1. 1
Shudhanshu Agarwal
B.tech (EC-2011)
Roll no.-1101421102

2. 1. Introduction
2. Internetworking Models
3. Internet layer protocols
4. IP Addressing
5. Private IP addresses
6. Conclusion
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3.  Two main reasons for using Internet
Layer :
1. For routing
2. Providing a single network interface
to upper layer s
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4.  Protocols of Internet layer
1. Internet Protocol
2. Internet Control Message Protocol
3. Address Resolution Protocol
4. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
5. Proxy ARP
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5. In 1970s OSI Reference Model was
formed.
Helped the different vendor networks to
communicate.
Describes data and information transfer
from one to another computer.
The OSI has seven layers ,divided into
two groups :
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6. 1. The upper layers :
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7. 2. The lower layers :
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8. Looks at each packets address.
Helps in identifying the devices.
Receives segments from host-to-host
layer and fragments them into
datagrams .
The IP Header gives the idea of what
the IP protocol has to go through.
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10. It is a management protocol and
message service provider for IP.
Its packets :
1. Can provide host with information
about network problems.
2. Are encapsulated within IP
datagrams.
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12. Finds the hardware address of a host
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13. Requests for an IP address for a
particular MAC address :
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14. Help machines on a subnet reach
remote subnets without configuring
routing or even a default gateway.
It can be added to a single router
without disturbing the routing tables
of the other routers.
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15. It is a software address.
It was designed to allow hosts on one
network to communicate with the host on
different network.
It consists of 32 bits of information and
these bits are divided into four equal
octets separated by a dot.
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16.  Bit
 Byte
 Octet
 Network Address
 Broadcast Address
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17. Network address : It uniquely
identifies each network.
Node address : It uniquely identifies
each machine on a network.
The designers of Internet created
classes of network based on the
network size.
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18. The various classes of networks are :
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19. Here the first bit of the first byte must
be off, or 0.
Address must be between 0 and 127.
Consider the following network
address:
0 x x x x x x x
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20. If we turn the other 7 bits all off and
then turn them all on ,we’ll find the
range of class A network address:
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
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21. Here the first bit of the first byte
must always be turned on but the
second bit must always be turned off.
Address must be between 128 and
191.
Consider the following network
address:
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22. 1 0 x x x x x x
If we turn the other six bits all off and
then turn them all on ,we’ll find the
range of class B network address:
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
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23. Here the first two bits of the first
octet are always turned on but the
third bit can never be on.
Address must be between 192 and
223.
Consider the following network
address:
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24. 1 1 0 x x x x x
If we turn on other five bits all off and
then turn them all on, we’ll find the
range of class C network address.
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223
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25. The addresses between 224 and 255
are reserved for class D and E
networks.
Class D(224-239) is used for multicast
addresses .
Class E (240-225) is use for scientific
purposes.
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28. First byte : network address.
Remaining bytes : node address.
Format is:
network.node.node.node
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29. First two bytes : network address.
Remaining two bytes : node address.
Format is
network.network.node.node
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30. first 3 bytes : network address.
Last byte : node address.
Format is:
network.network.network.node
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31. It is used on private network.
It saves IP.
It uses Network Address Translation
to accomplish the task.
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33. Overview of OSI reference model
About IP ,ICMP, ARP, RARP,
Proxy ARP
use of Class A ,B and C Addressing
Importance of Private IP Address.
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