Compass Jellyfish Research Paper

Compass Jellyfish Research Paper
The Compass Jellyfish is also called Chrysaora hysoscella which actually isn't a fish, it is a type of
plankton. It is just under 100% water, this jellyfish does not have a heart, brain, bones, or blood. Its
kingdom is animalia, phylum is cnidaria, class is scyphozoa, order is semaeostomeae, family is
pelagiidae, and its genius is chrysaora. The compass jellyfish lives in cold or temperate waters. This
Jellyfish lives in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean ocean, the northeast Atlantic ocean, and
coastal regions of South Africa. Also can be found near the United Kingdom and Turkey waters, but
mostly found in the Irish, Celtic, and North seas. They range between being 2m to 30m underwater
but it would be uncommon for them to go deeper than that. Adults can be seen just under the surface
of the water but when the current picks up, they dive deeper and can be find near the seabed. On the
UK coast you can mostly see them between the months of July through October.
This jellyfish has a yellowish/white, circular/saucer shaped bell. On the top part of the bell, there is
a dark circle with surrounding brown, u–shaped marks. Although most of the time they do, they
don't always have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for compass jelly fish to catch their prey they must catch it with their tentacles. They sting
the prey and then use their tentacles/arms to pull it into its mouth. Its tentacles can be extended and
also pulled back in. The compass jellyfish can give a painful sting and if you were to be stung, you
should wash the wound in salt water and try to find vinegar. If you do not have vinegar, peeing on it
will help the least. Vinegar takes the toxins of the sting out which will help release the pain the
wound is causing. The jellyfish also disposes of its wastes throughout the same place the food goes
in. When the jellyfish eats it must wait till it disposes of its wastes before it can catch its prey and
eat
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Personal Narrative: New Orleans
New Orleans
Over a recent long weekend, I went to New Orleans, Louisiana with my best friend Sylvie. It was
amazing to see what a different place New Orleans was, then the peaceful calm, Boulder Co. Day 1
In New Orleans we went to Cafe Du Monde, one of the most famous places to go while in New
Orleans. On that day, I ate 6 beignets. After that we went back to where we were staying, an original
part of the French Quarter, almost 300 years old. In the back of the house, we saw the slave quarters,
an untouched piece of history. The next day was Easter. Although no one in our small group was
religious, we went to the oldest all black church in the USA, The Saint Augustine. It was very
interesting to be inside such an old Catholic Church. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took grandpa down to the lake knowing it would be one of his last time's looking over the lake.
He had a cup of water that he was drinking. I was sitting in front of him, enjoying the sun starting to
set. As I watched the sun sink below the lake, I felt a splash of cold hit me. I turned around and saw
a huge smile on my grandpa's face. He was holding the now empty cup in the air laughing. As
everyone had realized what had happened he said, "Gotcha!"
We were all taken back that he had that much left in him.
It was a new day. I had spent it exploring the parts of the backyard that I hadn't seen before. My
sister, Tia and I were eating the crab apples and currants. Our dog, Lacey was following us around.
Soon my uncle arrived back at the house. He offered to take us around the property in an ATV. We
blissfully agreed and hopped on the back of the ATV. Our dog followed us up the mountain, but
something caught her eye. She ran down after it. We didn't think anything of it and kept on the ATV.
After we were done on the ATV, Tia and I started to get worried about Lacey. We looked around for
her and started to see something moving through the tall verdure. My sister ran over and saw my

Tetanospasmin Research Paper
1. The deadliest neurotoxin I can find on the web is Tetanospasmin (other than botulinum which I
already have learned about). I believe this is the deadliest toxin because it says that an ant weighs
1500 times more than the dose needed to kill an adult human. Two hundred nanograms is considered
lethal, and that is a VERY small number. Tetanospasmin causes muscle spasms when it is found
inside the body within the nervous system and it is produced by a bacterium called Clostridium
Tetani. The reason it is deadly is because it binds to neurons permanently, and when it is bound it
stops the neurotransmitters from being released from the neuron. A dose of Tetanospasmin is able to
stop a neuron from releasing a neurotransmitter because it damages

Jenna Uzdarwin. 1/30/17. Animal Harm By Pollution: Jenna
Jenna Uzdarwin
1/30/17
Animal Harm by Pollution: Jenna (Sea/Land Animals)
It is known today that 60% of the plastics being dumped into bodies of water get ingested by
animals in the oceans (Center for Biological Diversity,
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/). Humans use plastics everyday, but
what we don't realize is that after recycling our bottles, they end up being dumped into our oceans
where ocean life mistakes a plastic bag for a jelly fish. Today plastics can be one of the main causes
of intestinal blockage which ends up clogging the animal 's stomach, not allowing them to digest
any kinds of food eventually dying off (Macklin, 2015). Although there is no way that all
researchers will be able to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conserve–energy–future.com. 2017. Conserve Energy Future, Inc. 13 January, 2017.
http://www.conserve–energy–future.com/causes–effects–solutions–of–plastic–pollution.php
Macklin, Malorie. 2015. One Green Planet Co. 19 August, 2015
http://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/ways–plastic–pollution–impacts–animals–on–land/
Chemical compounds that are commonly heard of today such as BPA (bisphenol A) is a toxic
compound found mostly in plastics and then are dumped into oceans that begin to poison our waters
where humans, but mostly animals drink and ingest through the nose. (Barry, 2009). Another toxic
chemical such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) can be harmful to animals on land and in sea can leak
from plastic water bottles. This intoxicates the water where animals drink and swim, causing them
to grow ill and maybe even die. (Breast Cancer Fund, http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear–
science/environmental–breast–cancer–links/plastics/?referrer=https://www.google.com/) By
eliminating much of the plastics consumption that ends up in the oceans, we will prevent animals
and humans also from being affected by the harmful chemicals being produced.
Barry. Carolyn. 2009. National Geographic Co. 20 August, 2009
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090820–plastic–decomposes–oceans–seas.html

Helmet Jellyfish Research Paper
Kiersten Swarts
Mrs. Walser
Bio II
8/30/15
Periphylla Periphylla: Helmet Jellyfish
The helmet jellyfish, scientifically known as periphylla periphylla has many interesting features and
many unique facts about it. When just looking at it, it resembles many jellyfish, the bell is different
from a regular jellyfish though. It has a life cycle that contains fourteen stages that explain how it is
formed and how it develops. Not much is known about this creature when it comes to reproduction
and its behavior. Just like many other species, food, temperature, and other geographical features
affect where it reproduces, lives and where it stays most of its lifetime. Even though a lot of things
are unknown about this species, we do know that it has a fairly long lifespan considering all the
deadly things they encounter. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are fairly big, on average about twenty centimeters long and up to thirty five centimeters in
diameter. Tentacles help when they need to move around in the water. These species of jellyfish are
usually found in the South Georgia Islands and Antarctica but are not found in areas like the Arctic
Ocean. Even though they tend to stay in these regions, where they move depends on the movement
of their prey and how conditions are in their current location. When they are forced to move they
use their tentacles and also their coronal groove which gives them the flexibility to move around
faster by the pulsations of the deltoid muscles in the bell (Sornes, 2008). These jellyfish tend to stay
deep in the water and avoid the surface unless they are trying to mate. They also move towards the
surface when it's night time because the sun is not a danger to them. The sun is a major threat to
how they live and could kill them if they get direct sunlight for a long period of

Summary: Box Jellyfish Stings
Introduction
Jellyfish stings are a major and increasing problem in Australia and require prompt medical
treatment to prevent extensive injury or death (1). There are many methods to the treatment of Box
Jellyfish envenomation in Australia; from sea water and ice, to vinegar and urine (1). Therefore, it is
vital to remain relevant with current research and literature on the best treatment of this
controversial topic, to ensure patients are receiving the best possible care. This paper will include a
reflective paper on current literature pertaining to the topic and the practicality of interventions and
methods of management in the out–of–hospital setting. Furthermore, utilising this information, a
critique of current local clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and Justifications and recommendations
for amendments will be made.
Literature Review
In Australia, Box Jellyfish are found in Northern tropical waters (2). Stings from the Box Jellyfish
are most common in summer months, however, can occur all year round, typically close to the shore
line (2). The contact marks from a Box Jellyfish typically present in a ladder pattern and cause
intense pain (3). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, other resources, such as mobile doctors may be available to prevent the patient from
requiring hospital admission (17). Furthermore, certain approaches to pain relief, such as warm
running water and cold packs, are not always readily available to paramedics. Thus implementing
these procedures as a necessary part of paramedic practice would not prove practical. However,
paramedics should be aware of the different approaches to relieving pain for these patients and be
further aware that if the resources are available, they should be utilised in order to provide as much
relief as possible to the suffering

Causes Of Mass Extinction
Throughout the history of earth there have been five mass extinction events that have wiped out
most life on earth. To go into detail the first mass extinction event happened over 439 million years
ago due to glaciation and falling sea levels were around 86% of the life on earth was wiped out. The
second happened around 364 million years ago killing around 75% of species. Giant plants were
presumed responsible for this event because of their deep roots that released nutrients into the ocean
which, resulted in mass amounts of algal bloom that depleted the seas of oxygen. The worst mass
extinction occurred 251 million years ago, during the Permian – Triassic period that wiped out
around 96% of species. A gigantic volcanic eruption filled the air with carbon dioxide which fed
different kinds of bacteria that began emitting large amounts of methane. As a result the earth
warmed up and the oceans became acidic. Afterwards the Triassic – Jurassic extinction happened
between 199 million and 214 million years ago. The cause of this extinction is thought to be an
asteroid impact, climate change, and flood basalt eruptions. During this period dinosaurs came the
rule over most of the earth. Finally, the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction happened around 65
million years ago. A combination of volcanic activity, climate change, and asteroid impact
effectively ended 76% of life on earth including the dinosaurs. And through these mass extinctions
there has been few who have lived through

The plague of the oceans has come back from the dead and...
The plague of the oceans has come back from the dead and is not showing mercy. With all the
pollution being brought on by human life, water is being contaminated which is causing some
substances to rise in population and is sickening al who come in contact with the poisonous
substance. Imagine just doing your job when you come in contact with the poisonous elements also
known as Lyngbya majuscula, or fireweed. Your skin breaks out in blisters and welts and no matter
how much you try it doesn't stop neither does the burning sensation that comes with it. You go to
shake this off your fishing nets only to have trouble breathing as the substance fills the air making
your throat close. Well this is what is happening to the fishermen of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also the destruction of wetlands and overfishing have played a big role in letting this substance get
out of hand. With overfishing and the destruction of wetlands competing organisms that usually
keep the element from getting out of hand, are dying. And with less and less organisms to keep it in
check the growth only becomes faster. The effects of this are not only found in Morenton Bay,
Australia, but worldwide. During Swedish summers strands of the crynobacteria wash up on shore
as a yellow–ish substance. Dead fish pop out along the coast and if the locals get near it, their eyes
burn and they can't breathe. On the southern coast of Mauii in Hawaii the high tide brings in green
algae so foul smelling that condominium owners hired tractor drivers to scrape it off the beach each
morning because of the smell. On the Gulf Coast of Florida residents complain that harmful algae
blooms are longer lasting, more frequent and bigger. This is killing off many sea mammals and is
flooding the Florida emergency rooms with patients suffering from repertory diseases. North of
Venice, Italy, a sticky mixture of algae and bacteria collects on the Adriatic Sea in spring and
summer. This white mucus washes ashore, fouling beaches, or congeals into submerged blobs, some
bigger than a person. On the Spanish coast jellyfish have become so large that special nets have to
be strung to protect

How Jellyfish Affect The Ecosystem
Jellyfish can be seen in freshwater and saltwater inhabiting everywhere it goes. Some may see
jellyfish depicted in media such as the television show "SpongeBob SquarePants" as a fun
recreational sport of catching Jellyfish in butterfly nets. Though most may recognize the creatures as
your worse nightmare on a beach and avoiding getting stung by them. However, researchers and
explorers have found effects that jellyfish have on impacting the ecosystem and life style of others.
These findings have shown a divide between the benefits and negative outcomes they have.
Researchers discover an overgrowing size and population in jellyfish. Lindsey Bloomberg, it
discusses how jellyfish are affecting the ecosystem by showing research discussing the 2010 report
by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) based on ocean acidification stating there is
an "increased jellyfish numbers and changes in fish abundance," which is from pollution,
overfishing and rising carbon dioxide. Due to their low oxygen intake they can survive anywhere
from predator–free waters to algae–choked expanses. "Thicker masses of floating jellyfish will
consume large volumes of fish eggs and larvae, preventing fish populations from rebounding,"
states Lucas Brotz of the University of British Columbia Fisheries Center, which shows the
population of jellyfish are taking over an already stressed ecosystem and dominating it even more.
To further jellyfish taking over an ecosystem is discussed by Oren Liebermann

Marine Ecosystems : The Factors That Make Up The Environment
Marine ecosystems are shaped by the abiotic factors that make up the environment. Water
temperature, amount of dissolved oxygen, and pH determines the biota that may live in it (Walther,
2002). In recent years, empirical evidence has shown that the average global air and sea surface
temperatures are increasing in most places around the world. As local climate changes, the
organisms in the ecosystems change and adapt. This can alter the physiological functioning,
behavior, spatial range, and abundance of populations (Walther, 2002). Some of the greatest
indicators of these changes are gelatinous zooplankton, such as jellyfish and ctenophores. With their
quick generational time they quickly show how a changing environment can affect an organism.
When conditions are right, jellyfish populations can undergo a rapid increase in abundance in an
event called a "jellyfish bloom". While these are usually indicators of a healthy pelagic ecosystem,
they have been increasing in frequency over the last century. These blooms can have large negative
impacts on fisheries, coastal communities, and on pelagic ecosystems. This paper will review the
current literature surrounding environmental changes that are impacting jellyfish and how these
organisms are reacting/adapting to these impacts. This includes a changing range of habitats, issues
related to ocean acidification, and physiological changes to the organism. Most of the information in
this paper will draw from published scientific

Spongebob Vs. Squidward Tentacles
Nickelodeon's "Spongebob Squarepants" has two main characters, Spongebob (of course) and
Squidward Tentacles. The two have some similarities but many difference between each other. Even
though they both live under the sea and next neighbors, it's clear that they are two different
characters.
One obvious difference between Mr. Tentacles and Squarepants is their appearance. For one,
Spongebob is a yellow sponge where Squidward is, well a gray squid. Spongebob has only four
limbs and Squidward has eight. One is a long, lanky character and the other is more of a short,
stubby individual. It's clear when you look at Spongebob, you see his white shirt, brown box pants,
red tie, white tube socks and black shoes. On the other hand, Squidward only ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Spongebob is a joyful character that loves life itself. Squidward just seems to mope and complain
bout everything. You can see how much Spongebob loves Squidward but he always knows to shut
Spongebob out of life. Squidward is more of a matured character because he doesn't goof around
like Spongebob does with his best friend, Patrick. Kind of explains why Squidward is continuously
yelling at him and telling him to grow up.
Spongebob and Squidward (like their personalities) have interest in absolutely two different things.
For example, Spongebob loves his job work as a fry cook as compared to Squidward, who hates the
fact that he even works as a cashier for Mr. Krabs. Spongebob loves to go jellyfishing with Patrick
while Squidward enjoy staying in his house to play his clarinet, Claire. When it comes to food,
Spongebob's favorite food is the Krabby Patty and jelly from jellyfish. Squidward's taste buds are
completely different because he likes the taste of bread in a can.
There are a couple of similarities that Spongebob and Squidward share when you see the two on tv.
Both characters work for Mr. Eugene Krabs, himself. Even though, Squidward hates being around
Spongebob, that's his next

Wasp Box Jellyfish Research Paper
Australian Box jellies are highly advanced among jellyfish. They have developed the ability to
move rather than just drift, jetting at up to four knots through the water. They also have eyes
grouped in clusters of six on the four sides of their bell. There are a number of species of box
jellyfish, but they are all quite dangerous. The sea wasp box jellyfish is perhaps the most deadly
variety. Up to 15 tentacles grow from each corner of the bell and can reach 10 feet (3 meters) in
length. Each tentacle has about 5,000 stinging cells, which are triggered not by touch but by the
presence of a chemical on the outer layer of its prey about 5,000 stinging cells, which are triggered
not by touch but by the presence of a chemical on the outer layer

Gorgonia Research Paper
The class of Gorgonia falls under the Kingdom Animalia and Phylum Cnidaria. Life starts for a
Gorgonia when a larvae settles on hard surface in the ocean and begins to grow in a polyp. Polyps
grow on other polyps indefinitely, which in the end creates the various shapes of a Gorgonia body.
Gorgonias are asexual, so they reproduce by the means of fragmentation/cloning. These creatures do
not have a reputation for living long. They are short lived and typically do not die of old age; they
die from chemical imbalances, growing too big and detaching, and tumors. Gorgonias are sessile,
meaning they do not move from the one place that they are attached. These creatures are notorious
for their fan–like shape. Because of the way it grows, the Gorgonia is asymmetric, meaning they do
not have identical body alignment on either side. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some Gorgonia can be found near tropic or subtropic shores; this helps them more easily feed with
the stronger currents and pull of the waves. Gorgonia have a symbiotic relationship with certain
algae to help with having a more ideal consumption rate of plankton, their main food source. In this
symbiotic relationship, the algae benefits from getting a stable home by attaching to the Gorgonia
rather than free–floating in the ocean while the Gorgonia benefit from getting an extra "boost" from
the algae. The algae goes through photosynthesis so it gives energy and oxygen to the Gorgonia.
The algae also draws more plankton to the Gorgonia. Although the Gorgonia looks like a plant, it is
indeed an animal and digests and uses food just as any other animal. This creature's way of
defending its body from attacks is by chemical defense, which wards off any unwanted creature
causing it harm. Predators are typically

Sting-Site Analysis
Watch out before you dip those feet in the water! Next time you're on vacation in Hawaii or Alaska,
be cautious of the jellyfish that reside in these waters. The Alatina Alata and Chinorex fleckeri, most
commonly known as the Hawaiian and Australian Box Jellyfish, respectively, excrete one of the
most poisonous venoms when they sting. Several articles and websites post absurd remedies which
claim itself as a quick fix for this problem. In fact, it's a huge problem to be considered. Many
misleading articles may spread the word on methods of sting–site relief which may cause potentially
lethal consequences resulting from the collection of false, unsupported data.
Scientists Angel Yanagihara and Christie Wilcox conducted an experiment to determine the most
effective way to prevent further aggravation of a sting site; the scientific article is published in the
Journal Toxins. Before we touch on the subject of sting–site relief methods, I want ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Get ready to have those tweezers ready because plucking is found to be one of the most effective
methods of removing remaining tentacles from an affected sting–site. Not only does it prevent
further contact with other surrounding areas of skin, but because pressure–usually caused by
scraping with an object (e.g. credit card scraping is a method known to be popular among false
data)–can trigger a release of venom from the tentacles, plucking with tweezers proves to prevent
this occurrence. In an attempt to encourage increased effectiveness, apply heat. Application of heat
may be suggestive of accelerating the firing of venom, but quite the contrary, it reduces the activity
of the affected sting–site whereas cold significantly induced activity. Although, their experiment
concluded that it was ineffective for Australian Jellyfish because complete rupture of cells in the
sting–site occurred faster than the heat could prevent, so seek medical assistance as soon as possible
and pluck the tentacles until they

The Target Market For The Bioluminescent Jellyfish Daywear...
Target Market The target market for the Bioluminescent Jellyfish daywear dress collection is petite
fashion forward women within the ages of eighteen to thirty years old. The demographic includes
women from 'Generation Y'. The target market consists of women who are determined and
motivated workers, they buy clothing based on their need to have an identity and to fit in with their
peers (Dias, 2003). The target market is adept with computers and are savvy with new digital media,
therefore they use blogs and social media to interact with similar people (Valentine, 2013).
Generation Y are friendly, open–minded and intelligent (See Appendix A, Figure 1). When thinking
of themselves, they think they are one of the most unique generations ... Show more content on
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Generation Y trusts socially responsible companies over any other company. They are 79% more
likely to purchase from a socially responsible company and 74% are more likely to pay attention to
the company's message if it has dedication to a cause (C, 2006). The target market for Topshop lives
in Toronto, Ontario specifically in the Church–Yonge Corridor (see Appendix A, Figure 7). These
women live in apartments that are more than 5 storeys, however a small percentage lives in
apartments less than 5 storeys (see Appendix A, Figure 8). For Topshop's consumers aged twenty–
five to thirty, 82% have a postsecondary education, diploma or degree (see Appendix A, Figure 9).
Generation Y prefers stimulating work that offers variety in their daily work and opportunities for
advancement long–term career progression (Guillot–Soulez, 2014). 71% of Generation Y has either
a part–time or full–time job (see Appendix A, Figure 10), and they hold the highest percentage of
the labour force (see Appendix A, Figure 11). The average household income for Topshop's market
is $80,000 to $124,000 annually (see Appendix A, Figure 12). Topshop's base price for garments
range from $29.99 to $400.00. This income level allows the target market to spend within the range
of $70.00 to $250.00. Store The target market shops at Topshop because it is a fashion forward
brand that is socially responsible. Topshop is sparsely placed around Toronto making it an

The Helmet Jellyfish
Cnidaria are a various species, with type ranging from mobile jellyfishes to the static coral. The
Helmet jellyfish is a prime example the cnidarian species. Although it is a direct relation to other
organisms that are completely different in nature, it shares some defining characteristics The Helmet
Jellyfish is radially symmetrical, meaning they can be cut into equal part at any point through the
center. This means the Helmet Jellyfish has no back or front, nor a left or right side. This type of
symmetry is common to this species as they are an older and less developed group of creatures. The
Helmet Jellyfish moves as the typical jellyfish does, radial deltoid muscles in the gastric region
create pulsations contract their bodies and propel water out wards, thus pushing them forward. They
also partially rely on ocean currents to move them long distances. As for defending themselves, the
Helmet Jellyfish has a system of stinging cells on their tentacles that float behind them. These cells
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It had been previously conceived that jellyfish are not social by nature and just coexist in groups
called blooms. However by tracking the movements of their movements via sonar, marine biologist
Stein Kaartvedt has found that some jellyfish, around 10%, have begun to sync of with specificity
other jellyfish. Following their patterns and even hunting for food together in small groups of 2–3.
The data has shown that the jellies can recognize their partners from distances of 2 meters. It is not
yet known how they recognize each other for they only disturb water writhing a few centimeters of
themselves, so they cannot feel each other. They also do not follow their partners specific path so it
is admissible that they do not follow using scent or taste. Scientists believe is has something to do
with their light receptors being able to detect the light of other

Qing Dao Short Story
Once upon a time, a kind old fisherman lived with his daughter on an island. One day, the Dragon
King kidnapped the daughter and brought her to his palace. The poor fisherman stood by the ocean
calling out to the sea day by day, for years. It made the Dragon King angry so he cast a spell on him
causing the man to slowly turn into a rock. After the daughter heard what the Dragon King had
done, she escaped the palace and ran towards her father who has now turned into a rock. The ocean
breeze blew the flowers in her hair onto the island, making plants grow. When she is near Lao
mountain, the Dragon King put a spell on her too and turned her into a giant reef. From that day on,
the father and daughter can only look at each other from across the sea, unable to meet. This is the
story of Old Man Rock, one of the unique and beautiful sites in Qing Dao. On the east side of China
is a small peninsula called Qing Dao. Qing Dao is a beautiful place to live in because it has
wonderful beaches, an Under Sea World aquarium, and possesses many parks. First of all, Qing Dao
has wonderful beaches. The sand on the beaches glitter under the sun making it look golden and is
very soft. People take wedding photos there because the scenery is very beautiful and some people
ride on horses. The weather is mild which means that it isn't hot in the summer and cold in winter.
When walking deeper into the ocean, there are corals of orange, red, yellow, and green. Also, there
are booths that sell stuff

Box Jellyfish Research Paper
Abstract This research paper explores one of the most venomous creatures in the world, the box
jellyfish. This includes what they are, how the venom works, its life cycle, its common diet and its
habits, and also to find out why the combination of its venom, physiology, and feeding habits made
them dangerous to humans.
Introduction
Jellyfish are marine animals that has a gelatinous bell and tentacles, which can be used to capture
prey. It belongs to the phylum cnidaria, which generally has polyp and medusa stage in their life,
and has stinging organs called cnidocytes that contains another organ called nematocyst, which
contains venom. While most jellyfish are venomous, most of them are non–lethal to humans.
However, some jellyfish can produce venoms potent enough that it can kill a human. One such class
of jellyfish are the box jellyfish. There are a number of species of box jellyfish that can potentially
kill a human with its sting, however, there's no other species deadlier than Chironex fleckeri, which
is described as "the most lethal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is distinguished from other fellow jellyfish from the shape of its bell, which looks cubic, hence the
name box jellyfish. When someone talks about deadly box jellyfish, it is most likely that he/she
refers to a particular species of box jellyfish known as Chironex fleckeri, which is also known as sea
wasp. It has the most potent venom among box jellies or even among any other species known to
man. Chinorex fleckeri is the largest among all box jellyfish. The bell itself can grow up to 30
centimeters in diameter, and its tentacles may extend up to 3 meters in length. It has up to a total of
60 tentacles, with a cluster of up to 15 tentacles on each (bottom) corner of its cubic bell. This
species is almost transparent, making it even more dangerous, as it is difficult to notice its presence
in the water. (Fenner,

Box Jellyfish Research Paper
Nolan Hall
GW 140
20 February 2012
Box Jellyfish: Nothing Square About It For many people, water is a source of relaxation and
comfort, while others believe that it can be dangerous and deceiving, but often times people do not
look at what lives among it. Whether it is a body of fresh water, or a body of salt water, many
creatures lurk among the depths of seas, oceans, lakes, and rivers without gaining the attention of
human beings. With this, a plethora of sea creatures that tend to remain hidden can harm human
beings. People believe that sharks are the deadliest sea creature on the planet, however, this is a false
statement. Sharks are most known for their terrifying attacks on humans, but they lack the qualities
of a deadly creature. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the blue–ringed octopus, this animal can somewhat compare to a sea wasp when it comes to
staying hidden. The blue–ringed octopus can control its dermal cells, allowing it to camouflage
itself in the rocks and reefs throughout their respective oceans. Also, the size of the octopus helps its
case against box jellies, being that the blue–ringed octopus is no bigger than a golf ball (Barnett).
But this could hurt the octopus if it is looked at from another viewpoint; the size of the box jellyfish
and its tentacles are the reason that it is above the blue–ringed octopus in lethality. The length of the
box jellyfish allows it to inflict more damage, and release more venom than a blue–ringed octopus.
By looking at box jellies from this perspective, they are clearly more deadly than their fellow
dangerous sea creatures. With the possibilities of dying by way of cardiac arrest, heart failure,
drowning, and Irukandji Syndrome, box jellies have many ways to kill a human being. These
aquatic devils have been on record for killing people around the Australian area since 1884. In 2003,
a seven year–old boy swimming on an unprotected beach near Cairns, Australia, was stung by a sea
wasp. The boy immediately screamed in pain while his grandfather pulled him out of the water. But
before the boy could be administered the anti–venom, he went into cardiac arrest and died. This boy
became the sixty–eighth person since 1884

Cnidarians: The Evolution Of Biolumines
There are more than 11,000 species of Cnidarians and the diversity among them is striking as this
phylum includes organisms from corals to sea jellies (Pechenik 2009). This groups defining
characteristic is that all included have nematocysts or cnidae, which are very complex specialized
stinging cells (Technau & Steele 2011). Many species of both shallow and deep–sea Cnidarians
bioluminesce, with the exception of the family Cubozoa. This leaves the 3 families of Cnidarians:
hydrozoa, scyphozoa and anthozoa (Haddock et al. 2010). Bioluminescence has evolved multiple
times in different families of land and water species. The evolution of bioluminescence is difficult to
follow down evolutionary lines since no phyla is entirely luminous as this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Blue light is around 475 nm and is able to radiate the longest distance of any colour through the
open ocean (Widder 2010). Interestingly, the most sensitive wavelengths for detection by deep–sea
fish and shrimp is blue light wavelengths (Haddock & Case 1999). Green light, which has a
wavelength of around 510 nm, is said to be more commonly emitted by marine organisms residing
in turbid environments or those that have chlorophyll as it has a longer wavelength than blue light
and is does not attenuate by scatter as easily after short distances. These environments could be
shallow or benthic (Haddock & Case 1999; Widder 1010). Benthic environments include the ocean
floor and are at a lower depth than the pelagic zone. Coelenterazine is perfectly suited for
luminescence in the open ocean as it produces blue light at a maximum of 470–480 nm. The
emission of blue light by the bioluminescence reaction of this imidazolopyrazine luciferin is almost
wholly based on its own structure with subtle sway by the luciferase reactant (Rees et al.

Cone Snail Research Paper
Creature Feature: Cone Snail
A tropical ocean dweller, the cone snail may seem harmless at first glance. Do not be fooled by its
iridescent shell and geometrically patterned exterior – the cone snail is hypothesized to have the
potential of killing up to 700 humans with its venom. 1 Not only are its toxins an apt example of
antipredatory defense mechanism, the cone snail also forages with its loaded harpoon, ready to
shoot and kill before enjoying a scrumptious meal.
Based on molecular phylogeny, or genetic data, there are 329 described species of cone snails under
the family Conidae. 2 Compared to the mainly herbivorous land snails, these marine cone snails are
extremely carnivorous. In fact, it is likely that their colorfully decorated shells, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to fulfill its carnal hunger, the cone snail performs a deliberate task to munch on its next
meal. Firstly, it surveys the surroundings with its proboscis, a sensory tubular mouth part.
At this moment, the cone snail is actually concealed under mounds of sand so as not to alert its
potential prey. Seeing a possible snack, the cone snail will gently extend its modified radula tooth,
which looks like a harpoon, toward its prey. Though snails are thought to be slow, its harpoon shoots
at lightning speed, contradicting this stereotype. The venom kills most prey almost instantly, and the
cone snail is seen drawing the victim in with its radula tooth. Some cone snails even eat other cone
snails!
If you would like to see the killer cone snail in action, check out this video:
https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest–cone–snail Closely related to the optimal
foraging behavior, 3 cone snails are actually quite discriminating when it comes to their food
preferences. Snails of different lineages have specific type of prey depending on patterns of
behavior, biochemical agents (toxins) that facilitate prey capture, and the combinations of these
toxins present. 4 One study discovered that starved cone snails

Sea Creatures Categorized as Zooplankton, Nekton, and...
There are many different creatures in the ocean. They are categorized into 3 different groups that are
Zooplankton, Nekton, and Benthos. In the ocean the zooplankton eat phytoplanktons. Zooplankton
are eaten by all of the larger animals. Phytoplankton self reproduce so they don't need to eat other
things. They create their own food. The Nekton eat the zooplankton because it is a smaller species
than the rest. Some of the most dangerous animals to both humans and other sea animals are
Leopard Seals. Leopard Seals are the second largest species in the Antarctic. The Sea Leopard can
be found mainly in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is estimated to
live 26 years, some sea leopards live beyond 26 years of age. Leopard seals mainly eat other seals,
penguins, fish and krill.
The leopard seal is a big animal with a dark grey back and a white stomach. It was given the name
'leopard seal' because it has spots on its throat. Their front teeth are sharp and their teeth lock in a
way so they can kill easier and keep the other fish in it's mouth if it wasn't completely dead. The
leopard seal can usually be found in a pack. It spends most of the time in the water. Leopard seals
don't make much noise except a few grunts and it sometimes growls. A torpedo ray has a soft yet fat
and flabby body. It has loose skin and a muscular tail. They have electric organs that are shaped like
kidneys. They are pretty slow animals but they can cause a lot of harm.

Physalia Phsyalis: The Floating Terror
Few animals inspire such fear as Physalia Physalis, and because of this, it is aptly named "the
Floating Terror". This unique Cnidarian is easily mistakable for one of many jellyfish species.
However, it falls under the Siphonophorae order. There are only around one hundred species of
Siphonophore on the planet, most living deep within the ocean. Two of these strange creatures are a
part of the Physaliidae family: Physalia Utriculus and Physalia Physalis, the latter of which being
the focus of this paper. As a siphonophore, the Physalis, while appearing to be a single organism, is
actually made up of many highly specialized cell–like micro–organisms, called zooids, living
together in one group. These groups are known as "colonies". Colonial organisms may have
different specialized cells, like Homo Sapiens for example, but each of these cells can feasibly live
on its own as an independent zooid. This makes them incredibly unique but also hard to study and
understand. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dactylozooids form these tentacles that hang into the waters below at an average depth of 10 meters
and are used to ward off any predators, and capture any prey. Since dactylozooids can survive alone,
they become a real danger as deadly, toxic cnidocytes can wash ashore and injury or even kill
beachgoers. Physalis toxin is extremely potent because they must paralyze their prey instantly if
they are to have a chance to digest it. The tentacles are also pigmented blue as a camouflage in the
blue sea water. Young fish, eel, larvae or really any animal that passes through the tentacles is stung
and, if small enough, brought closer to the body for digestion. Digestion is a fairly simple process in
which the tentacles contract bringing whatever was captured closer to the gastrozooids that lie just
below the upper pneumatophores. Enzymes released by gastrozooids break down the food and
distribute energy throughout the body to all other

Essay on Organism Physiology
Organism Physiology
The course in which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed from earlier
forms during the history of the earth is defined as Evolution. Many time organisms evolve due to
environmental changes. To better understand evolution this paper will review a diagram of an
organism and explain how the organism has evolved physiologically to become suited to fit its
environment.
Organism
To understand the evolution of an organism it is important to understand facts about the organism.
The diagram illustrated below is a jellyfish. Jellyfish are located in the Artic Sea, the North Atlantic
and Northern Pacific Ocean. Jellyfish can grow as large as 120 feet long. Some jellyfish has
immortal properties and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes them rather inedible; however many creature do pray on them.
Jellyfish do not have specialized osmoregulatory, respiratory, digestive or circulatory systems. They
digest using the gastrovascular cavity; this is where nutrients are absorbed. Since their skin is thin
the body is oxygenated by diffusion and eliminates the need for a respiratory system. Since Jellyfish
are made of 90% water; most of their umbrella mass is gelatinous material. This jelly type material
is called mesoglea; which is surrounded by two lawyers of epithelial calls. This forms the
exumbrella, top surface, and the subunbrella, bottom surface, of the body. The jellyfish do not have
brains but instead they are made up of a network of loose nerves known as nerve net. The nerve net
is located in the epidermis. Jellyfish detect their stimuli by this nerve net. Once detected the nerve
net sends impulses throughout both the nerve net and throughout the circular nerve ring located at
the rim of the jellyfish's body.
Physiological Evolution of Jellyfish One way scientist can determine the evolution of an animal is
by studying the fossils of that particular animal. By studying these fossils they can determine the
changes over that particular time period. Since the jellyfish are such unique animal's scientist have
very little information pertaining to their evolution. This is in part because of the limited amount of
jellyfish fossils that are

The Cannonball Jellyfish : The Cannonball Jellyfish
Sierra Barrett
Research Paper
Kimberly Scubacz
Biology 1010
The Cannonball Jellyfish It is a sweltering summer day and you are at the beach with your closest
friends and family. It is now time for you to get some relief from the sun and hurdle into the cool,
salty water. You stand up on the float that you were floating on, leap into the air, bring your knees
towards your chest while wrapping your arms around your now balled up body and shout
"CANNONBALL!" at the top of your lungs. As you fall into the water, you feel something slimy
brush past your leg. Ironically, your stunt was not the only Cannonball that was going for a swim. In
fact, there are thousands of them. Stomolophus meleagris, more commonly known as the
Cannonball Jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Stomolophidae. The Cannonball Jellyfish
earned its name because of its resemblance to a cannonball. This fascinating creature is also less
officially known as a Cabbagehead Jellyfish – which also derives from its resemblance. The
Cannonball Jellyfish is a member of the Jellyfish family. A jellyfish is a marine invertebrate
belonging to the Schyphoan class of the Cnidaria phylum. A fully matured jellyfish possesses a
medusa body form, meaning that their body is shaped similarly to an umbrella or a bell. Given that
there are over 200 species of jellyfish, they all have unique shaped bodies. Though there are so
many distinct species of jellies, the Cannonball Jellyfish is by one of the most common

Jellyfish Theme Song
Poisonous 'Jellyfish' Man of War comes to U.S Soil
Let the Jaws theme song begin.
In recent news, several Portuguese Man of Wars were spotted off the shore of New Jersey, the
organism usually found in warmer waters equator region, usually as far north as Florida waters.
Although, it looks like a blue jellyfish, it is not.
Instead it is made of several organisms called a siphonophore
(http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/portuguese–man–of–war/) that work
together as a group to survive and happen to have tentacles just like a jelly fish. Only this also
happens to be very toxic and painful to get stung by. Unlike Jellyfish, these Man of Wars have no
way of thrust to move so they relieve heavily on the currents or winds ... Show more content on
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Although the venom for humans is very seldom a fatal wound, it will still deliver a painful than hell
wound even though it's dead, which sucks. The venom is there to help immobilize prey and kill it so
that the organism can feast upon the meal after all is said and done. Then the tentacles bring the
meal to the little bubble like head for the organism that make up the Man of War to feast upon.
Using caution around the Man of Wars.
Of course after the sightings of the invertebrates, New Jersey officials of the Poison Information and
Education System released a press release (http://www.njpies.org/PDFs/News–and–Events/Press–
Releases/2015/Portuguese–man–of–war–(July–2015).pdf) on the 1st of July warning people at the
beach to stay away from them. The reason being that in water, the tentacles may warp around your
body thereby ending up with several painful sting wounds and making it difficult for you to swim
back to shore.
Although the invasion seems like it an unlikely occurrence it actually is not and it is not the first
time the Man of Wars have been found drifting on shores and waters not native to their region in
warm waters. But also they usually travel in groups so this increases the risk for all the swimmers
and such in the water. Hence the press release with all the info on what to do when you encounter
the Man of

Swimming South Analysis
The documentary "Swimming South" which premiered on 29 January 2017, would have sent a
shock through many of the viewers of channel 9's weekly 60 minutes program. As it describes a
threat that could cost the Australian tourism industry billions and even have the potential to kill, it is
called the Irukandji jellyfish. Throughout the documentary 60 minutes has cleverly depicted the
jellyfish to be a lethal killer, to really gain the audiences focus while then informing viewers of the
damage this animal can do to not only us but to are whole economy. With various techniques being
used to the capture viewers' attention on the topic such as language, camera techniques and archival
footage combining well together to make a well presented and informative ... Show more content on
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Providing video footage of them both actually being stung by the Irukandji gives the realistic image
to the viewers. As with actual evidence and proof of the stings occurring it provides the viewers
with a more realistic feel of what this creature can actually do to us. As the immense pain being
shown by them, it creates a fear for the audience since this creature could be very likely swimming
alongside us in the water. The archival footage just adds to the whole documentaries persona of the
Irukandji being the bad guy and 60 minutes being the hero saving us. By continuing the bias side of
the documentary saying we even have proof of how deadly the jellyfish is. To cleverly hook the
audience to the one side of the topic they are being shown, being the Jellyfish is pure evil nothing
else. Not considering the fact that we are swimming in its home but this clearly portrays the
director's intent as well to only have the audience react due to the bad effects of this animal. To have
the audience think they have to do something about this and have them worried about this massive
threat to us and the tourism industry.
The documentary "Swimming south" combines a variety of specific techniques such as Camera
techniques, Narration and Archival footage to effectively position the audience to be against this
threat.

Descriptive Essay On The Beach
Jellyfish Attack Water right by the edge of the shore. Waves crashing at my feet. Beautiful weather
with a big shining sun. And I'm standing there taking it all in. But it all vanishes and then all the
noise comes back, as my cousin, Josie calls over. "Come on Peyton!. You're taking forever!" She
yells in groaning voice. I'm guessing she was excited to look for sand dollars and other stuff like
that, but she completely ruined my moment... my beautiful beach moment, and who knows the next
time I go to the beach. She turns around and dives through the waves to get to the first sandbank, I
then follow her in, jumping over waves, well at least trying to jump over the waves. "Coming just
hold o..." I say right as a wave pushes me over and then gives me a mouthful of salty sea water.
SPLASH! "On" After spitting out the water, I stand up and start going again to see that she already
made it to the sandbank. I was wondering how she got there before me I'm usually really could at
jumping over waves. After getting knocked over by 12 waves I finally made it to the sandbank to
see her laughing at me. I push her over and we both start laughing. " Stop Josie I already got a
mouth full of water, and it's not my fault the waves are huge today." She rolls her eyes and smiles.
"Yeah well, you should have dived through them like I did." "Hey, where's Vale?" "Don't worry
about my brother, we need to get to Shark Highway there will be so much more shells and crabs,
and sand dollars there.

From Prey to Predators
Cold is encircling you, and the deeper you go, the tighter it squeezes. There's enough light for you to
see a dark, looming shape weaving back and forth through the water, slowly heading toward you. It
aggressively opens its mouth, ready to gulp you down its starving stomach, and its teeth seem to
sparkle with hunger. But something else catches eye. Abruptly bolting past you, it swiftly devours a
fish twice its size. Welcome to the Pelagic zone. Large organisms roam this open space, and this is
perhaps why another name for it is the Open–ocean zone. Including numerous subzones, this
limitless territory has includes the subzones of the epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and
abyssopelagic. Despite being home to many large predators though, many species use it to spawn,
grow to maturity, feed, and breed. Slightly or majorly morphing in order to survive in your
surroundings, adapting, is required for this ever–changing environment, and phytoplankton, sunfish,
and flying fish have become adept at this skill.
A deceiving family name surrounds this organism, or animal. Even though it is called a fish, a glitter
just above the surface of the ocean's water might just be it. Admirably capable of swimming and
flying, flying fish are pure evidence of how nature has learned to adapt. One adaptation they possess
is an unequally split tail, for this gives them more control over movement. Flying Fish also have
another trait that allows them to get airborne, expanded pelvic fins.

Difference Between Polyp And Medusa
Introduction
In this practical assignment I will discuss what are the morphological differences between a polyp
and medusa and how does the respective morphology affect the ecology of these body forms. I will
construct a hypothesis, write down my results, I will have a discussion and there after a conclusion.
My hypothesis I that morphological differences between polyp and medusa will give them different
ecological roles.
Discussion
According to (Miller and Harley, 2016, p157) many cnidarians have two body forms, namely polyp
and medusa. Polyps are usually sessile, they attach to substrates like rocks at their aboral end (the
end furthest form the mouth). They have a cylindrical body shape, they do not possess gonads, while
cnidarians are in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (Foundation, n.d.) most jellyfish feed on crustaceans (crayfish, shrimp), but many also
consume plankton, other invertebrates, fish eggs and larvae. Species that consume fish eggs and
larvae can sometimes have an impact on the human and other predator's food supply by causing low
fish population levels. This can be extreme when large swarms of jellyfish are present. Next, I will
describe anthozoan ecology. Anthozoans are mostly found in reefs (shallow regens in warm tropical
oceans). According (Anon, n.d.) coral reefs consist of many cnidarians, they also say that coral reefs
are home to a large biodiversity. Coral reefs plays a role in breeding for many species. It is also said
that cnidarians can form symbiotic relationships with microorganisms such as algae. The algae lives
in the coral body, they photosynthesis and produce oxygen and other substances which the coral can
use as nutrients. Finally, I will describe hydrozoan ecology. According (Foundation, n.d.)
hydrozoans live in almost all aquatic environments. Many polyps form symbiotic relationships with
microorganisms (algae) that live inside them or with larger organisms such as crustaceans (crabs,
lobsters, shrimps etc.) they are

Reflection Of A Look At The Washed Ashore Sculpture Exhibit
This semester I attended the Washed Ashore Sculpture Exhibit. It is located on the campus of Iowa
State University in the Reiman Gardens. This event is related to Humanities because exhibit houses
many art sculptures made of trash. The trash is plastics and other house hold items that have washed
ashore in Oregon and Northern California. The purpose of the exhibit is to raise awareness to the
damages of plastic to the environment, what plastic can do to animals and ecosystems, demonstrate
how nonbiodegradable plastic is, and how much plastic there is in the ocean.
The exhibit is set up so that right as you walk it the butterfly exhibit entrance is off to your left, and
the research facility is off to your right. In between them is a hallway filled with Jellyfish made of
plastic water bottles and caps and other trash. At the end of the hallway is a pair of doors that leads
to a greenhouse that a bunch of plants and a large jellyfish. When you go outside, there is a pathway
that leads to each of the gardens and ten sculptures that is featured inside the Washed Ashore
Sculpture Exhibit.
I had four favorite sculptures in the gardens. One of my favorite pieces was the Polar Bear. Right as
you approached the entrance to the park, you are greeted by the polar bear. The polar bear
represented the results of global warming and loss of land for polar bears to live and hunt on.
Another was the Giant Jellyfish. Inside the greenhouse there was a giant Jellyfish hanging from the
ceiling.

Fetal Pig Research Paper
When society thinks about starfish, perch, chordate, and fetal pig they become extremely curious
about how their bodies operate because of how they are made up. I will give a brief synopsis of all
animals before going into major detail about them. According to the online website named
dictionary.com, Starfish are any echinoderm of the class Asteroidea, having the body radially
arranged, usually in the form of a star, with five or more rays or arms radiating from a central disk;
asteroid (dictionary.com). It is known that a chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum
Chordata, composed of true vertebrates and animals having a notochord (dictionary.com).
According to research, a fetal pig is an animal in the phylum Chordata and class Mammalia
(dictionary.com). A perch is known to be a certain kind of fish with very spiny fins (dictionary).
Starfish, perch, chordate, and fetal pig are some very interesting animals that possess some
exclusive qualities both similar and different. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the animals I will be discussing have an anus and mouth because they all contain a complete
digestive system. A closed circulatory system is a system that has blood closed within the vessels
and does not fill the body cavities. The open circulatory system describes a system where blood and
interstitial fluid can mix in with an organism. Interstitial fluid is just the fluid found between cells in
the body (Study.com). The perch, chordate and fetal all contain a closed circulatory system, but the
starfish differs it has an open circulatory

Swimming South Documentary Review
Swimming South – Documentary Review
Small, unnoticeable and lurking in the waters just off the coast of some of Queensland's most
popular beaches with the power to kill a person. Tracking further south than normal are the
Irukandji jellyfish, the focus of the 60 Minutes documentary Swimming South aired by Channel 9
on the January 19th 2017. Through first hand sting victim stories and evidence of the jellyfish being
found further south, the documentary presents to the viewer the immense threat these lethal jellyfish
provide for beachgoers and tourism to east coast Queensland beaches.
Irukandji jellyfish are a clear, very small jellyfish with a maximum body size of only twenty five
millimetres. These jellyfish can unleash an extremely painful sting that without treatment, can kill a
person. The Irukandji have been found off the coast of northern ... Show more content on
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By providing footage of victims during the time they are feeling the pain and other victims
recounting the pain they felt, it provokes a concern in the viewers for their safety in the water at
Queensland beaches as they do not want to be stung and suffer the severe pain other victim has. This
furthermore leads them to see the issue as a major problem due to their safety being at risk. For the
entirety of the documentary, Irukandji jellyfish are represented in a very negative manner. Material
excluded from the documentary includes whether there are any benefits of having the Irukandji in
the waters. These jellyfish may have a crucial role in keeping their aquatic ecosystem functioning,
however, any such positive purposes are excluded throughout the documentary as this would
weaken their intended negative representation of the animal. Any people who believe Irukandji have
any positive impact are silenced as this would also weaken the documentaries negative perspective
they are trying to convey to the

Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic organisms that include...
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic organisms that include jellyfish, corals, hydroids, and anemones.
They are an ancient group of animals that are thought to have emerged more that 500 million years
ago. They are characterized by their radial symmetry, their diploblastic bodies, and specialized cells
called cnidocytes. Cnidarians are represented as either polyps or medusae. Sea anemones and corals
are consistently found as polyps, and jellyfish have a polyp stage early in their development. These
polyps are mostly sessile, but some have the ability to relocate themselves if necessary. When
jellyfish mature they are medusae with a fully formed bell. When in the medusae stage jellyfish are
completely mobile. Both of these forms are radially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spirocysts do not have any piercing elements, and are used to attach to prey and non–prey. (Östman,
2000) They secrete an adhering hydroscopic substance that allows the tube to adhere to substrates
without piercing them. (Östman, 2000) Spirocysts are very tightly wound within a thin walled
spirocyst, in comparison to the thick walled nematocyst. Spirocysts are only found in Anthozoans,
and are usually used in conjunction with nematocysts to hold prey and envenomate it. (Östman,
2000) The success of this depends on how well the tentacles can adhere to its prey. The "intrinsic
adherence" of the cnidarian firing the cnidae is measure by the amount of force it takes to remove a
target from the tentacle. (Thorington and Hessinger, 1998) the total adhesive force, as calculated by
Thorington and Hassinger is equal to the adhesive force of the spirocyst mucus (St) and the product
of the number of cnidae ( mastigophore nematocysts (nm), and spirocysts (ns) discharging onto the
target and their intrinsic adherence, ( mastigophore nematocysts (im), and spirocysts (is). When
combined Adhesive force = St + (nm)(im) + (ns) (is) They found that the product of the number of
cnidae and the intrinsic adherence for spirocysts had no effect on overall adherence, so they
shortened the equation to Adhesive force = St + (nm)(im)

Summary : ' A Shark 's Lifetime
Dylan San Miguel Miss Ramos English IV–1 October 21, 2016 Original Title The introduction
consists of five complete sentences, one of which will be the thesis statement. The other 4 sentences
will cover each Roman numeral. The paragraph must begin with an appropriate hook which grabs
the reader's attention there may be no direct quotations in this first paragraph the entire paragraph
will consist of the writers own ideas. Sharks are born with many gifts to help make it a suc–cessful
predator in the deep sea. Sharks attack from under–neath their target and angle their snout above the
target so the shark can then tear apart the prey. Unlike most hunters, Sharks teeth are structured in
its gums. Sharks may have be–tween four to six rows of teeth for killer accuracy when going in for
the kill. Sharks have the ability to regenerate new fully functional teeth like nothing. In a shark's
lifetime, it can produce thousands and thousands of deadly razor–sharp teeth which makes it a very
versatile species of underwater hunters. One bite from most of these teeth means a fatal wound for
the unlucky prey being preyed upon. (Dozier 15). Another gift that sharks have is having a strong
stomach that can eat just about anything. Sharks have a powerful stom–ach that can digest anything
primarily for its ability to grow much larger than the original stomach it starts out with. Sharks have
been reported eating portions of docks and even license plates. Another factor that may contribute to

Atlantic Hawksbill Turtle-Personal Narrative
"Yummy!" I was enjoying a lovely sponge dinner when my best friend JJ swam into my coral reef
home. He excitedly said " Alex there are a ton of Jellyfish right by the huge water cliff!" Now most
turtles would just say cool and keep on going with their day, but I love JELLYFISH! Sorry, let me
introduce myself. I am Alexandra, the Atlantic Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata.) But my
friends call me Alex. JJ says it will take a long time to reach the jellies, so we better get going. As
we swim, let me give you some information about me and JJ. We'll start with our moms. Female
turtles lay about 140 eggs at a time. They lay eggs between July and October. To do this they swim
up to a beach in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If we are in deep waters we stay near the surface. We live in warm tropical waters in the Atlantic,
Indian, and Pacific oceans. We mostly eat sponges, anemones, squid, shrimp, and of course,
jellyfish!
Now here comes the best part...how we look! We have a narrow head and a sharp beak with a brown
face. Our carapace is amber colored and has spots of red black, yellow, and brown. Our plaston is
mostly amber colored. We have dark flippers. Wow! I've talked so much about us that we've made it
to the jellies already.
" Mmmmmmmm!" Those jellyfish look so good after a long swim. I'm just about to eat one when a
old looking turtle swims up behind us and bellows " STOP! We are so frightened that we turn as
quick as lightning. The old turtle says " Those are not jellyfish. That is human waste." He then tells
us how dangerous humans are. "They throw too much trash in here. They put all types of chemicals
and oils in here that pollute our water. They also kill us for our shells and meat." I have heard this
speech a hundred times. But then he says something I have never heard before. He tells us how
humans can help. "They should reduce the amount of trash they use and recycle more, cut down on
chemicals, turn out lights visible to the beach, and beware of our

Compass Jellyfish Research Paper
The compass jellyfish, also called the Chrysaora hysoscella, has a round, saucer like smooth bell–
shaped body which is about 8 inches in diameter and can grow up to 15. They are very common and
distinguishable from other jellyfish due to the yellowish white bell with brown v–shaped marks
running from the center to the outer edges of the jellyfish. It also has 24 long stinging tentacles, in
eight groups of three, coming out from the rim that alternate eight sensory organs. The mouth, is
located underneath the center of the bell, and is encircled by four arms.
These jellyfish can live in cold and moderate waters of the ocean between 4–28 degrees Celsius.
They can usually live/be found by the coast in continental shelf regions like the Atlantic and
Mediterranean (United Kingdom and Turkey). Adult compass fish can usually be found near the
surface of the water, however, when the currents toward the surface are too strong for them; they
tend to move to deeper waters, although it is scarce for them to be located below 30m but drift
deeper if they feel threatened by a predator. They swim by using the movements of their bell which
pushes water out and thrusts them forward.
When the compass jellyfish is female, planulae get released from the mother and freely swim for
approximately three days until ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They use their tentacles to catch prey, and olfactory stimuli help them detect light in order to do so.
They feed on other marine invertebrates like copepods and also plankton. In order to move food
toward their mouth, they need to use their four long tentacles. These tentacles have nematocysts
cells or stinging cells that soften their prey which help them capture their prey easier and it doesn't
cause damage to their tantalizing tentacles. They are also prey to other fish and sea turtles, which
makes somewhat of a competition between the

Sea Creatures in the Ocean
There are many different creatures in the ocean. They are categorized into 3 different groups that are
Zooplankton, Nekton, and Benthos. In the ocean the zooplankton eat phytoplanktons. Zooplankton
are eaten by all of the larger animals. Phytoplankton self reproduce so they don't need to eat other
things. They create their own food. The Nekton eat the zooplankton because it is a smaller species
than the rest. Some of the most dangerous animals to both humans and other sea animals are
Leopard Seals. Leopard Seals are the second largest species in the Antarctic. The Sea Leopard can
be found mainly in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is estimated to
live 26 years, some sea leopards live beyond 26 years of age. Leopard seals mainly eat other seals,
penguins, fish and krill.
The leopard seal is a big animal with a dark grey back and a white stomach. It was given the name
'leopard seal' because it has spots on its throat. Their front teeth are sharp and their teeth lock in a
way so they can kill easier and keep the other fish in it's mouth if it wasn't completely dead. The
leopard seal can usually be found in a pack. It spends most of the time in the water. Leopard seals
don't make much noise except a few grunts and it sometimes growls. A torpedo ray has a soft yet fat
and flabby body. It has loose skin and a muscular tail. They have electric organs that are shaped like
kidneys. They are pretty slow animals but they can cause a lot of harm.

My Advancement of Learning
My Advancement of Learning – Personal Narrative
It was unusually hot that day and the beach was busier than normal, me and my friend josh, both
decided we wanted to go for a swim in the sea, but this wasn't normal for me, I had never been in
the sea before, I had always had a fear of jellyfish, I have had this fear for the whole of my life.
Apparently so I'm told by my mum I got this phobia of jellyfishes from a little play toy in my
bubble bath, apparently I cut myself on it and never liked them since. When I was a little younger
than I am now I used to be so scared of the jellyfish that whenever a nature program had come on I
used to be scared to watch it or even demand the television t be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I flicked it of straight away and screamed, there was a burning sensation on my stomach, I ran
heading for my parents, the pain was immense and I could probably be heard from the other side of
the beach.
Then about twenty people crowded round me while I was on a sun bed. I was the centre of attention,
and then out of the blue my mum said there is an air helicopter coming to get me. After five minuets
of waiting my mum came up to me once again and said jay come with me, the doctor is coming and
he will be here quicker than the air helicopter, I was familiar with this doctor as he had seen me
many times before in the past. It was a struggle to walk up to my flat which would normally be a
five or six minute walk to about fifteen minuets, along the way we stopped of at the security box,
the life guard there pulled out this syringe and a jam jar looking container containing a clear liquid,
a the time I had a phobia of needles so I refused to let the life guard touch me with it.
I then struggle to my top floor flat, four floors high and then lied on my back waiting for doctor
fabrizzion. He came quite soon after I had got in the flat, I was still in immense pain and was very
uncomfortable, the doctor gave my mum and dad a set of instructions they were; to get bleach, a
carving knife and flour. And he told my dad to go down to the sea and get some seawater! As he was

Compass Jellyfish Research Paper

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Compass Jellyfish Research Paper