Premature Deaths

Premature Deaths
Background
Premature deaths are deaths that typically occur before an expected age, however many of these deaths are deemed to be easily preventable.
Premature Deaths for children tend to be of long duration as they result in genetic and environmental factors. Specifically for children, premature
deaths range from as early as 2 months to 5 years old. Premature death started to truly became an issue to the international community in the year of
1990. In 1990, nearly 7.6 million children died before they were five years old, as now the number of deaths for children under the age of five has
been reduced to down to 3.7 million. Around the 18th century, nations such as India, Yemen, and further lower developed nations (LDCs), had a child...
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Approximately 5.6 million children under 5 died in the year of 2016 alone, having 2.6 children die in their first month of birth. The primary causes of
premature death among children are common preventable symptoms such as malaria, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea, and preterm birth
complications. Now, the child mortality rate is 29 times greater in unindustrialized countries, compared to industrialized nations. This result is 175 per
1000 children, compared to the number of deaths in developing developed nations which is 6 per 1000 deaths per year. 80% of the global number of
deaths come from the regions of Sub–Saharan Africa, as well as South Asia. It is necessary to address the fact that not only are children affected by
this issue, however mothers also play a vital aspect in this issue. Due to the chronic obstructive diseases, high consumption of alcohol,
hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood), etc. being the main causes of illness for women, pregnant women often are not in the best condition
when having a child. Both mothers, and children, play a vital aspect in this issue, as the importance of care must be addressed to pregnant women.
The survival chances for a newborn child is not significantly high. A child's risk of dying is most prominent is their neonatal period, which is the first
28 days of birth. As mentioned before, 2.6 million babies die every year in their
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Vaccination Issues
Introduction
Vaccination and health issues are a very broad and controversial topic for any culture. Due to lack of healthcare, access to vaccinations, and
malnutrition the mortality rate among children under the age of five in India is increasing. Compared to the United States the numbers are very
different since the death rate of children under five has been decreasing. The purpose of this paper is to explain the Indian culture and their situation
with the lack of vaccinations, malnutrition, and healthcare.
Vaccinationand Health Issues: Indian Culture There are over one billion people who reside in India. To talk about health issues involving children in
India, there is some background of the culture that should be shared. There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to certain beliefs, lack of education, socioeconomic status, the environment in which people live, and even gender gaps, all have a significant
impact on the lives of children and everyone surrounding them. Many children are dying due to infections that are out of their control and their
families need to be more educated on signs and symptoms, along with the benefits of vaccinations and getting the proper care for their sick children.
These problems occur in other places around the world but are more common in

Clinical Signs, Morbidity And Mortality Rates Of Ibd
2.12. Diagnosis of IBDV 2.12.1. Field diagnosis: 2.12.1.1. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates of "IBD" infection: The incubation period
of IBD varies from 2 to 4 days and the infected chicks characterized by acute onset of depression, disinclined to move and peck at their vents
(Cosgrove., 1962). The feed intake is depressed while water consumption may be elevated at IBD infection. And at the end of the course of the
disease, birds may show sternal or later at recumbency with coarse tremor (Hitchner., 1963). The short duration of the chemical signs, morbidity and
morbidity rates are considered a diagnostic for IBD, therefore, the affected flocks show depression for 5–7 days during which mortality rises rapidly for
the first two days then declines sharply as clinical normally returns(Parkhurst., 1964). The pericoloacal feathers are stained with urates (Landgraf et
al., 1967). The variety of field infections especially of the respiratory system may follow immunosppression caused by IBD (Faragher et al., 1974).
Clinical IBD has been described in 15 weeks old leghorn strain pullets which showed high morbidity and moderate mortality(Ley et al., 1979). The
variants of IBD type I identified from the Delmarva Peninsula do not produce any characteristic clinical changes during the 7 days period following
exposure (Rosenberger and Cloud., 1986). Very virulent IBDV strains have been isolated in the late 1980 's that became a problem in Europe, several
of these isolates

Reasons Women Live Longer Than Men
Reasons why women live longer then men
It is an accepted fact of life that men enjoy certain physical advantages over women. Men are stronger, taller, faster and less likely to be overweight,
but they have then tendency to die before their female counterparts. Their date rate is higher than women in many different societies. Women, as a
group, live longer than men. In all developed countries and most undeveloped ones, women outlive men, sometimes by a margin of as much as 10
years. In the U.S., life expectancy at birth is about 79 years for women and about 72 years for men. The gender discrepancy is most pronounced in the
very old: among centenarians worldwide, women outnumber men nine to one. The gender gap has widened in this century as ... Show more content on
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Chromosomal differences between men and women may also affect their mortality rates due to diseases. Chromosomes carry genetic mutations that
cause a number of life–threatening diseases, including muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. Because women have two X chromosomes, a female with
an abnormal gene on one of her X chromosomes can use the normal gene on the other and thereby avoid the expression of disease even though she is
still a carrier of the defect. Men, in contrast, have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, and so they cannot rely on an alternative chromosome
if a gene on one of the sex chromosomes is defective. If a man has a defect in this gene, his body's ability to repair the mutations that arise during
cell division could be severely compromised. The accumulation of such mutations is thought to contribute to aging and disease. The second X
chromosome as a longevity factor in and of itself. Although one of the two Xs is randomly inactivated early in life, the second X seems to become
more active with increasing age. It may be that genes on the second X activates and compensate for genes on the first X that have been lost or
damaged with age.
A third reason for the mortality rate be higher for males is the fact that men are more likely to engage in risky life–threatening behavior thus raising the
mortality rate among them. While this is a more social reasoning it can be explained using biological terms. The male specie

Mortality Rate In Early Jamestown
Imagine being a settler in an unknown land. No food, a lack of water, and disease spreading like wildfire. Fear of death was great. When English
settlers began arriving on the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the Spring of 1607, no one had a clue of the terrible future
that awaited for most of them. The background of early Jamestown leads me to ask the question, why was mortality rate so high in early Jamestown
between the years of 1607 and 1611? The conclusion for this is quite simple and can be answered in three parts, the mortality rate in early Jamestown
was so high because of Jamestown's environment, the colonists' relations with the Powhatan Indians, and the settler's skills and backgrounds. The
environment in early

Infant Mortality Rate ( Imr )
Infant mortality rate (IMR) in the US has been much higher than many industrialized countries as well as some of the underdeveloped countries.
Some of the differences (about 40%) in the IMR can be explained by variations in reporting of fetal and infant death, measurement techniques and so
on (Chen, A., Oster, E., Williams, H., 2015). Moreover, high rate of premature birth (births in less than 37 weeks of gestation) in the US, is also a
major contributor to high IMR. However, according to the research by Chen and Williams found that the 60% cannot be explained by those differences.
Infant Mortality Rate is an important indicator of the effectiveness of overall health system. In developed countries, birth defects, prematurity and other
conditions of the pregnancy are the main factors contributing to levels of IMR. Due to the current trend of deferring the pregnancy as well as an
upsurge of fertility treatments (IVF) raised the chance of having a multiple birth. Moreover, the chance of premature birth is significantly increased
with IVF treatment. In the US, IMR differs among some segments of the population, with the highest IMR among unmarried, African–American and
low educated women (Chen, A., Oster, E., Williams, H., 2015). Although, multiple analysis supports negative a relationship between IMR and health
spending, many of the low health spending nations have much better outcomes when it comes to IMR than countries with high level of health care
expenditures. Therefore,

Research Report On Neonatal Mortality
Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that neonatal mortality contributed to 38% of under–5–mortality (1). Therefore reduction in
neonatal mortality is an important target of WHO (Millennium Development Goal 4 aimed at reduction under–5–mortality by two thirds by the year
2015). This can be achieved by provision of high quality neonatal care units equipped to offer continuous observation, monitoring and intensive
treatment to sick neonates. In order to give the best available services, these neonatal units need continuous evaluation. Studying outcome of neonates
admitted to neonatal units is an important parameter of evaluation. Worldwide, many published studies reported very different outcomes in terms of
mortality and morbidity rates (2, 3, 4, 5). This can be explained by different nature of population, different environmental conditions, different study
designs, variability in available resources and different patterns of neonatal problems from country to another. Therefore mortality and morbidity
figures can not be applied globally and each neonatal unit needs to have its own figures. This helps strategic management planning and redirection of
available resources especially in developing countries where resources are very limited. Aim: To study Outcome of neonates admitted to a neonatal unit
in Upper Egypt Patients and methods: Place of study: Neonatal Unit at Sohag University hospital in Upper Egypt. Sohag Governorate is located in the

Salt Water Reflection
My reflection to "BMJ Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischemic heart disease mortality"
America, along with many other countries across the world, eat more salt than the body needs on a day to day basis. This is often caused by greasy
fast food, the intake of too many food items containing salt, as well as the fact that on almost every table in a household has a salt shaker present.
Everyday citizens tend to not concern themselves with exactly how much salt they are really ingesting. How many Americans do you know of that
look at the nutritional value section on the back of food to monitor their salt intake? This is an increasing concern especially in the United States of
America, and that is why this research report could be vital at saving lives and promoting healthier life styles.
Research was performed by Feng J He and colleagues in England. Here they collected data to conclude whether or not salt reduction had a relationship
with blood pressure (BP), mortality from stroke, and also mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD). Their results, in my opinion, were not the least
bit surprising. With the 15% reduction rate of salt intake among the population, BP fell as well as mortality rates from stroke and ischemic heart
disease. The less amount of salt that was ingested per day per person directly effected the chances of survival in people who suffered from stroke and
ischemic heart disease. Lower

Comorbidity In ICU
Introduction: Infections are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU). More than 50% of patients admitted to ICU
were infected, 71% of these patients received antibiotic Infections increase with long stays in the ICU. The infection rates more than 70% in patients
stay more than 7 days. (1)
ICU patients have high risks Nosocomial gram negative bacterial infections, which associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. The most
common bacteria isolated from ICU are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Entreobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and
Acinetobacter spp. (1–3) S. Maltophilia classified as Pseudomonas (previously or Xanthomonas maltophilia) is an aerobic, glucose ... Show more
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maltophilia infections, exhibiting high susceptibility in vitro study. In this study, we described the response of different doses of TMP/SXZ against S.
maltophilia in 209 patient. Our findings demonstrate that high dose of TMP/SMX associated with a significant reduction in 30 day mortality with
increase in cure rate. Although the study reported high susceptibility of TMP/SXZ against S. maltophilia. Consistent with previous recommendation of
dose (15–20 mg/kg/day) of TMP/SXZ in treatment of S. maltophilia for prevent the resistance.(21) we observed improvement of all clinical and
microbiological response with increase the dose of TMP/SMX. This outcome is contrary to that of Dao et al who found no difference in attainment
serum peak SMX concentration range between Patients receiving low–dose TMP/SMX therapy (TMP 15 mg/kg/day).(22) It's the first study to
evaluate the clinical outcome of TMP/SMX against S. maltophilia at different dose. These results are consistent with data obtained in previous study
which evaluate efficacy of treatment options used average dose of TMP lower than the normally recommended dose of 15 mg/kg body weight per
day. The mortality rate in this study was 11% with No differences in outcomes were observed with respect to the use of different TMP/SMX

Development Of A Forest That Is Dominated By Sugar Maple
Abstract
Students conducted research relating to mechanisms of coexistence within a forest that is dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) compared to
beech (Fagus grandifolia). The objective of the study was to test three hypotheses relating to competition within trees, maintenance along with
regeneration of sugar maple and beech within Warren Woods, located in Michigan, IL. The first evaluated whether or not highly despotic forms of
lottery completion was present, in which a few trees ever achieve canopy. Second, in response to competition, canopy trees were evaluated in terms of
being uniformly or randomly distributed within their unique environment. Third, evidence of tradeoffs as both types of trees make their way up to a
canopy was assessed. From the plots established and analyzing through density and frequency, students examined that sugar maple was more abundant,
viewed in large fractions among the sub–canopy classes. Beech may have had a lower frequency, yet it had a higher density in Warren Woods.
Evidence suggested that there was a lottery competition taking place in the forest, as seen by the number of seedlings being higher than saplings,
which are greater than sub–canopies, which are greater than canopies. The evaluation of the understory environment determined that a mechanism of
coexistence, between both species, was evident since the number of canopies was higher than that of sub–canopies. Each class appears to coexist well
with one another while

Infant Mortality Rates In Monrovia
Liberia is a tropical nation located in Western Africa. A name that means "land of the free," it is an ironic example of American colonization in Africa.
Founded with a government modeled after that of the U.S., the country is also represented by a flag carrying a striking resemblance to that of the
American. Originally named Monrovia, now the capital, the country was founded in 1822 by free slaves, as a response to the economic dependency on
slavery that made comfortable life in the U.S. impossible to achieve. Yet, the descendants of American slaves only comprise about 5% of the current
population while 16 indigenous ethnic groups make up the rest. ("About Liberia," n.d.). The country is mostly Christian and even though there are
various ethnic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the CIA World Fact Book the average age of a first time mother is 19 and the maternal mortality rate stands at 725 deaths per 100,000
live births ("The World Fact Book" n.d.). The World Bank lists the infant mortality rate for Liberia at 53 deaths per 1,000 live births. While still a
high number it is an improvement from 2011 when it stood at 62 deaths per 1,000 live births ("Mortality Rate, Infant (per 1,000 live births)" n.d.).
According to the latest data provided by the CIA, the life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 56.94 years for males and 60.32 years for females.
It is a pretty low number compared to the world but average among African nations.
The fertility rate of a country measures the average number of children capable of being born per woman. The rate gives an idea of the future growing
or declining population trend. For Liberia the number stands at 4.7 children born per woman. The number is an indication that the population is
growing and increasingly becoming younger. As stated earlier, people under the age of 14 comprises over 40% of the total population, which coincides
with the younger growing trend predicted by the fertility

Country With High Mortality Rates
Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana
Kamala Sapkota
Florida International University
Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana
Introduction
Ghana is one of the developing countries in the world. Even though now I am living in a developed country, I was also born and raised in a
developing country; therefore, I wanted to explore what are the problems on the other part of the world especially African countries. Ghana is said be
the country that is doing much better in increasing the health status of people as well as decreasing the mortality rates. I was interested on learning about
what factors have affected the health status of this country.
Location/Geography
Ghana is located in the west coast of Africa with a total area of 238,540 km2. It is bordered by Burkina Faso on north, Tago on the east, Cote d
'Ivoire on the west and Gulf of Guinea to the south. Ghana is close to the equator hence the climate is hot and tropical. Ghana mostly has low plains,
low hills and rivers. Lake Volta which is the world's largest artificial lake is present in Ghana. When comparing the size it is slightly smaller than
Oregon State of the United States. Accra is the capital city of Ghana (The world factbook, 2016).
Population
According to World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2013, the total population of Ghana was 25905 thousand. The population aged less than
15 years, are 38% of the population whereas population aged over 60 years are only 5% of total

Sudden Infant Mortality Rates
High Infant Mortality rates can be reduced through proper education and routine health care checks. Infant Mortality is the death of children under the
age of one. Infant Mortality can affect anyone who is not properly educated on being a new mother. Ohio Infant Mortality rates are ranked eighth worst
amongst the 50 states (Ohio Department of Health). Within Ohio, African American rates are the highest at 14.8%.That's double any other race (NIH).
Sudden Infant Death can also play role in Infant Mortality rates. Not being properly educated on being a new mother before and after birth can playa
role because during pregnancy a mother's health, experiences and environment can affect how her fetus develops and the course of the pregnancy. By ...
SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs. It is the diagnosis given the sudden death of an infant under 1 year
of age that remains unexplained after the performance of a complete investigation an autopsy. An examination of the scene of is also done to make sure
nothing else happened. According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants
between 1 month and 1 year of age.
Infants sleep environments are very important because you can't lay your child anywhere. Having your baby there own crib or bassinet is very
important. You wouldn't want you baby to sleep with you because anything could happen. You could roll over them and or they get smothered in the
covers.Bed Sharing can put babies at greater risk for suffocation. Adult beds are not safe for babies. Good sleeping habits are important for your baby's
physical and emotional well–being.Creating a safe sleep environment will also reduce the risk of sudden infant death

Life Span And Mortality From Physical Ailments
Life Span and Mortality from Physical Ailments in
Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia in Scandinavia
Chanathip Mason
Emotional & Behavioral Disorders Mental Health Theory
November 15, 2016
Fresno city College
Abstract
People who were hospitalized with mental illness had a high risk of death and short life span from physical disorders even in Nordic or Scandinavian
countries that have most socially progressive healthcare. This research study were compared the number of deaths from circulatory system diseases in
patients with bipolar and schizophrenia and reviewed the life expectancy in these patients. The results showed a huge decline in life expectancy of ten
to twenty years in patients with schizophrenia and slightly smaller in bipolar patients, both when compared to the general population.
Life Span and Mortality from Physical Ailments in
Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia in Scandinavia The higher number of deaths from physical disorders in patients with schizophrenia
and bipolar disorder has been well established (Bushe et al., 2010; Manderbaka et al. , 2012). The most common cause of death such as
cardiovascular diseases in the Nordic or Scandinavian countries, that have the most socially progressive healthcare, has dropped recently but not for
men and women in the same region who had been hospitalized due to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. The number of deaths from cardiovascular
diseases is excessive (Osby et al.,

Educating Afghan Girls ' Education
Educating Afghan Girls'
Education is one of the most important contributors to having a successful future. In developed countries such as North America boys and girls are
fortunate enough to have access to an unbiased education system. Therefore, allowing children to have countless opportunities. However, in countries
like Afghanistan girls are marginalized and neglected the right to learn. Afghanistan is a country of war, where women and girls are often the worst
victims. In 2011, Afghanistan was known as the most dangerous place in the world for a girl to be born (Kissane). Malala Yousufzai, a femaleeducation
activist was also a victim of war. Yousufazi was shot in the head and neck for advocating for girls and their rights to have access to education.
Similarly, to Yousufzai many women in Afghanistan stand up for their entitlement to having equality. Those courageous women often become victims
of abuse and are often killed. Investing in girls' education is critical, not only is it life–altering for a girl's future, but it's also poses benefits to society.
By allowing Afghan girls access to educating we are also promoting better socioeconomic s, a reduction in child marriages, and an improvement in
mortality rates.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. Three decades of war has subjected Afghans to harsh living conditions. Leaving most with
insufficient resources to survive. Many women are left widowed, and are obligated to provide for their families,

Registered Nurses Have The Responsibility
Registered Nurses have the responsibility to provide specialized and efficient patient care, such as assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and
evaluating care to every single patient under their care. Recent changes in hospital regulations by regulatory bodies and agencies are forcing hospitals
to increase their amount of registered nurses without receiving any type of financial reimbursement. In response hospital and healthcare organizations
are terminating non–licensed staff such as certified nurse assistants, medical technicians, health unit coordinators, transportation assistants, and janitors
to compensate for loss of revenue. Nurses are now forced to do these non–nursing care tasks, such as taking garbage and laundry out, cleaning
equipment, beds, stocking shelves, and more. The increase in workload causes nurse to decrease nurse–patient relationship, increased rate of patient
mortality and morbidity, and a decrease work satisfaction.
Registered nurse workload directly related to patient outcomes and satisfaction
The registered nurse is a licensed practitioner that is responsible of multiple duties during each shift assignment, all directed towards patient care. Such
as following the "nursing method" assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating care; As well of teaching health promotion
techniques, preparing a plan of care, patient monitoring, giving medications, following physician orders and early recognition of potential

Child Mortality : An Important Indicator Of The Health Of...
Life expectancy is a summary of people's health conditions, but it is also a dimension of individual welfare, independent of income, and easier to
evaluate than other non–income dimensions such as safety, freedom, or access to justice or education (Bourguignon & Morrisson, 2002). Mortality is
an important indicator of the health of a nation, particularly infant mortality which is associated with a variety of factors such as maternal health,
quality and access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices (MacDorman & Matthews, 2009). This study will use
Canadian data to compare life expectancy in 1881, 1901, 1921, and 1941. It will also examine infant mortality, maternal mortality, and age–specific
death rates by leading causes of death in the year 1921. The data for this study comes from DГ©partment de dГ©mographie, UniversitГ© de
MontrГ©al (2014) Collection of Canadian Life Tables, 1801–2011; and Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics (1923) Vital Statistics 1921: First
Annual Report. Life Expectancy The United Nations Development Programme (2013) defines life expectancy as "[the] number of years a newborn
infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age–specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant's life" (para. 1).
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, life expectancy increased for both males and females in the researched years of 1881, 1901, 1921, and 1941. Life
expectancy at birth increased by 27 years from

Health and Social Care Level 3 Assign3 Essay
3.1 Analyse why life expectancy has increase over the last century. Life expectancy in the human race has risen dramatically in the past century
reaching its highest level for both male and female on record. Between 1981 and 2002 life expectancy at age 50 increases by four and a half years for
men and three years for women and two years respectively. By 2002 women who were age of 65 could expect to live to the age of 84 while men
could expect to live to the age of 81. The primary reason for the vast increase in life expectancy in developed countries in the 20th century is universal
clean drinking water and very high level of public and personal hygiene. These two improvements account for probably 80%of the life expectancy.
Overall life... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood
flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder,
swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher risk of stroke. * COPD: Chronic obstructive
lung disease decreases the lungs ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. As the disease progress the patient has to work harder and harder to
breathe often feeling as if they are suffocating. These disease are often link to a lifetime of smoking but be due to environmental factors. *
Pneumonia: Pneumonia is the fifth highest killer of older adults, especially during the winter months of flu season. At high risk are seniors with
chronic disease such as diabetes heart disease and reparatory conditions. The flu and pneumonia shot are recommended for all adults over the age 55
to help prevent this killer. Diabetes: Type two diabetes, also known as adult onset diabetes is a chronic that lowers the immune system and can
increase risk of stroke, heart disease and other circulatory problems. Wounds take longer to heal and respiratory infections like pneumonia often are
more severe. 3.3 Analyse

Essay on Newborn Mortality Rates In Ghana And The United...
Newborn Mortality Rates in Ghana and the United States Today
Introduction
It is frequently been suggested that the infant mortality rate (IMR) is a reliable indicator of a country's civilization and focus on the welfare of its
citizens (Berger 2001). Although global infant mortality rates has shown steady improvement over the past century, many developing countries
continue to experience inordinately high rates compared to the world levels; surprisingly, though, even the United States which claims to have one of
the best healthcare systems in the world continues to experience relatively high infant mortality rates, higher even than many developing nations
(Berger 2001). This paper will provide an overview of the problem, followed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has translated into an overall decline of almost 90 percent (Berger 2001). The majority of this decline in the IMR has been attributed to
improvements related to urban living (for example, sanitation, pasteurization, improved water and sewage, reduced fertility rates, and improved
economic and educational levels), followed by improved technological and public health strategies (Berger 2001). Infant mortality rates have
declined sharply in most developing countries in the past several decades, just as they did earlier in the developed countries. The reductions in the
IMR also resulted from improvements in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, which is a major killer of infants in poor socioeconomic
conditions (Zopf 1992). Infant Mortality in Ghana. While Ghana is relatively small in area and population, the nation is one of the leading countries
of Africa, due in part because of its considerable natural wealth, and because it was the first black African country south of the Sahara to achieve
independence from colonial rule and to embark on its own extensive educational and industrialization programs. Ghana became independent on March
6, 1957, and is comprised of the former British colony of the Gold Coast and that part of Togoland which was formerly a UN Trust Territory under
British administration (Fage 2004). The current infant mortality rates for Ghana are

Cancer Deaths And Mortality Rates
Abstract
Cancer is currently considered as the primary cause of death in Canada. In 2014, cancer deaths among female accounted for about 48% of all cancer
deaths and 52% among males. (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). Based on the statistics, we can simply infer that generally cancer deaths in Canada
are more likely to occur in males than in females. However, will the mortality rates still higher in male than in female by different age groups? Will the
gap between cancer mortality in male and female narrow down in younger age groups? Based on the questions above, this report compares and
examines cancer deaths and mortality rates between males and females by three different age groups (0–19, 20–29, 30–39) to investigate one primary
research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Health Canada is the major Federal department that gathers and reports statistical information with regard to the health care system, covering issues
such as the incidence and mortality of different kinds of diseases (Health Canada, 2014).
Further research and mortality data collection (Table 1.3–1.6) are from Canadian Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Statistics is an annual publication
that started in 1987. It is established and supported by the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada and Statistics Canada. The
primary purpose of Canadian Cancer Statistics is to present valid statistics of mortality, incidence and other statistical information regarding cancer to
researchers, health professionals and members of the public (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The data presented in Canadian Cancer Statistics were
primarily obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Vital StatisticsDeath database, Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada
(Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The estimated cancer mortality data and tables in this report are primarily obtained from The Canadian Vital
Statistics–Death database. The Canadian Vital Statistics–Death database is generally responsible for gathering and reporting demographic, medical and
other statistical information regarding deaths annually from all regions in Canada (Statistics

Child Mortality And Its Effects On Children Mortality
Child mortality is a huge issue in many parts of the world, but we mainly see higher rates of child mortality in impoverished countries. One country in
Africa that has high child mortality rates is Somalia. Although Somalia's child mortality rates are decreasing throughout the years, Somalia still has
extremely high rates of child mortality.
According to the World Health Organization, there are numerous factors that contribute to such high rates of child mortality and some of these
contributing factors are things such as children who are born in rural areas, poor households, or to a mother denied basic education. Along with these
factors, disease also comes into play. Some preventable and treatable diseases that are contributing to high rates of child mortality include pneumonia
which accounts for 25% of all deaths, followed by diarrhea, pre–term birth complications and malaria (Wardheer News, 2013). Even though child
mortality rates are high, there are efforts being made in order to reduce child mortality rates and we will explore these efforts in this paper.
To begin, we need to define child mortality so we better understand the huge impact of this issue. Child mortality and under–5 mortality are
interchangeable terms. They both refer to the death of infants and children under the age of 5. In the U.S. this is not a major problem like we see in
sub–Saharan Africa. "Children in Sub–Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to die before the age of 5 than children

Nursing In The 19th Century And The 20th Century
Nursing in the 19th century compared to the 20th century
The history of nursing is an important factor that was in high demand, as it had support and major influence during both World War 1 and 2, due to the
excellent healthcare providers. In the 19th century, women did not require a college degree to practice nursing compared to today's education system
requirements. Due to the women volunteering during the World War, as a healthcare provider, their work was highly appreciated. In which the
government made nursing a profession within the healthcare system, as nurses were volunteer work. Dock and Stewart (1938) explain how within the
U.S and other nations, the second World War was more helpful in regard to how it pushed each countries' respective government to provide support for
nursing. In 2002, the World Health Organization explains about the declining numbers of nurses around the world, and they also explain how this
issue needed to be fixed to prevent more negative outcomes in which can later cause more problem like affecting patients. "Later that year, the WHO
went on to publish strategic directions for strengthening nursing and midwifery services, which provided a framework of five key result areas to guide
member states in enhancing their support of nurses and midwives" (World Health Organization, 2010). The world health organization explains the
issues regarding the declining of nurses at the beginning of the century and how it is still declined as time passes.

The Pros And Cons Of Global Inequality
Global inequality is the state that the world's circumstances are unequal. Many people around the world are facing this global issue happening.
Throughout history, it is seen that ,all the provinces in the world, have varying degrees of poverty. For my report, I will be focusing on Nepal (Asia) .
Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is home to Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, and another 7 mountains which are among the
ten tallest mountains. Nepal's capital city is Katmandu. I will be comparing Nepal to Australia. Australia (Commonwealth of Australia) is an island
country (Oceania). Surrounded by the Pacific and Indian oceans, it is the largest country in Oceania and 7th largest country in the world. Australia's
capital is Canberra but its economical capital is Sydney. There are many essential aspects of life which include; income, education, food and
water, health and shelter. Income is money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments. The weekly income of a laborer in
Australia is $622.20 ($476.11 USD) whereas a Nepalese laborer would make 2000 NPR ($19.31 USD) . Education is the process of receiving or giving
systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. The expected amount of schooling years in Nepal is 12.2 years. Now, compare that to
20.4 years in Australia. The average cost of living in Australia is $2835 ($2169.31 USD) while the cost of living in Nepal is 500– 1100 NRs ($4.83 –
$10.62

Florence Nightingale Essay
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy. Her parents named her after the city she was born in. She was born on May
12,1980, she was raised mostly in Derbyshire England. Many people when they hear Florence Nightingale think about her as a nurse and for her fight
for better hospital care. Florence did a lot more in her life than achieve better hospital conditions, and become a nurse. She was a brilliant
mathematician, and used statistics to apply them to achieve her reforms. Florence was a well–educated woman in a number of fields other than math; ...
Using her calculations she determined that an improvement in sanitary conditions would lead to a decrease in deaths. During her time this was the first
time a woman had came up with such a productive theory to reduce the mortality rate. Florence was dedicated to improving the health and living
conditions of the British army, the sanitary and administration of hospitals, and the way women were looked at if they wanted to pursue a profession
in nursing. Florence Nightingale also raised the educational status of women by opening up the Nightingale School Home for Nurses in Saint
Thomas's Hospital in England. This was the first educational facility dedicated towards nursing for women. The women of the 19th century didn't
usually get an education equal to the education of a man. Florence's family didn't think that way though. Florence also raised women's educational
status by being educated by her father who gave Florence and her sister a vast classical education. One person that definitely needs to be mentioned is
James Sylvestor, he was Florence's math tutor. He is the man who is responsible for teaching Florence mathematics that she used in so many different
ways to achieve different

Essay about C229
Running head: COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF MACON
–BIBB COUNTY
Community Health Assessment of Macon–Bibb County, Georgia
Western Governors University
Community Health and Population–Focused Nursing
C–228
Gail Abraham
August 20, 2015
1
COMMUNITY HEALTHASSESSMENT OF MACON–BIBB COUNTY
2
Community Health Assessment of Macon–Bibb County, Georgia
Identification of community
Founded in 1882, approximately 85 miles south of the state capital, Macon–Bibb County lies in the heart of central Georgia nestled along the banks of
the Ocmulgee River. It is the 4th largest municipality in the state, encompassing 255 square miles of gently rolling hills and plains with a population of
155,547, population density of 626 people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 2007–2011 the overall mortality rate for cardiovascular disease in Macon–Bibb County was 129.3 per 100,000 and was higher than the state rate
of 77.4 per 100,000 (Georgia Department of Public Health:
North Central Health District website, 2013). The cancer mortality rate has been on the decline in Georgia (169.6 per 100,000) since 2007 but on the
rise in Macon–Bibb County since 2010; the leading cause of cancer related mortality within the community for both men and women was lung cancer
with 120.6 per 100,000, which is lower than the state rate of 169 per 100,000
(Georgia Department of Public Health: North Central Health District website, 2013).

Assessments of needs and risks
Population economic status assessment
In order to obtain the population's economic status, the Population Economic Status
Assessment tool was utilized to complete the evaluation. The population of 155,547 had a median household income of $36,327 and showed 29.2% of
them living in poverty in 2013
("Profile: Bibb County," 2015). Of the 29.2% of the population living in poverty, they were divided racially as

The Demographics Of Mclennan County
Overview PURPOSE METHOD SUMMARY HEALTH RANKING SUMMARY Community Profile DEMOGRAPHICS The demographics of
McLennan County can be found in Table 1. This information shows the change in the demographics from 2010 to 2014. As can be seen by the chart,
there is not a huge amount of growth, but growth nonetheless. Growth and change is expected in this county in the coming years due to new
developments in the downtown area including a new stadium, which provide opportunities to live and work closer in to downtown and property
values are also on the rise. The county values when compared with the state values are very similar. Table 1: Demographics McLennan CountyState
Year201420102014 Population238,707234,90626,059,203 Below 18 years of age25.1%25.4%26.8% 65 and older12.9%12.5%10.9% Non–Hispanic
African America14.4%14.8%11.6% American Indian and Alaskan Native1.1%0.6%1.0% Asian1.5%1.4%4.1% Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific
Islander0.1%<18 yearsDSUDSU2.5 Aged 18–44 years12.716.317.3 Aged 45–64 years241.8239.2220.5 Aged 65 years and over1063.91046.71039.1 By
Race/EthnicityMcLennanPeer MedianUS Median American Indian or Alaska NativeDSU194.5181.7 Asian or Pacific IslanderDSU137.499.7 Black or
African American256.0223.0219.7 White184.1188.7182.8 Hispanic or Latino126.6137.3119.3 Not Hispanic or Latino199.3195.3187.1 By
SexMcLennanPeer MedianUS Median Male237.7245.0228.1 Female158.8157.9154.7 *DSU indicates that data do

Iceland And Gabon : Unique Countries With Different Statuses
Iceland and Gabon are very unique countries with different statuses. Iceland has a very small population but is highly developed and a model of
efficiency socially, politically, and economically. Whereas Gabon has the potential to be one of most developed African countries, with their discovery
of oil and the associated profit, but the population trends of the transitional period of development and the social and political endeavours attached to
such a change have hindered the countries progression. As a result of this, Iceland has a better economy, quality of life, and social and political
structure while Gabon is developing these benefits slowly but with success with signs of development problems in population and infrastructure that ...
Iceland and Gabon have different population sizes, but they are relatively close in comparison to all countries of the world. The various people
that make up their populations reflect each as developed and developing (respectively). Iceland has a population of 317,351 and is ranked 180 in
the world, whereas Gabon has a population of 1,672,597 and is ranked 154 in the world . Iceland's population is relatively small because the climate
of Iceland does not promote a large amount of human life as it is consistently cold and its already developed systems keep its population small with a
growth rate of .65%. However, such a small population facilitates more effective government programs to support health care and insure good quality
of life for more individuals. Gabon's population, on the other hand, is small because it recently began its demographic transition. This illustrates its
status as a developing country along with its growth rate of 1.94% kept low by the smaller population but still growing steadily along with its
developing industry, healthcare, and food production, where Iceland has the advantage of this infrastructure, Gabon has not yet fully developed this
infrastructure and can not deal as easily with the growth in population or support individuals or communities quality of life. The age structure of each
country also affects their growth rate. In Iceland, 19.7% of

The Mortality Rate Of Humans
People recognize that death is the terminal point in the life of a physical body. In a moment, a person 's memory, personality, and experiences all
seem to disappear. It is foolish for people to live a life unprepared for the inevitable where one 's existence ceases to exist. In fact, the mortality rate of
humans is 100 percent. Perhaps some essential part of people survive death and lives forever beyond the grave. The truth can come from two choices–
speculation or revelation. Many people believe in the afterlife because the various religions they practice. Several religions teach that life after death
does exist. Religious belief, however, does not entirely account for all the people who believe. Though, in a modern world, scientific ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether it 's heaven or hell, one's soul may be judged or evaluated on where they will arrive in the afterlife. The way a person has conducted
themselves will influence their soul's destiny after death. What survives after the death of the body? Prominent world religions view this part of
afterlife differently. For example, Christianity has dualistic conceptions. A non
–physical soul that separates the body at death, but there are also
contrasting views. For instance, many Christians believe that a spiritual body resurrects after death. It can be physical and three–dimensional.
However, but that spiritual body is distinct from a person's current physical body. Now, Buddhists do not believe that a body contains a soul. However,
they do believe a person's karma survives death, prior sensations, perceptions, and consciousness transmit to another physical body. The moment death
occurs, it sets in motion of an immediate retribution for the consequences of these desires or actions. Then forcing the individual to be reborn once
again into the unceasing cycle of karma and samsara. (Sumegi 2013). Religion can date back as far as homo sapiens existence (100,000 B.C.E.). People
of this time conducted burial rituals and handled the dead with care and consideration. However, it is known they buried their dead with food, weapons,
stone implements, decorative shells, and bones in the graves with the deceased. One must presume the

Does Childhood Personality Affect Longevity Essay example
Psychology of Aging
Research Paper
Say you're the teacher of a fourth grade elementary class. The class consists of about forty kids, each with different personalities and characteristics that
make them extremely unique. Throughout the school year you learn more about each kid. How they do in social situations? Who is the hard worker,
or leader? Through observation you identify the more optimistic students compared to the pessimistic ones. Or introverted compared to extroverted.
These are all different dispositional traits that you have noticed through the students in your class. Now, what if I were to tell you that these
dispositional traits could play a huge role on your student's longevity? This is a question that psychologists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gender differences also had to be dealt with accordingly also. Reason being, females average life expectancy is roughly 6–10 more years (Data ranges
over different countries) than males. Beginning the experiment, one of the subject's parents was asked to sit down with the subject's teacher at that
time and together rate the subjects personality with a given 25–trait dimension. Now that all of the participant's dispositions were categorized
accordingly, the next step was to create equations that would evaluate a person's life expectancy at different points in their lives. Although several
analyses were made during this experiment, the focal one was the hazard regression analysis. This analysis calculated mortality rate at all different ages
by closely relating it to the personality dimension of the participant (Friedman, Tucker, Tomlinson–Keasey, Schwartz & Wingard, 1993). After
running through all the data and placing it in the appropriate equations, astounding results were revealed. As expected woman had a greater life
expectancy then men, along with showing a mortality hazard rate that was two–thirds the rate of men. Out of the six different personalities that a
subject could have been, two tested positive to being strong predictors on influencing longevity, whether it be longer or shorter life expectancy. These
dispositions were Conscientiousness and Cheerfulness. Conscientiousness predicted longer longevity and cheerfulness predicted a

Florence Nightingale : The Joan Of Arc Of Nursing
Florence Nightingale: The Joan of Arc of Nursing Florence Nightingale is known as a pioneer of public health. Not only was she a fantastic nurse, but
aside from working directly with individuals she also affected populations. She worked hard addressing matters of epidemiology, such as breaking the
chain of infection as well as meticulously measuring health outcomes. She utilized mortality rates and surveillance in her research methods. Her
accomplishments affected thousands of people. Florence Nightingale was truly a hero towards public health and can be considered the "Joan of Arc of
Nursing".
Direct Care and Towards a Population
Florence Nightingale contributed to society both on a direct level with individuals but also towards the population as a whole. Along with her efforts
as a pioneer researcher, she was known as a "military nurse" (McDonald, 2003). In 1854, British soldiers began to invade Crimea to support Turkey.
Many sick and wounded soldiers were dying without appropriate medical attention. Nightingale and thirty–eight other nurses quickly arrived and
worked in a British military hospital to care for these soldiers. Though she put great effort into improving the conditions there, such as adding water
boilers to contribute to laundry sanitation, she spent her nights tending to the sick and wounded soldiers. She banned other women from the ward at
night and delivered all care by herself (Cohen, 1984). Here, Florence Nightingale's nursing care was individual as it

The Infant Mortality Rate Is Very High And The Death Rate
oduction
There are concerns about the death rate in Zimbabwe. The infant mortality rate is very high and the death rate is generally high compared to other
developing nations within the African continent. There are serious issues about the high death rate in the country. This has a lot to do with the
actualization of individual rights to health and medical attention by their government. The concern also extends to the safety of the medical
environment and facilities such as hospitals and research and treatment centers. Indeed, there is a major problem concerning the availability of
resources to achieve all these as well as the intention to do so as well (Ndlovu, 2011). It is critical that at all times, there be a situation of guaranteed
standards in such institutions. The health of the community is indeed affected by the policy decisions made by the government. While it may be
difficult to completely rule out external factors that lead to such issues in death rates and infant mortality rates; the government ought to make steps to
end such a trend.
Location and Geography of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is located on the Southern part of Africa; landlocked between Zambia, South Africa, Botswana and
Mozambique. The country is approximately 150,871 square miles and ranks among the largest countries in the world as number sixty out of the one
hundred and ninety six globally recognized countries. It is thus a fairly large country but quite average in size among African nations. The country

Anorexia Nervos Is It Necessary?
The Problem
Insurance companies most often do not initially cover eating disorder treatment; however, there is a higher recognition of the implications by insurance
companies of anorexia nervosa than any other eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa has been consistently associated with increased mortality, but mortality
rates of other types of eating disorders are more ambiguous. It is important to recognize that EVERY eating disorder is a serious mental and physical
illness that attributes to severe health implications and death–not just those eating disorders classified as anorexia nervosa. Our health system and
insurance companies need to understand the seriousness of this disorder to provide better and more comprehensive coverage for ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The mortality from eating disorders is known to be elevated–this is true for all–cause mortality and suicide, with evidence pointing to suicide mortality
being higher in eating disorders than in any other psychiatric illness. However, most mortality research concerning eating disorders directs attention to
anorexia nervosa. Limited evidence to date suggests that the mortality risk is low for bulimia nervosa and 'eating disorder not otherwise specified' in
comparison to anorexia nervosa. I was surprised given the medical problems related with laxative abuse and purging behaviors such as vomiting.
Additionally, given the association with impulsivity, the intense mood swings, and the anxiety seen in bulimia nervosa patients, it is bewildering that
the detected suicide rates in bulimia nervosa have not been higher. Furthermore, EDNOS, which is a catch–all diagnose for patients with significant
features of eating disorders not meeting the criteria for just AN or BN, is the most common eating disorder diagnosis in nearly all community and
clinic–based studies; and still, virtually nothing is known about the complications associated with EDNOS, specifically mortality.
The literature on mortality in eating disorders has some limitations, including restricted numbers of study participants with bulimia nervosa or EDNOS,
the use of clinical follow–up to ascertain vital status,

The Mortality Rate Of Ebola
Ebola is one of the most deadly diseases known to man. The mortality rate of Ebola ranges from 25% to 90% (World Health Organization [WHO],
2014; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010; Cowart, 2014). There is no cure for Ebola and no vaccine to prevent its spread
(WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010; Cowart, 2014). The virus itself is spreads between organisms through bodily fluids, such as blood and vomit, which are
shed by an infected individual (WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010). These fluids typically carry a large viral load, or number of cells that harbor the virus
(WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010). The virus is spread when infectious bodily fluids come into contact with mucous membranes (WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010). As
such, infection can occur when infectious fluids enter a cut, enter intravenously, or encounter mucous membranes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth
(WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010).
Ebola is so deadly, because it basically takes control over the body's immune system (Cowart, 2014; Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel, 2003). Since Ebola
targets the immune and vascular system, it pretty much targets all organs within the body (Cowart, 2014; Chan, 2014; Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel, 2003).
According to Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel (2003), once the virus enters the body, it replicates at an accelerated rate overwhelming the body's immune
system. Upon infection with the virus, the virus invades the body's monocytes and macrophages, which release cytokines that travel throughout a
person's vascular

Using Microsoft Excel 2010 On The Heart Disease Mortality...
3.0 Statistics
Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to create a scatter plot of the heart disease mortality data rates versus the total hardness of WTPs listed in Table
2.3.1. A linear regression using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis Package, 2010 was used to find the correlation along with the R2 value and adjusted
R2 value. The R2 values represent the percent of the variance of the data explained by the fitted line. In this case, the R2 values represent the variance
in heart disease rates that can be explained by the change in drinking water hardness. The adjusted R2 value is dependent on the number of points
within the data. The significance of the R2 value was determined by the resulting p–values. The test was considered significant if the p–value was less
than 0.05. WTPs were further divided by levels of hardness into moderately hard, hard, and very hard classifications to check for correlations within
classifications. Linear regressions were then run on each classification. The entire statistical analysis is shown in the Appendix.
4.0 Results
The range of water hardness of the 31 WTPs varied from 93 mg/l to 448 mg/l of total hardness with an average value of 180 mg/l. Of the 31 plants 17
had a total hardness between 120mg/l and 160mg/l, accounting for 58% of the study area.
The total population heart disease mortality rate versus water hardness was first analyzed and a positive correlation of 0.427 was obtained. The R2
value was found to be 0.183 indicating that 18.3% of

Factors Affecting Population Growth
According to the book, there are three main factors that influence population growth. The first factor the book addresses is childhood mortality.
Childhood mortality refers to the amount of children who die before age five. According to a website called ourworldindata.com, the child mortality
rate in 2015 was around 4.3 percent. Childhood mortality can impact population growth because if the mortality rate is high, the amount of childhood
deaths would cause less population growth. A decrease in childhood mortality could cause families to have smaller families since there is a higher
likelihood of their children surviving. Education is the second factor that impacts population growth. According to the book, people who are educated
tend to wait to have children or get married due to their occupation or due to them working towards their occupation. This can impact population
growth by reducing the number of children a women has due to her getting married older, having children when she is older, and dedicating time to
work and children. Women who live in uneducated areas tend to marry and have children around their teens, increases the population yet also
increasing poverty and lack of hygiene. The third and last factor is the lack of access to contraceptives. According to the book, contraceptives tend to
decrease the amount of children a women has, allows more women to have children who survive the birthing process, and reduces the amount of
women who die in childbirth. This

The Infant Mortality Rate For African Americans
Literature review "Compared with European Americans, African American infants experience disproportionately high rates of low birth weight
(LBW) and preterm delivery and are more than twice as likely to die during their 1st year of life"(GiscombГ©, C. L., & Lobel, M., 2005). The infant
mortality rate for African Americans is 13.7 deaths per 1000 live births, more than twice the rate (5.7) for White Americans in the U.S. (Kung, Hoyert,
Xu, & Murphy, 2008). A lot of the racial disparity ininfant mortality can be explained by low birthweight and preterm delivery, which are also
disproportionately and often experienced by African Americans (Martin et al., 2007). In addition to infant mortality, infant survivors of LBW and
preterm delivery, often experience greater problems in childhood and adulthood. Some of these experiences include higher rates of respiratory illness,
impaired growth, cognitive and emotional deficiencies, lower academic achievement and risk of hypertension, diabetes and mental health issues
(Behrman and Butler, 2007, Conley and Bennett, 2000 and Raikkonen et al., 2007). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) report that African
American pregnancies are at an elevated risk for poor birth outcomes. Figure 1. shows national birth outcomes for African American, Hispanic, and
Caucasian pregnancies, as reported by the CDC in 2013:
Figure 1. Why do African Americans have a higher rate of infant mortality, low birth weights and preterm delivery? Evidence

Rhetorical Analysis Of Pharmaceutical Innovation Can We...
Rhetorical Analysis: Pharmaceutical InnovationIn Joel Lexchin's article "Pharmaceutical innovation: Can we live forever? A commentary on
Schnittker and Karandinos" he addresses the article made by Schnittker and Karandinos about the progression of pharmaceuticals and whether or not
we have advanced enough to significantly increase our life expectancy. Lexchin uses a plethora of rhetoric to persuade the reader into believing his
argument, mostly relying upon logos, chiefly facts, to appeal to the logical and sensible side of the readers. His argument is not limited to logos
though, as there are faint traces of pathos, the longing to live forever, as well as ethos, society's needs for further advances, to further convince the
reader. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an extremely powerful tool, as when one sees numbers such as the ones previously stated, that look very logical, it is hard not to believe
them. Unconvinced that we really will "be saved by innovation", Lexchin continues to describe the results of an experiment done involving the
treatments of patients with similar underlying conditions by both Canada and the United States. The results of which, favoured Canada, which
leads to some very difficult questions; if the US has considerably greater care units than Canada, as well as a higher NME approval rate, why is the
life expectancy higher? While throwing logic at us from every angle, Lexchin also manages to appeal to our deeper desires. He plays on humans
yearning for eternal youth and immortality, as well as our fear of death. Immortality is a common goal of society and Lexchin uses is as a tool to get
the reader to listen to his argument. With a respectable argument against the idea of pharmaceutical advances eventually leading to immortality,
Lexchin uses multiple forms of rhetoric, mostly logos, to sway the readers. He sets our deep fantasies of someday being able to live forever against
our rational minds and backs up his case with sound logic and viable examples that leave us no doubts about human limitation.

Childhood Mortality Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay
Since World War II, Sub–Saharan Africa has seen notable improvements in child survival; however, childhood mortality conditions continue to lag
behind. Ghana is said to be "an island of peace and stability" in the volatile landscape of Sub–Saharan West Africa; a success story of the World Bank
and International Monetary Fund (Atakpu, 2004). Its success has put Ghana as the leader in human development among the countries in that region.
Although, the infant mortality rate and mortality rate of children under the age of five is still rather high compared to the rest of the world. This
problem has ranked the country as 135th out of 177countries studied for human development by 2007–2008 United Nations Human Development
Report. Since child ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The World Bank has been a major contributor financially in aiding Ghana (Goldsmith, 2001) and the country has received 37 million dollars per year
from 2004 to 2007 from U.S. Agency for international development alone (USAID, 2008). Even though the country has received large amounts of
money, the external debt that the country has acquired has kept money being spent on social services and instead is going towards paying off the debt.
The International Monetary Fund and World Bank have allowed heavily indebted countries some debt relief which Ghana is one of them provided that
they meet certain conditions (International Monetary Fund, 2008). This should have freed up resources to be spent on health, education and other
social services but that is not evident in the reduction of the rate of infant and child mortality rate. Disparities do exist between regions and social
classes, the richest which is comprised of 20 percent of the population have a 46 percent share of the overall consumption and income in the country
(Human Development Report, 2007/2008). Ghana despite somewhat lower corruption levels, the elite class still controls the disbursement of funds.
Women, especially among the poor in rural areas remain the most disadvantaged group with limited or little

Symptoms And Symptoms Of The Valley Fever
After transmission, there are many different symptoms Rift Valley fever can cause when infecting its host. Not only can they differ between humans
and animals, but within those units individuals can experience a wide variety of symptoms ranging from those as mild as headaches and nausea to
those more extreme such as meningitis and death. Although throughout history only about 2% of humans infected happened to be fatal, the other 98%
suffered through a wide variation of symptoms that focused on different aspects of the body1. In humans, Rift Valley fever can have an incubation
period of 2 to 6 days with some patients showing no signs and a majority of the others suffering from flu–like symptoms, such as vomiting, headaches,
limb pains, and diarrhea2. These minor symptoms can last from 2 to 7 days before the patient's adaptive immune response is implemented and begins
its fight against the virus, followed by a complete, or nearly complete, recovery2,3. Though these symptoms seem like common ailments that exist
everywhere today and are practically harmless in the long run, Rift Valley fever has the potential to turn them into a lifelong nuisance. After the onset
of the first symptoms, infected patients can progressively suffer from ocular damage, both temporary and permanent. Most cases can involve the
inflammation of the retina and uvea or can have complications with retinal vasculitis, which in turn could lead to photophobia, a sever sensitivity to
light1,4. With

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