The presentation was done on Public Administration Association of Thailand (PAAT) annual conference 2021: Dynamics of Public Administration: Problems, Prospects, and Challenges on November 24, 2021.

1. Cybernetic Governance
Kan Yuenyong
GSPA
NIDA
การประชุมวิชาการระดับชาติครั้งที่ 13
สมาคมรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์แห่งประเทศไทย
ร่วมกับสาขาวิชารัฐประศาสนศาสตร์มหาวิทยาลัยนครพนม
พลวัตรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์: ปัญหา โอกาส และความท้าทาย
Dynamics of Public Administration: Problems, Prospects, and Challenges
24-25 พฤศจิกายน 2564

2. http://3d-innovation-center.over-blog.com/
2014/09/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-
jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-
others.html
“a new type of thinking is essential if mankind is to survive and
move toward higher levels.”

3. Agenda
• Paradigm Formation in Public Administration
• Max Weber’s Bureaucracy
• The Dawn of Cybernetic Governance and The New Paradigm
• The suggestion in this article is a part of the author’s PhD dissertation in
positive governance to be studied further in the future.

5. Paradigm Formation in Public
Administration

6. Thomas Kuhn (1962)
• Normal Science -> Crisis -> Paradigm Shift -> New Consensus

7. Paradigm Discussion
• Bidhya Bowornwattana (C.E. 1983; B.E. 2526) [Studied of Thai Public
Administration Literatures during B.E. 2497 - 2524]
• Principles of Administration (Management Science)
• Bureaucratic Development (Political Science)

8. Nicholas Henry (1975; 2018)
The second challenge: any difference on public
vs private management? Led to Minnowbrook’s
resolution = “New Public Administration” (NPA)

9. Morgan and Burrell (1979); Supachai (C.E. 1983; B.E. 2526)
แกนนอน - Views based on ontology (ในที่นี้เป็นมุมมองที่มากกว่าเรื่อง “ความเป็น” คือหมายถึงมุมมองต่อ “ความจริง” ที่เกิดขึ้น; objective เชื่อว่ามีความจริงอยู่
ในขณะที่ subjective มองว่าความจริงเป็นสิ่งสร้าง philosophical schism นี้เกิดขึ้นในช่วง Kant ที่พิจารณาแยกแยะระหว่าง phenomena และ noumena ก่อนจะ
สังเคราะห์ลงเป็น transcendentalism ซึ่ง Hegel ยอมรับเฉพาะ logic แต่ไม่ยอมรับในแง่ aesthetic) และ แกนตั้ง - Social Changing Characteristics

10. Norma Riccuci (2010)

11. Norma Riccuci (cont.)

12. Another kind of paradigm (or just internal paradigm’s school of thought?)

13. Hegel
Abstract of Rights (Idea) <—> State (Reality)
Noumena
vs
Phenomena
idealism
Cogito, ergo sum
(skepticism on materialism -> undeducted logic)
Mathematics
Fichte/Schelling
Truth (knowledge)
comes from
sensory experience
+
Thomas Hobbes (State of War)
Marx

14. Kant’s Mathematics: Noumena vs Phenomena
• “A Priori” (knowledge that independent from
experience) vs “A Posteriori” (… after experience) ?
• Further question is that why we believe the
mathematical equation such as the most famous
Kant’s preposition of “7 + 5 = 12” which he
suggests that mathematical judgments are
synthetic and a priori, “One must go beyond these
concepts [of seven and five], seeking assistance in
the intuition that corresponds to one of the two,
one's five fingers, say...and one after another add
the units of the five given in the intuition to the
concept of seven...and thus see the number 12
arise” (B15).” (Shabel, 2013). [Think about large no]
• https://lnkd.in/gps2P5ma, pp. 548-579
•
<— Still problematic, should use “category” instead of “equal” (=)
x2 = −1; x = ± √(−1); x = ± i || y2 = 1; y= ± √(1) ; y = ± 1

15. Adorno’s View on Kant’s Transcendentalism
• Transcendental means all those enquiries that
relate to the possibility of synthetic a priori
judgments. But not just to the possibility of
synthetic judgements; over and above that,
transcendental in Kant means every investigation
of basic concepts or, let me put it more precisely,
basic forms of a conceptual or intuitive kind, that
enable our reason, according to the Kantian
theory, to make such synthetic a priori
judgements.
• Thus a transcendental enquiry is an enquiry of
mind or consciousness for the standpoint of how
far it is possible for this mind to posit valid
synthetic a priori judgements, that is judgements
that are independent of experience.
• (p.19)

17. Frankfurt School at War
• Early in 1943, the new intelligence agency’s Research
and Analysis Branch (R&A) was established. It grew
quickly, employing over 1,200 people, around two-
thirds of whom worked in the USA, and the rest
overseas, including in battlefield situations.
• Neumann soon became Deputy Chief of the R&A’s
Central European Section, which employed over forty
people. Marcuse joined this team in March 1943, and
he quickly became ‘the leading analyst on Germany’.
• a radical policy of denazification that [should extend]
beyond merely purging the Nazi political and military
leadership [but] should also undermine Nazism’s
‘economic base’, which had been promoted and
sustained by elements external to the party. (p. 14.)
• https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/
frankfurt-school-against-nazis

18. Max Weber’s Bureaucracy

19. Background
• Edited and published by Marian Weber in 1921; Chose between
Bürokratie (รัฐกิจ) vs Bürokratismus (รัฐกิจนิยม)
• Translated and published in English by H. H. Gerth in 1930s
• New publication in “From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology” in 1946
• Bureaucracy = Bureau (desk / office) + κράτος (kratos) -> Riggs’s
Bureaucratic Polity in 1966
• Translated and published in English by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters in
“Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification” in 2015.

20. Problems in Citing Weber’s Bureaucracy
• Dwight Waldo’s interpretation on Prussian adoption as the “ideal” model,
i.e. hierarchical structure, single command, etc.
• Classic of public administration by Shafritz and Hyde (2007), Weber’s
Bureaucracy contains only 28.5% or merely ¼ of original paper
• Key concepts: (1) Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft; (2) Herrschaft ->
Grundherschaft (Feudalism)
• Not the “ideal model”, but a conceptualization to see how “rationality” can
produce the most mature kind of “organization”
Possible because of an unveiling of austere protestant

21. Double Stages Modernization
• [1] Renaissance —> Martin Luther & Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648) —> Westphalia Treaty —> A Formation of “Nation
States” —> The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt won by Napoleon (1806) [Hegel]
• [2] Thomus Mun’s England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade (1664) —> Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations (1776) —> Anti-
Corn Law movement + Birth of The Economist in 1843 —> Free Economy —> Bowring Treaty (1855)
• Marx’s Paris Manuscripts written in 1844 (found and published during Cold War era), the dialectic between
slave v master (i.e. in Kojève, 1969)
• Marx’s Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867)
• Woodrow Wilson’s The Study of Administration published in 1887, advocated to seek the public administration
knowledge from France and Germany, but must breath American air. (And where did France and Germany import the
knowledge then?)
• Weber’s Rationality of Bureaucracy Published in 1921 (Trans 1930s/1946): — ’ฝึกปรือจน ตรรกะเข้าที่เข้าทางที่สุด
แล้ว’ [rationasten Ausbildung]
• (1) Bureaucracy = “Sine ira et studio” (i.e. Law Machine) + (2) Economy = power of money, Caput Mortuum of
the process on crafting bureaucracy

22. Weber’s Model
Vergesellschaftung Vergemeinschaftung
Homogeneous, empty time
(Law and Order, Stabilization)
Messianic time
(Morphogenesis)
Führer
Charismatic
Leader
Rule-
based
Leader
New
Bureaucratic
System
New
Economic
System
Amt(e) ; Behörde
+
Feudalism
Beamte (with or without Bürokratie)
+
Capitalism
New Crisis
“Rationality”

23. –Anonymous
“We are in the new paradigm shift (again)”

24. Cybernetic Governance and
The New Paradigm

25. NPM / NPA and then what’s next?
Public Sector v Private Sector (1992) East v West (2014)
เรื่องที่น่าศึกษาคือทำไม Bureaucracy ของ Soviet Union ถึงเอา crisis ไม่อยู่?
เวลาที่เกิดขึ้นพร้อม ๆ กับการสิ้นสุดสงครามเย็นและการก่อตัวของ Neoliberalism

26. Suggestion
• Focus on “Bureaucracy” not “Epistemology” (Ontology in itself?)
• [0] There was no Bureaucracy before…
• [1] Building “Rational” Bureaucracy —> [2] An Establishing of an
“Independent” Public Administration Epistemology —> [3] Cybernetic
Governance (Man and Machine)
• These are irreversible events
• Problems of The Contemporary Policy Implementation (i.e. Complexity of Joint Action)
• Problems of “VUCA” and several radical disruptions (need more efficiency in policy
design and implementation)

27. Characters of Cybernetic Governance
• Evidence-based Policy Making (EBPM) —> Efficiency & Optimality (i.e. Computational Social Science or ABM)
• [Machine Part] “Data alone is not evidence” (but we need “data” anyway); The term “evidence”
means information produced as a result of statistical activities conducted for a statistical purpose.
(defined in US evidence law, H.R.4174 - Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018)
• [Human Part] Inclusiveness and Welfare Provider (to tackle with inequality)
• Continue carrying another value judgement dispute, existing debate (i.e. Simon/Waldo debate) will
be settled with optimality (synthesized between logical positivism, postpositivism and complexity
science), next with “ontological dispute” (i.e. between analytic philosophy vs continental philosophy)
• Evidence-based Registries and Clearinghouses (Pool/Data lake)
• Differentiable Programming & Digital Services
• New Social Trust Mechanism; Zhang’s |QAB> (2018)
(แก้ยากในขณะนี้ จนกว่าจะ resolve neuroscience)

28. • Diagram: https://github.com/sikkha/CyberneticGovernance/blob/main/Image/imgNewBureau.png
• Code: https://github.com/sikkha/CyberneticGovernance/blob/main/Code/NewBureau.dot

29. สรุปส่งท้าย
(แก้ยากในขณะนี้)

30. Q&A?
END
GSPA
NIDA
การประชุมวิชาการระดับชาติครั้งที่ 13
สมาคมรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์แห่งประเทศไทย
ร่วมกับสาขาวิชารัฐประศาสนศาสตร์มหาวิทยาลัยนครพนม
พลวัตรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์: ปัญหา โอกาส และความท้าทาย
Dynamics of Public Administration: Problems, Prospects, and Challenges
24-25 พฤศจิกายน 2564