. “How do people diagnosed with anorexia make
sense of why they have developed the condition?”

• Avoiding (in-built) presupposition, i.e. “What are the perceived benefits to the
victims of street crime of a self-help website?” (website -> benefit of victims)

The Shifting Research Question
• Redefining of research question is not uncommon and it would be OK if:

• Would the change to the research question undone the coherence of
the study as a whole?

• Would the change stretch the resources of the project to an
unmanageable degree?

• Are key stake holders in the project happy with the change?

Recruiting Participants
• Gaining access

• Working with gatekeepers

• “Insider” assistances with recruitment

• Snowball sampling

• Advertising for participants

What types of question should I ask?
• Background / demographic questions

• Experience / behavior questions

• Opinion / values questions

• Feeling questions

• Knowledge questions

• Sensory questions: what the participant saw, heard, touched, tasted or
smelled in any given situation.

Chapter 5: Carrying Out
Qualitative Interviews

The Interview Setting
• The physical environment

• Choosing the interview location

Recording
• Audio-recording

• VIdeo-recording

• Note-taking

Building Rapport
• Introducing your project

• Self-presentation

How (not) to ask questions
• Formulating questions: treating words carefully

• Avoiding:

• Leading questions

• Over-complex and multiple questions

• Judgemental responses

• Failure to listen

• Non-verbal communication

• Probling

• Starting and finishing interviews

Managing “difficult” interviews
• Status issues

• Interviewer role conflicts

• Dealing with sensitive topics

• Under- and over-communicative interviewees

• (Plus: Using multiple interviews)

Chapter 6: Group Interviews

Why use group interviews
• Exploratory

• Pretest

• Triangulation

• Phenomenological

Different Types of Group Interviews
• Brainstorming

• Nominal group technique

• Citizens’ juries

• Focus groups

Planning a Focus Group
• Selecting participants

• Group size

• Finding a venue

• Setting up the room

Running the Focus Group
•Group interaction

•Role of the researcher(s)

•Moderator characteristics and style

•Moderating the focus group

•Setting ground rules: respect, moderator’s role, format, recording and turn-taking, mobile
phones

•Welcoming, information sharing and consent

•Participant introduction

•The discussion and asking questions

•Confidentiality

•Debriefing

Chapter 7: Remote
Interviewing

Main Forms of Remote Interview

Managing a Qualitative Telephone Interview Study
• Scheduling Telephone Interviews

• Recording Telephone Interviews

• Style of Interaction

• Getting Beyond ‘task-focus’

• Using remote video for qualitative interviewing

• Ethical issue

• Doing online text-based interviews

Asynchronous Online Interviews
• Scheduling e-mail interviews

• Closure and non-response

• Asynchronous soup interviews

• Synchronous online interviews

• Recruitment on IM services

• Interaction style

• Managing the IM interview process and its resulting data

• Synchronous group interviews

Ethical Issue in Online Interviewing
• Public and private spaces on the internet

• Establishing authentic identities

• Informed consent

• Confidentiality and anonymity

• Protection from harm

Chapter 8: Visual Methods in
Qualitative Interviewing

Using pre-existing visual material as a stimulus for talk
• Visual materials selected or generated by the interviewer

• Visual materials selected or generated by the interviewee

• Drawing and pictorial representations

• Diagramming approaches

• Relational diagram: Ecomaps, The Pictor technique, Sequential diagrams,
Timelines

Chapter 9: Reflexivity and
Qualitative Interviewing

Discovering Reflexivity
• Reflexivity: a critical approach

• Reflexivity and theory

• Brining the ‘personal’ into our research

• Reflexive practice: keeping a research diary

• Reflexivity and accountability

Reflexivity and Co-construction
• Awareness of multiple ‘selves’

• Striving for participatory and democratic collaboration

• Writing and representation

Multipleselves
• When Shulamit Reinhartz (1997) analyzed the field notes from her study of
an Israeli kibbutz, she identified approximately 20 diﬀerent selves that she
categorized into three major groups: researcher-based selves, brought
selves (the selves that socially, historically and personally create our
standpoint), and situationally created selves. Thus Reinharz argues that
being a researcher is only one aspect o the searches’s self in the field, and
although one may consider being a reseacher one’s most salient see, thee
are the selves to take into account

• Think about Prof Thongchai Vinijjakul’s interview the right wing’s political
aﬀairs during October 6, 1976 massacre. Parts he was the victim of the
incident, yet he needs to understand the reason of the right wing actors.

Chapter 10: An Introduction to
Interview Data Analysis

Transcription
• Full or partial?

• System of transcription

• Thats to the quality of transcription

• Recording quality

• Missing context

• ‘Tidying up’ transcribed talk

Principles of Thematic Analysis
• Balancing within-case and cross-case analysis

• Organising themes

• Balancing clarity and inclusivity

• Auditability

Thematic Analysis: A Basic System
• Descriptive coding

• Interpretive coding

• Defining overacting themes

Stages in the Process of Thematic Analysis

Assessing The Quality of Qualitative Analysis
• Using quality criteria from quantitative research

• Using alternative quality criteria

• Credibility in place of validity

• Transferability in place of generalizability

• Trackable variance in place of reliability

• Confirmability in place of neutrality

• Core principle: Sensitivity to context, commitment and devour, coherence and
transparency, impact and importance

Procedure for Assessing Quality
• Independent coding and expert panels

• Respondent feedback

• Triangulation: Data, methodological, investigator, theory

• Thick description and audit trails

Writing Up A Thematic Analysis
• Extracts need to be embedded within an analytic narrative that
compellingly illustrates the story you are telling about your data, and your
analytic narrative needs to go beyond description of the data, and make
an argument in relation to your research question (Braum and Charke,
2006: 93)

• Alternative: template analysis, matrix approach (level 1 & 2)

Themes across the data set - for instance,
whether certain issues tended to dominate for
older rather than younger participants, or men
rather than women. In the extract we show
the level-two matrix at the point where the
first I’ve participant’s data had been entered
on it (including Labib’s)

Chapter 11: Interviews in
Phenomenological Research

–Anonymous
“What is the reality? Does it exist? Are there multiple layers of reality?”

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/30891947425898899/
Inception

Survival Game
Rewards (Wealth) / Penalty (Death)
Entertaining for the Elites
Capitalism & Korean Soft Power
Inequality in Korean Society
Netflix business model
Hardship of Struggle
Squid Game

Now, we stop skepticism for a while [Bracket / Epoché] and focus
solely on the “pure experience” we have got
suspend

https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/IAS/Mains/Philosophy/Questions/Topic-History-and-Problems-of-Philosophy-0/Subtopic-
Phenomenology-Husserl-6/Part-1.html
~Reality / object-as-it-is-intended
Observer

(The intentional process

of consciousness)
Thus the phenomenon, or object-as-it-appears,
becomes the noema, or object-as-it-is-intended
Human’s mind never perceives things passively

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yET4p-r2TI8
Story of My Life
Intentionally observe
So phenomena must be reconceived as objective intentional
contents (sometimes called intentional objects) of subjective
acts of consciousness. Phenomenology would then study this
complex of consciousness and correlated phenomena

–David Woodruft Smith
“I see a Eucalyptus tree, not a Yucca tree; I see that object as a
Eucalyptus, with a certain shape, with bark stripping off, etc. Thus,
bracketing the tree itself, we turn our attention to my experience of
the tree, and specifically to the content or meaning in my experience.
This tree-as-perceived Husserl calls the noema or noematic sense of
the experience.”
It doesn’t matter the tree does exist or not, neither it’s a “tree” or not
But my experience with the tree is “real”, and it’s only thing I do know
Tree’s categories: brown bark, green leafs, flowers,

unmovable etc. Think about table without legs, etc.

Hegel
Abstract of Rights (Idea) <—> State (Reality)
Noumena

vs

Phenomena
idealism

Cogito, ergo sum

(skepticism on materialism -> undeducted logic)

Mathematics
Fichte/Schelling
Truth (knowledge)

comes from

sensory experience

+

Thomas Hobbes (State of War)
Marx

Kant’s Mathematics: Noumena vs Phenomena
• “A Priori” (knowledge that independent from
experience) vs “A Posteriori” (… after experience) ?

• Further question is that why we believe the
mathematical equation such as the most famous
Kant’s preposition of “7 + 5 = 12” which he
suggests that mathematical judgments are
synthetic and a priori, “One must go beyond these
concepts [of seven and five], seeking assistance in
the intuition that corresponds to one of the two,
one's five fingers, say...and one after another add
the units of the five given in the intuition to the
concept of seven...and thus see the number 12
arise” (B15).” (Shabel, 2013). [Think about large no]

• https://lnkd.in/gps2P5ma, pp. 548-579

•
<— Still problematic, should use “category” instead of “equal” (=)

x2 = −1; x = ± √(−1); x = ± i || y2 = 1; y= ± √(1) ; y = ± 1

Interviews in Qualitative Research with Kantian and Phenominological Philosophy

Interviews in Qualitative Research with Kantian and Phenominological Philosophy

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