history,introduction,classification,general information of surgical instrument and sterlization

1. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
SUBHAM KUMAR VISHWAKARMA
4th YEAR
B.PHARMACY
SIRTS-PHARMACY BHOPAL

2. History
In the Antiquity, surgeons and
physicians in Greece and
Rome developed many
ingenious instruments
manufactured from bronze,
iron and silver, such as
scalpels, lancets, curettes,
tweezers, speculae, trephines,
forceps, probes, dilators,
tubes, surgical knifes, etc.
They are still very well
preserved in several medical
museums around the world.

3. Historically, the development of a surgical instrument follows:
The surgeon uses a common tool and/or adapts it for use in an
operation. Some ancient sources of such tools are weapons,
butcher's tools, carpenter's, leather worker's and metal worker's
implements. (This process still continues, with tools coming out
of automobile shops, aerospace workplaces, kitchens, etc.)
Knowledge of surgical instruments is very essential for any
pharmacist working in a hospital. They are meant for surgical
purposes. It includes wide variety of surgical's and the
pharmacist is expected to handle the surgical instruments at the
drug stores or in a hospital.

4. surgical instrument are tools or devices that perform such
functions as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding,
retracting, or suturing. Most surgical instruments are made
from stainless. Other metals and alloys, including titanium
and vitallium, are also used.
Tools or devices that perform such functions as cutting,
dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, or suturing.

5. There are several classes of surgical instruments:
 Graspers, especially tweezers and forceps
 Clamps and occluders for blood vessels and other organs
 Retractors, used to spread open skin, ribs and other tissue
 Distractors, positioners and stereotactic devices
 Mechanical cutters (scalpels, lancets, drill bits, rasps, trocars,
etc.)
 Dilators and speculae, for access to narrow passages or
incisions
 Suction tips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids
 Irrigation and injection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing
fluid

6.  Powered devices, such as drills, dermatomes
 Scopes and probes, including fiber optic endoscopes and
tactile probes
 Carriers and appliers for optical, electronic and mechanical
devices
 Measurement devices, such as rulers and calipers

7. Instruments are classified by their function
 Cutting & Dissecting
 Grasping & Holding
 Clamping & Occluding
 Exposing & Retracting
 Suturing & Stapling
 Viewing
 Suctioning
 Dilating & Probing
 Measuring
 Micro instruments
 Powered instruments

9. Sterlization
Removal/freedom from vegetative form as
well as spores is k/as Sterlization.
Theoratically, It is said that it gives
absolute/complete freedom from vegetative
form as well as spores of all viable microbes
which can only be assayed or studies by using
Microbial death kinetics.
D value
Z value

10. Method of Sterlization
1
• Physical method
2
• Chemical method
3
• Mechanical method

11. Methods for Sterilizing Medical
Equipment
1. Steam Sterilization
2. Dry Heat Sterilization
3. Chemical Sterilization
4. Plasma Gas Sterilizers

12.  Cleaning: Cleaning must always come before high-level
sterilization or disinfection.
 Disinfecting: This is the second step and can involve using
liquid chemicals are used to kill non-spore forming bacteria.
 Sterilizing: You can employ several methods of sterilization
to kill disease-causing microorganisms and eradicate
transmissible agents, like bacteria and spores.

13. Knife handle Blade Scissors

14. Forceps

15. Retractor

16. Suturing

17. Stapling