hospital instruments and their health accessories in detail

1. HOSPITAL INSTRUMENTS AND
HEALTH ACCESSORIES

2. • Hospital instruments are classified into 3 categories:
1. Diagnostic instruments
2. Therapeutic instruments
3. Operative instruments
 DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
a) Optical instruments
b) CT scan
c) Biopsies

3. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
i. LARYNGOSCOPIC AND PHARYNGOSCOPIC: used in direct examination
of larynx . Used by anaesthetists for intubation.
ii. BRONCHOSCOPE: used for direct visualization of the trachea and
bronchial tree. Used for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes.

4. iii. MEDIASTINOSCOPE: used in biopsy of superior mediastinal lymph
nodes which involves in bronchial carcinoma.
iv. GASTROINTESTIONAL ENDOSCOPY:
 OESOPHAGOSCOPE: used in treatment of oesophagus. It is 45cm long
and 16 – 20 mm in diameter.

5.  CHOLEDOCHOSCOPE: Used for visualization of common and hepatic bile
ducts through choledochotomy. It improves diagnostic accuracy of bile
duct expolartation.
 LAPROSCOPE: used by Gynecologists for examination of pelvis and
therapeutic purposes. It consists of Automatic gas insufflator, verres
cannula, trochar and telescope with light source

6.  ARTHOSCOPE: Used in endoscopic examination of joints. It lowers risk of
infection and morbidity. It is used mostly in knee injuries.
 UROLOGICAL ENDOSCOPY: Used in the field of urology. It is less than
percutaneous nephroscopy. Used in visualization of renal pelvis.

7. CT SCAN:
 It provides information about tissue density in a thin section of tissue.
 It is based on assumption that measurement of x-rays passing through the
body may provide information on all tissues in the path of x-ray beam.

8. BIOPSIES:
 It is defined as examination of living tissue removed from the body.
1. Curette: It is scoop-like instrument used to scarp off material or tissue.

9. 2. Needle Biopsy: Most used technique in biopsy due to its simplicity and
speed. It can be performed under local anaesthesia with minimum
facilities and minimum trauma.
3. Biopsy Punch Forceps: Used to remove a piece of tissue by occlusion of
two cupped jaws. These are suitable for mucosal biopsies.

10. II. THERAPEUTIC INSTRUMENTS:
a. Equipments for Sterilization:
i) Autoclave
ii) Hot air oven
iii) Chemical sterilizer
b. Surgical Suture:
1. Catgut: It is absorbable material. It is made from the strips of sheep gut
submucosa which is subjected to mechanical cleaning and final product
consists of pure collagen then they are twisted and chromed.
2. Silk
3. Cotton
4. Linen
5. Nylon

11. c. Surgical Gloves
d. Equipments for drains and splints
1. Gastric and intestinal tubes:
 They are passed into the stomach or even beyond for decompression,
sampling or delivery of drugs or food. Eg: Gastric lavage tube, Ryle’s tube,
miller abbott tube.

12. 2. Abdominal and chest drains:
 Used to prevent fluid collection within the abdominal cavity.
 Drainage of fluid from pleural cavity and to avoid the obliteration of
cavities.
 Drains used following thoroacic surgery are simply plastic or rubber
tubes with or without side holes in the intrapleural portion of the drain.

13. 3. Urological Catheters:
 These are used to decompress or splint any part of urinary system.
 The Foley catheter is a plastic two-lumen tube with an integral inflatable
balloon. It is suitable for long term use.
 The curved catheters are called Coude and are specifically designed to
pass the prostatic urethra distorted by prostatic enlargement.

14. 4. Endotracheal Tubes and Tracheostomy tubes:
 These tubes are used for relief of upper respiratory obstruction.
 Used for ventilation of lungs and for anaesthesia purpose.

15. e) LASER:
 L – light A – Amplification by S – Stimulated E – Emission of R – Radiation.
• Power is derived from a beam of light of uniform wavelength which on contact
with an absorptive surface liberates heat.
• Tissues exposed to this light beam coagulate or are evaporated.
• The effect depends on its spectrum, energy and tissue absorption.
• There are three types of lasers used, namely Carbon dioxide, argon and
neodymium YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet).
• CO2 laser uses mixture of CO2 and nitrogen here active medium is CO2 and
nitrogen acts to transfer energy .
• Argon laser uses Argon gas as active medium and electric current as pump.
• Neodymium YAG laser is a solid state laser which uses a krypton or xenon
lamp.

16. f) Lithotripsy:
 It is the technique used to disintegrate urinary stone by a laser beam.
 The basic principle is generation of shock waves which are directed to
the stone by means of two image intensifier cameras.
 Shock waves are produced by an underwater spark discharge between
two electrodes situated in an ellipsoidal reflector.

17.  This technique is non – invasive and does not cause any organ damage.
g) Tourniquet:
 It is an elastic band which is in daily use in all hospitals.
 Used for Venepuncture or insertion of peripheral venous cannulae.
 It is mainly used for controlling haemorrhage.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Pressure exerted is very localised.
• Inaccurate pressure is exerted.
 To overcome this we have another
method called KIDDE STANDARD
PNEUMATIC TOURNIQUTE

18.  It is used mainly in limb surgery to stop blood for prolonged period of
time.
 It should be used with care.
 It should be used with regular release to prevent irreversibile ischaemia.
III) OPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS (SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS):
 The following instruments are used at the time of general surgery.
1. Scalpel: It is used in surgical operations. It is invariably used for incision
and dissection.

19. 2. SCISSORS: Most surgical scissors are dissecting scissors and have
chamfered ends.
• Cutting takes place at the moving point of contact between the edges of
two blades.
• There are different types of scissors:
1. Mayo’s scissors: It is the most popular among short scissors

20. 2. Mclndoe Scissors: This scissors is of intermediate length 7 inch long and
curved.
LONG SCISSORS:
a. NELSON SCISSORS: It has a shorter and thinner blade. It is designed for
thoracic surgery. In case of pelvic surgery, the tough ligaments and
pedicles need to be cut and this requires strong scissors with blunt edges.

21. Lloyd Davis Rectal Scissors Abel Scissor
3. Dissecting Forceps with teeth:
• Used for holding skin, muscle etc., during suturing eg: Lane’s dissecting
forceps and Adson dissecting forceps without teeth.

22. 4. Cutter:
• Used in cutting bone’s ligaments and tendons Eg: LISTONE BONE
CUTTING FORCEPS.
5. Needle holder: Used in holding the needle. Eg: Mayo-Hegar needle
holder.

23. 6. Kocher’s Artery Forceps: Used to pickup retracting blood vessels in the
fibrous tissue.
7. Allis Tissue Forceps: Used for holding the bowel at the time of
anastomosis.

24. 8. Lane’s Tissue Forceps: Used in holding tissues. Holes in the blade helps in
bulging of tissue and thereby giving better grip and minimum damage to
the tissue.
9. Kocher’s Intestinal Clamp: used to hold intestine

25. 10. Kochce’s Thyroid Dissector: Used for dissecting Thyroid during
operation.
HEALTH ACCESSORIES:
 Wide variety of health accessories are included in the hospital are
surgical supplies, hospital beds, wheel chairs, walkers, canes and
crutchers, hydraulic patient lifters, urology and incontinence supplies,
ostomy appliances, orthopedic braces and elastic supports.

26.  Many pharmacies also include the equipments such as suction machines,
oxygen therapy equipment, traction devices, phototherapy light and
rehabilitation equipment.
1. Hospital beds:
MANUALLY OPERATED ELECTRICALLY OPERATED

27. 2. Wheel chairs:
3. Walkers:

28. 4. Canes and Crutches:
 It helps in transfer of the weight of weak limbs.
 Helps in maintaining good balance while walking
 Crutches are of two types:
1. Forearm crutchers: provides support to forearm above the wrist.
2. Axillary crutchers: provides maximum support to both wrists and elbows

29. UROLOGY AND INCONTINENCE SUPPLIES:
• Containers employed to collect urine which are also called as URINALS.
• They differ in shape size and based on the gender too.
• Made up of plastic or white enamel ware.
• Male: Condom catheters
• Female : External catheters

30. OSTOMY APPLIANCES:
 It is surgical operation by which some part of intestine or urinary tract is
removed.
PHOTOTHERAPY: used in neonatal jaundice
RESPIRATORY THERAPY: used for relief of upper respiratory illnesses.