Speech On Multilingualism

Speech On Multilingualism
MULTILINGUALISM AND MY CONTEXT
India is a country where over 1650 'mother tongues' belonging to five different language families
viz. Indo–Aryan, Dravidian, Austro–Asiatic, Tibeto–Burman and, Andamanese are spoken. India is
such a landscape where we can find multilingual environment everywhere.
Chhattisgarh and languages
I am a Bengali native speaker, presently residing in Chhattisgarh, where Chhattisgarhi, Hindi,
English Oriya and also many sub–languages (so called 'Boli') are used by the people. In the context
of Chhattisgarh we can also find multilingual environment in school education system. In this state
native speakers are also using Hindi language,
(This is growing) beside Chhattisgarhi Language. What is the reason behind it? In conversations
with native people and teachers I come to know that they denied ... Show more content on
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Multilingualism is easily defined as an occurrence regarding an individual or group of speaker(s)
who use(s) two or more languages, a community of speakers where two or more language are used
as oral or written form. Multilingualism basically arises to communicate with speech communities.
There are two type of multilingualism is seen in our scenario: These two type of multilingualism
are: A) Additive multilingualism and B) Subtractive multilingualism.
Additive bi/multilingualism: Additive multilingualism enriches both the languages by their usage;
e.g. if a child cherishes/nourishes other languages side by side his mother tongue too, then it is
called additive bi/multilingualism.
Subtractive multilingualism: It refers to the gradual loss of the first language as the second language
dominates learner's functional space, in which case the speaker's loyalty shifted towards acquired
language; e.g. if a child acquired second language and this language dominates upon his/her mother
tongue and he/she priorities and shifts loyalty to acquired language, then it is called subtractive
multilingualism. (Bedadur Vijay Nivedita, 2015 pp
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Benefits Of Multilingualism
Multilingualism "Making the United States a more multilingual society would carry with it untold
benefits" oaks Ursula 20 April 2010. Multilingualism is in debate amongst people even in the
modern times. Multilingualism is beneficial for people to learn and use. Some might say that
multilingualism might be a waste of time. On the other hand, what is believed is that
multilingualism is the supreme thing to do. Multilingualism is excellent as; languages are a gateway
to the global community, encourages brain growth, important to the security and economic. There
are various reasons to go multilingualism instead of monolingual. One of which is that languages are
the gateway to global communication and the key is multilingualism. ... Show more content on
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This demonstrates how the author believes that multilingualism is convenient to learn and use in
everyday life. It connects to the topic that is being spoken about showing that multingaulism is more
useful and will help you in the long run. This all connects to the main topic because it shows the
benefits of multilingualism while showing that monolingaulism is not the way to go. The final
paragraph shall debate that languages are important to the security and economy. The next account
talks about how Mr. Michael believes that multilingualism will greatly help the economy. According
to Mr. Michael he believes that, "there can be more sales and trades between different speaking
merchants". This is a significant thing for people in the United States with interest and help the
economy grow. It shows that while many may perceive multilingualism as something insignificant
and unimportant and useless, that it is actually quite useful. In the next affirmation Mr. Michael
announces that if more people can communicate in another language besides their mother tongue
then it can be used to talk to other leaders from other countries leaders. Mr. Michael states as well
that "there can be more people who work to protect the security and communication with other
leaders". This is vital to protect the citizens and other

Multilingualism In Canada
In between the countries of Germany and France lies Switzerland, a diverse country with a rich
history. Part of this rich history contributes to the multilingualism of this nation state. Switzerland
has four official languages; German, French, Italian and Romansh. All of these languages, with the
exception of Romansh, hold equal value in the federal government. A reported 63.9% of the Swiss
population speaks German as their main language, 22.5 percent speak mainly French, 8.1 percent
use mainly Italian, and .5 percent speak Romansh as their most used language based on a 2013
census. In this census, 21.7 percent of Swiss residents indicated "other" as their most spoken
language. In his article, "Language Policy in Multilingual Switzerland" Taylor ... Show more content
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Romansh is not an official language of Switzerland, but it is an official language of one canton.
Romansh is the least widespread of the languages in Switzerland, and thus it is likely that the
language will fade due to impracticability in everyday Swiss life. ... argues that "...." , but the
linguistic difference between cantons seems to be enough to reduce effectiveness of communication
and strongly influences regional culture.
Belgium faces the issue of exclusionary practices in schools that require the use of Dutch.
Additionally, Belgium has a history of exclusionary work and marketplace restrictions that affect
non–Dutch speaking citizens. Unlike Switzerland, Belgium's minority language of German has less
than one percent of the population who are native speakers, in opposition to the slight divide of
French and Dutch speakers in Belgium. This means that German would be far less effective in the
majority of the country and in the future may no longer hold its status as an official

Bilingualism Benefits
The Benefits of Bilingualism
Nelson Mandela, as cited in U.S Department of Education (2010), once said, if you talk to a man in
a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to
his heart (para. 14). Linguistic diversity has become an important factor in society and more and
more people are growing up with the ability to speak more than one language. The Linguistic
Society of America (n.d) states that most of the world's population is bilingual or multilingual in the
world, where an estimated 5,000 distinct languages are being spoken, and only minorities of citizens
are monolingual (para. 1). Being bilingual means that a person is able to speak two languages
fluently, while multilingualism means that a person can speak two or more languages with high
proficiencies. In the United States and especially in the Washington Metropolitan area, a variety of
bilingual people from all different backgrounds and ethnicities live together in one community, so
hearing languages from all parts of the world is a phenomenon that can be witnessed on a daily
basis. Their abilities have a positive effect on the human brain while also impacting different aspects
of life, such as cognitive capabilities, business opportunities and social communication skills.
Speaking a second language enhances auditory attention, which is related to comprehending
multiple phonetic inputs at the same time. Research shows that auditory attention is more acute in

Bilingual Language Essay
America has been home to diversity and is seemed to be land of the free. With an array of culture
and perspectives, America become a country represented by all. Taking this into consideration, you
would expect bilingual language to be highly pushed among students, but that is far from true. Since
1998, proposition 227 was enacted, creating strict protocols and was meant to fix the issues
concerning bilingual education. This proposition lead to non–english speakers being put into
English only classes so that they were able to learn the language until they were ready to be put in a
regular english class. Although this was meant to be progressive, it resulted in causing more conflict
for non–english learners and their progress being made. This ... Show more content on
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In Ron Unz article "Bilingual Education Programs Fail Our Students", he states that proposition 227
had required all California public schools to teach their children English by placing those non–
English speakers in an intensive sheltered English immersion program in order to teach them
English as quickly as possible so that they could then be placed in a regular English class. The issue
with this was that children were unable to grow as fast as they needed to. Teaching them in English
creates more of a struggle for the child. The purpose of the class is to learn English so using only
English to teach would not be the best solution. In "Prop. 58 would undo limitations on bilingual
education" written by Adolfo Guzman–Lopez, he explains how Marcelo Suárez–Orozco, dean of the
University of California Los Angeles Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, states
that proposition 227 was a political response due to the failings of the bilingual education who rather
than finding a solution, eliminated bilingual education as a whole. So, rather than working to fix the
issue, supporters of 227 sought out to eliminate it as a whole, causing many

Why Latinos Children Are Failing in Education? Essay
According with Jean Piaget whose theory on child development has been a great influence in
education; language development is the most important phase during the Preoperational stage of
cognitive development. During this stage children develop and build up their knowledge and
vocabulary by asking questions and expressing ideas through words, images and drawings. This
stage is considerate to happen from two years of to seven years of age (Kendra Cherry). Language
development has direct implications in the intellectual development of a child, and it is one of the
main tools to develop our thinking process. We use words to store and access memories or other
information. For Latinos children and especially recent arrivals whose language is ... Show more
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There is substantial information about the benefits of students learning better in their primary
language the book "Growing up Hispanic" by Landale, McHale and Booth has important data on the
reason why the Latino students are not making adequate progress in academia like their counterpart
whites, Asian and Afro–American. One of the reasons is that United States schools contrary to
Canada and Sweden don't have a consistent and systematic bilingual and second language
acquisition policy in place to support students that speak other language than English (Landale,
2010). There are third world countries such Philippine that are making adjustments to their
education policy because they want their people to be proficient in their mother tongue language,
but also be able to compete in this global economy. According to President Aquino "Philippines
should learn English to connect ourselves with the world, Filipino to connect ourselves to our
country, and our mother tongue to connect ourselves to our heritage" (Inquirer, 2010). While there
are international initiatives to revitalize native language and promote multilingualism United States
is stock in the obtuse idea of one standard language. Although according with Melvyn Bragg the
80% of modern English vocabulary does not have English roots, which demonstrates that the power
of a language is its flexibility to

The Disadvantages Of Monolingual English Speaker
Monolingual English speakers are proven by statistics, specifically statistics developed by the US
Census Bureau, to be a large fraction of the United States, an economically powerful country.
However, other influential countries around the world, such as China, Russia, and France, do not use
English as their primary language. Due to English's non–dominance in many economically
advancing countries outside of the US, such as China, Russia, and France, and multilingualism
providing the opportunity to create complex cultural connections and interactions as well as the
opportunity to garner stronger cognitive abilities and better brain health, monolingual English
speakers, a widely present population within the US, face a grand disadvantage, both individually
and collectively, in comparison to multilingual speakers. The magnitude of the disadvantage caused
by monolingualism and the English language varies heavily with the location of the monolingual
English speaker. Learning foreign languages allows for the recognition of "cultural difference" and
the appreciation of traditions, aforementioned by Russell Berman in his article "Foreign Language
for Foreign Policy" which politely disagrees with Haass, "a distinguished author, Oberlin– and
Oxford–educated, and an influential voice in American debates," by interjecting that the cognitive
and cultural importance of language learning is far more important than the global and political
importance of language learning (Berman).

The Linguistic Results Of Language Contact
Through looking at patterns of social interaction of different languages it is easy to predict the
linguistic results of language contact. This could be seen through multilingualism which is a result
of language contact between multiple different languages. Multilingualism can create diglossia
which helps display the multilingualism of a country or community and helps show it is useful for
predicting the results of language contact. Code switching in which people switch from one
language to another depending on the situation, helps show how social interaction between speakers
of different languages helps us predict the linguistic results of language contact. Then there is dialect
levelling and language change which helps show the beginning ... Show more content on
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All these reasons result in social interaction between speakers of different language, which helps
predict language contact may result in multilingualism. It is estimated that over half of all countries
are multilingual. An example of a multilingual society is Switzerland with three main languages:
French, German and Italian and each language is dominant area of its own. John Edwards believes
that everyone is bilingual, even if someone can only speak or understand, he believes that you have
"some 'command' of a foreign tongue" therefore there is no clear monolingual country. Therefore
multilingualism is useful in showing how the social interaction between people of different
languages help us predict the linguistic results of language contact as it is an example of what
happens when multiple languages exist and interact in the same country.
In multilingual countries, diglossia occurs, which is the result of language contact and social
interaction. This therefore helps shows how the patterns of social interaction between speakers of
different languages predict results of language contact as diglossia is a result of this and display the
countries multilingualism. Diglossia "describes societal or institutionalised bilingualism, where two
varieties are required to cover all the community's domains." (Holmes, p.30) There are two
definitions of diglossia but it is Joshua Fishman's modification of Charles Ferguson's definition that

What Does It Mean You Be Bilingual Or Multilingual?
What does it mean to be bilingual or multilingual? Discuss the different ways in which
multilingualism can be defined, and the educational implications in a particular educational setting.
Introduction
We define multilingual speakers as having the capacity to identify and communicate using three or
more languages. The term bilingualism is used to label a person whom has the ability to interact
using two languages; these languages are not always at an equal advancement, skill and
communication level between these languages can differ.
Researchers have identified that there is a far larger population of multilingual individuals in the
world compared to the monolingual, persons only capable of speaking one language, community. It
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multilingualism allows for those capable of it to understand and appreciate different cultures and
life styles and encourages open–mindedness, dismisses ignorance and boosts positive social
relations. The argument regarding multilingualism's importance is rife; although there are many
benefits from language skills it seems there is a lack of drive to learn another language.
"Since the removal of compulsory language qualifications at Key Stage 4 in England, there has been
a steady decline in numbers of students taking a GCSE in a language; the Language Trends Survey
(2011) recorded a decline from 78% take up in 2001 to 40% in 2011" (Dr Taylor, 2013, p.4). This
figure proves a topic of interest to researchers as it begs the question, if globally multilingualism is
widespread and respected why is the law dismissing it?
Despite the removal of compulsory languages, since this time, more government plans have been
issued to assist in bringing back language learning into an educational setting; the BBC declared
that, from September 2014 in England, it was to be compulsory for primary school children aged
seven and above to learn another language. It is a fact that the younger you are when you learn a
language the earlier you pick it up; making it an obligation for 7+ year

Multiculturalism In The United States
Languages, The most important accelerator for modern society, an effective way to comprehend and
explore a new country, The most precious treasure for next generation, has the spiritual meaning for
residents. However some people said that Government should force " English only" policy in the
united states. Furthermore, the act keeps the country united and enhance immigrants' standard
English skills. Others advocates for multilingualism in order to embrace diverse cultures and ideas.
In my view, The last standpoint, I agreed, is more reasonable. The United states is known for its
diversity, which in fact, started from the beginning. It has been very common thing to
comprehensive different languages in the modern society. It's estimated that ... Show more content
Sometimes, we watch cultural movies or appreciate featured musics with confusion and
misunderstanding. Most works of art and popular culture are more frankly represented in their
native language. Listening to a song, reading a classic novel, watching a movie . We can deeply
touch the original meaning what the art really displayed. For an instance. When I was a child, I
wanted a documentary " the art of Japan". At that time, I was very depressed and confused why they
will wear the weird clothes like that. They also wears a pair of wooded slippery. I understand the
type of art when I studied Japanese. I have a more deep understanding on this art. Another example
is more impressive for me. When I was first time to visit a museum. I was not ensure to understand
the style of the construction,the history of relics and the legend of masterpiece. On the contrary, I
read these books in Chinese.I tasted books at home. I was interested in Qing dynasty relics, I bought
some books about Qing dynasty to learn the process of producing relics and coloring relics. Besides
the Chinese the form of of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon
represented the emperor , and the phoenix, empress. Chinese words give me a better understanding.
I like the charming culture and

Multilingualism
Briefly explain simultaneous acquisition of bilingualism and multilingualism and discuss types of
simultaneous acquisition. (Chapter 5)
Simultaneous acquisition of bilingualism and multilingualism means a person starts learning two or
more languages from birth. After the child is born, they start to hear the languages spoken at home.
As an example, my cousin married an Italian. Their son at home experiences a bilingual influences
as his mother speaks English to him and the father speaks Italian to him. During the weekend, the
child stays in the grandparents' house. The grandparents speak Chinese to him. In this fashion, he is
learning three languages simultaneously. So, his first languages are English, Italian and Chinese. He
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under these four type of acquisitions, since children explore the languages earlier on in their life,
they will become bilingual. They have the basic foundation for those languages. They already know
the languages basically. The question is how well and fluent will he use those languages as he grows
up? For a child becoming bilingual in proficiency of both languages, parents, school, community
and the child himself all play an important role.
Question 2:
Briefly explain reasons for second language acquisition and discuss individual differences in
learning a second language. (Chapter 6)
The second language acquisition is called sequential acquisition of bilingualism. The language is
learned by a child or adult later on in their lives. The person has already acquired his mother tongue
language and wants to learn a second language. The reason for the acquisition of a second or third
language is varying depending on each individual. Here, we catalog the reasons into two types:
Societal and Individual. Societal reasons include "Assimilationist", "preservationist", "harmony",
"economic and trade", "interaction across continents", "information", "power", and "intercultural
understanding". We look at the reasons for learning a second language from a social macro
viewpoint. The opportunity of learning a second language has been provided by the states, the
schools, the communities and the mass media. Therefore the acquisition

Bilingualism And Dementia
The Buffering Potential of Bilingualism on Dementia: A Review
Communication, education, buying, selling, asking for directions, businesses transactions, etc, are
all reasons why language is necessary. However, there could easily be a barrier between people that
can impede on and dictate how these interactions will progress without the correct language.
Bilingualism or multilingualism is a common asset that most of the people in the world use and rely
on every day. Bilingualism will be described in this paper as the ability to speak two or more
languages proficiently, however bilingualism and multilingualism will be used interchangeably. The
second (or nth) language can be acquired at home at a young age (for example, if the
parents/caregiver

Pluralism And Bilingual Education
Ana Dobrilovic
Dr. Roberts
Bilingual Education
9 February 2017
Assignment #2
The pluralistic discourse strongly supports multilingualism and advocates for building on diversity.
This discourse believes that denying or ignoring people from different cultural backgrounds who
speak different languages can lead to fragmentation and disunity. This discourse views bilingualism
and multilingualism positively and that they are an asset to the world. Language is an integral part of
our lives. It is how we express ourselves, communicate with others and the world. The
assimilationist discourse, on the other hand, views monolingualism as the ideal. They view cultural
and language differences as something that will drive people further apart. Only through ... Show
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It would be beneficial for the teachers to be able to add that endorsement. The teachers would better
able to assist and teach their students because they would learn teaching strategies geared toward
bilinguals. Iowa is diverse and there are students from a plethora of countries attending schools
within it. They have not always gotten the best support and in such a diverse and expanding world, it
is necessary that we help these students assimilate into the new culture while helping them maintain
their native one as well. Teachers could utilize these strategies to create a more welcoming and
engaging atmosphere in the classroom and to help the students understand that all of them can
succeed in their language endeavors. With the certification, the teachers would be better qualified to
create a curriculum that fits all their students and use new methods and technologies to provide
equal opportunities for learning for each of the diverse students in

The Importance Of Multilingualism As An Official Language
Every nation should set multilingualism as their main objective. There are many benefits both at an
individual level as well as at state level for people to be multilingual. Firstly, knowing multiple
languages helps us to adapt into and interact in this globalised world we live in. Secondly, being
able to express ourselves in a language we identify ourselves most with, and have the strongest
knowledge of, is a human right.
It is important to make a distinction between a 'national language' and an 'official language' before
discussing any further. National language is "a language associated with a particular country where
it is recognised as a symbol of national identity" (Joan Swann, 2004) whereas an official language
can be defined as "a language which is used for political, legal and administrative communications
within a given political territory." (Joan Swann, 2004) This essay will focus on national languages
and their importance across the globe from small communities to national level without overruling
the importance of having official language(s) helping to run governments.
Due to globalisation, the world nowadays is significantly interconnected economically,
technologically and culturally. Even though globalisation is not a new phenomenon, and can be
argued to have started already in the 1500s when the transatlantic exploration and consolidation of
European hegemony began, the pace and the scope of it is greater than ever² (Ruth Wodak, 2011).
Consequently, we

The Pros And Cons Of Multilingualism
A natural language is an extremely complex and varied phenomenon and very different from both
other human cognitive functions and animal communication according to Zuidema (2015). Wei
(2000, p.18) perceives bilingualism and multilingualism as "having a determined effect on the
human being's intellectual and spiritual growth". That is to say, language has always opened the
door to investigate and explore complicated biological and cultural phenomena. Part of such
phenomena is bilingualism and multilingualism. Grosjean (1982, p. 1) maintains that bilingualism is
practically present in every country of the world and throughout all classes of society and age
groups, adding that it is difficult to find a society that is genuinely monolingual.
According to Bialystok (2011, p. 19), bilinguals have been seen as having a number of advantages
over monolinguals, including developed means of control over the language and higher levels of
verbal creativity, different thinking and meta–linguistic awareness, which is the ability to reflect
upon language that can be manifested as phonological awareness, morphological awareness, or
syntactic awareness. Along with these cognitive advantages, one of the biggest practical
implications of a bilingual's ability to speak more than one language is CS.
The way CS is regarded and perceived in EFL classrooms in general and in Egypt in particular is
quite debatable. The old and new English language teaching methods starting from the

Understanding And Being Able To Speak A New Language Can
Understanding and being able to speak a new language can only bring positive things. In addition to
improving your resume, several studies claim that knowing more than one language makes you
smarter, because you use parts of your brain that would otherwise be unused. In addition, if you are
one of those who travel a lot, knowledge of other languages is vital for you to be able to get the most
out of your travels. Having a second language is one of the most demanded requirements in the
workplace, so today studying a language is no longer a whim, it is almost a necessity. Most medium
or large companies have an international and not only local or national projection, so they need their
employees to be able to communicate with people from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the existence of this simultaneous process, one of the purposes of the teacher should be to
help the student make both hemispheres work together.
The pre–school stage, according to theories of neuropsychological development, is excellent for
introducing new concepts in a second language to the child. The child 's brain is like a sponge. Since
50 percent of the ability to learn is developed in the first years of life, and another 30 percent by age
eight, early childhood development programs have the opportunity to encourage early learning and
development.
During the first six months of life, babies babble using 70 sounds that make up all the languages in
the world. The babies will learn to talk using only the sounds and words that they hear from their
environment, principally from their parents and caregivers. A baby 's brain will then discard the
ability to speak in languages he or she does not hear (Kotulak, 1996). "During this period and
especially the first three years of life, the foundations for thinking, language, vision, attitudes,
aptitudes, and other characteristics are laid down," says Ronald Kotulak, author of Inside the Brain.
That's one of the reasons why is better to learn the second language when you are young.
The impulses of the second language must be constant since the children learn faster, but also they
forget

Multilingualism
Multilingualism: How To Understand Others
Language is one of mankind's most powerful inventions. From the scribbles in caves, thousand–
page stories of a French Revolution, to men and women standing in front of thousands eager to
listen; the written, spoken, and oration of language is a vital component of the human experience.
Interestingly, the greater an individual's mastery of language the greater his or her ability to
understand the world itself, and more importantly those that live on it. The following is going to be
an in–depth analysis of the impact multilingualism has on an individual's perception, exposure, and
appreciation of foreign culture. First, multilingualism has several benefits to people without taking
culture into account. The difference in neural activity between monolingual and multilingual
speakers has shown the later to have a marginal advantage over the other. Research shows this
advantage as a result of the brain's executive function. (Diamond 1–3) This portion of the brain
relates to intelligence, it affects a person's memory, attention, forethought, impulse control, etc. The
executive function of the brain is especially active in bilinguals, but what causes this phenomenon?
Simple, the constant competition between two or more languages presents a level of exercise within
the brain that monolinguals do not experience. So, the mental stress of alternating between two
languages increases one's mental acuity and ability. Despite the simple benefits of

The English Language : Conservation Of Language In Foreign...
Dahal 12
Hom Dahal
Sean Dwyer
ENG–101–204
5 December 2017
Essay 4 final Conservation of Languages in Foreign Countries Language is one of the most
significant developments of humans. It is one of the few means of communications which enclose a
large number of beliefs, values, and methods to see the world in different perspectives. Peoples
native languages are thought to be in danger when they do not speak their mother tongue in foreign
countries. A mother tongue refers to a child's first language and can be learned since birth. This
mother language cannot be used often in foreign countries. As a result, significant numbers of
languages are ceasing to pass from one generation to another. Cultural diversity and languages are
essential assets of any nation, representing their identity across the world. The mother tongue is the
language of the heart, of the emotions, of the warmth of the home, of the first important
relationships. A "first" language that does not hinder subsequent learning but, on the contrary, opens
to new languages. Thus, it is very important to conserve languages especially in foreign countries.
This paper will explore how non–native languages in foreign countries are being threatened, why
this is problematic, and why it's crucially important to preserve such languages.
According to Collin Baker, the author of Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism,
people whose native language is not English, tried to adopt English as their common language at

Code Switching Essay
In this world, there are a lot of languages used to communicate. Nation and cultural diversity are a
source of variation in the languages. The diversity of the language used by a particular group is a
factor of the occurrence of bilingualism. According to Grosjean (1984, p. 1) bilingualism is the use
of two or more languages. The proficiency of bilingualism may vary depending on the exposure to
the other users of language and opportunities to use the language. It is one of the factors of
replacement of the language. This phenomenon known as code switching, it can occur as a whole,
the incorporating elements of other languages in the language being used, or the turn of a variation
of a language. Based on Poplack (1980) theory code switching is the alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent. Garrett (2010, p. 11) said that code switching is
the most powerful feature of informal communication. Code switching happens when speakers
speak in one language into another language as example when they ... Show more content on
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Due to the presence of the use of mother tongue (L1) it shows the lack of teachers' incredibility and
capability (Labov, 1971, cited in Hughes, Shauness, and Brice, 2006). Linawati (2015, p. 2) also felt
a disadvantage of using code switching in classrooms, she stated that the teachers are not creating
appropriate atmosphere and encouraging the students' interest in learning English. In contrast from
socio–cultural perspective, the presence of code–switched communication in EFL classrooms
encourages capability of using both languages effectively and creative language use (Dahl, Rice,
Steffensen, Amundsen, 2010). As for the students' attitude based on Suganda (2012) and Hamied
(2014) studies reveal that students have a positive attitude towards the use of code switching in EFL
classrooms. They feel code switching is one of the effective language learning

Code Switching Essay
II TYPES AND REASONS
A – TYPES
In the bilingual world are different types of code switching, different Researches talk most about
two types, and some researchers mention more than two. Wardhaugh (2006) explains the two types
of code switching:
A.1. Situational Code Switching: this occurs according to the situation a bilingual person is facing.
A bilingual community usually has situations where only one language is acceptable and other
situations for other languages. For Instance: in a religious ceremony people probably would use
another language than at home as family.
A.2. Metaphorical Code Switching: occurs when a bilingual person changes the topic and that
requires a change of language. For instance: official to personal.
B – REASONS
There are hundreds of reasons why a person switches codes and different criteria to choose one
code. Rihane in his writing about "why do people code switch?" divides the reasons into following
categories. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solidarity. A person can switch the code to show solidarity to another person, to make the other
person feel part of the group. Juli Sweetland (2002) presents in her Journal of Sociolinguistics a case
study of a 23 year old "white" woman who uses the Afro American English to fit in a group of Afro
American "black" people. She solitarily uses the language or the variety of the "black" American
people to make them feel comfortable around her and to fit in their group.
B.2. Social Status. A person uses different codes to speak to people from different social classes.
Janet Holmes (2013) states that the code choice in this situation depends on the Status relationship
between the people, may it be between Doctor and patient or Teacher and Student. She also talks
about choosing a code to maintain social distance, maybe the people do not know each other well,
so the code would be different than to two people who know well, even if they are from different
social

Multilingualism
Multilingualism: How To Understand Others Language is one of mankind's most powerful
inventions. From the scribbles in caves, thousand–page stories of a French Revolution, to men and
women standing in front of thousands eager to listen; the written, spoken, and orations of language
is a vital component of the human experience. Interestingly, the greater an individual's mastery of
language the greater his or her ability to understand the world itself, and more importantly those that
live on it. The following is going to be an in–depth analysis of the impact multilingualism has on an
individual's perception, exposure, and appreciation of foreign cultures. First, multilingualism has
several benefits to people without taking culture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, learning a language sometimes means learning a culture. (Elmes 4–7) Aside from
learning a culture in the form of its cuisine, traditions, beliefs, etc. When learning a language people
learn how language interacts with how people think. The concept Linguistic determinism, first
introduced in the early 20th century under linguistic research conducted by Edward Sapir and
Benjamin Lee Whorf. (Linguistic Society of America) The idea that proposed stated that language
influences how a person thinks; it mainly cites differences between languages means some people
can't understand certain concepts. However, researchers and professional debunked the extremism of
the original concept, instead, it now explains the slight nuances that lost in translation and how they
relate to culture and thought. (Elmes 13–15) Through language acquisition, people learn these
aspects of a culture linked to language. For example, one study by Sapir and Whorf involved the
language Guugu Yimithirr (spoken in North Queensland, Australia). This language does not use
prepositions or prepositional phrases that explain the placement of people or objects, instead defines
a position in relation to the cardinal directions. (Deutscher 2010) So, in this example, people who
speak this language have a to constantly be aware of north, south, east, and west, in fact, children in
this area

The Rights Of The United States
It has been a long time since the question whether America should set English as its official
language became controversial. Majority of people in this country consciously accept the fact that
English is most directly relevant to their success, however, English–only policy is actually violating
the spirit of America and may result in serious problems in some cases. Enforcement of English–
only policy can be considered as a behavior that runs counter to the purpose of this country. "The
liberties of our country, the freedom of our civil constitution, are worth defending against all
hazards: And it is our duty to defend them against all attacks," what Samuel Adams said profoundly
echoes to the constitution wrote by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English–only policy in the workplace tends to cause a hostile working environment and makes
employees feel as they have done something wrong for speaking their native language. Many
employees feel that they are automatically being distributed into a lower social status and will not be
admitted by their colleagues as Americans until they abandon their own language and speak English
only. Feeling discriminated against many employees have filed lawsuits with the EEOC in order to
stop such inequity. Last year, GREEN BAY, Wis. –Wisconsin Plastics, Inc. (WPI), a metal and
plastic products manufacturer based in Green Bay was sued by EEOC in order that they defeated
Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964, which protects employees from discrimination based on
national origin, which includes the linguistic characteristics of a national origin group, by firing a
group of Hmong and Hispanic employees because of their national origin. To this case, EEOC
Chicago Regional Attorney John C. Hendrickson has expressed his feeling: "Our experience at the
EEOC has been that so–called "English only" rules and requirements of English fluency are often
employed to make what is really discrimination appear acceptable. But superficial appearances are

Multilingualism And The European Union
MULTILINGUALISM AND LEGAL CERTAINTY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
«Nous ne coalisons pas des Etats, nous unissons des peuples »
These words, pronounced by Jean Monnet, one of the founding fathers of the European Union, well
summarize the values underlying the Union's approach towards multilingualism.
In the following lines, I will briefly analyse the competing forces that concurred to the introduction
of multilingualism in the EU, the main legal issues that it creates in terms of legal certainty and how
the CJEU seems to be approaching them.
SOME HISTORY
The Union's approach to multilingualism is strictly linked to its political transformation from a
purely economic entity (ECCS) to a peculiar "new legal order" , which finds its legitimacy in ...
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Council Regulation 1/58, which significantly was the first act of the EEC, recognizes today 23
official and working languages of the Union.
"UNITED IN DIVERSITY"
EU multilingualism constitutes the result of historical and political tensions. As the Union's legal
system as a whole, it reflects a compromise between the Member States' will to both protect their
sovereignty and national identity and to enhance their cooperation .
On the one hand, language, as an expression of sovereignty, represents a symbolic affirmation of
power that Member States have traditionally been reluctant to give up .
On the other hand, the EU represents a "reaction" to the negation of rights of the II WW, which inter
alia lead to the strong affirmation of national languages over the foreign and minority ones . This is
why the Treaties embedded almost from the outset those individual linguistic rights recognized only
a few years earlier by Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
In this sense, the Union's multilingualism can be seen both negatively, as preservation of the
national identities of its Member States, and positively, as one of its most ambitious democratic
goals.
LEGAL ISSUES OF EUROPEAN MULTILINGUALISM
EU multilingualism creates however a number of legal issues.
Firstly, having more than one "official language" inevitably leads to incoherencies between the
different versions of the same legal

Essay about American Global Disinterest
In an increasingly interconnected world, America remains alarmingly isolated due to cultural
rigidity. Though often dubbed a "melting pot" of people and ideas (Wolff, 2), this is quite the
misnomer. Most Americans have no experience with anything outside of the country. In fact, almost
64 percent have never travelled outside their own familiar borders (Fischl, 1) and less than 25
percent can speak a foreign language conversationally (Wolff, 2). This lack of global literacy comes
at a high price. In order to thrive internationally in areas such as economics and politics, the United
States needs people proficient in the global culture (Altshuler and Skorton, 1). Fortunately, through
the cultivation of foreign language, integration of foreign ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As America is one of the world's largest and most powerful countries, a crucially important reason
to bolster language education is in regards to international relations. Nelson Mandela, the former
President of South Africa, once said, "If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to
his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart." (Okpomo, 1). America needs
politicians, ambassadors, and diplomats who can connect to leaders of other nations on that level;
business leaders to promote American interests abroad; and soldiers who can relate to the common
people that they are fighting to protect. All of these endeavors require multilingualism. A second
example of insufficient imported ideology is the lack of translated literature in the country. In a
given year, only a meager 3 percent of the almost three hundred thousand books published in the
United States are translated works (Nardone, 1). This number pales in comparison to the 15 percent
in France or 12 percent in Germany. The ability of Americans to pick up a copy of the latest work of
a Swiss novelist, Chinese philosopher, or Argentine poet is nearly nonexistent. American students
analyze and regurgitate the same materials written by American authors, such as John Steinbeck,
year after year. Foreign literature not only provides a change of pace, but a change of perspective.
Americans are not lacking in literary curiosity, as evidenced by the countless displays in bookstore
windows

What Is The Importance Of Multilingualism In Business
Language is a very important feature of business as companies need to coordinate activities
internally, communicate with each other and connect with customers and suppliers.
'The Importance of Multilingualism for Business' according to Antonella Sorace, a Professor of
Developmental Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh, are an improvement in decision making,
negotiating, prioritising and taking the viewpoint of other people. In relation to decision making, the
ability to make rational decisions is improved by the use and understanding of different languages
and cultures as it prevents bias and emotional reactions to situations. In 1999, Joseph Nye, an
American political scientist, stated that the most beneficial way of negotiating is 'persuading others
through attraction, rather than coercion or payment'. This statement suggests that by emotionally
connecting with someone through an understanding of a language or the culture of a certain country,
it enables the two bodies in the negotiation to build trust between them. Furthermore, Nye believes
that, in relation to prioritising, 'attention rather than information becomes the scarce resource, and
those who can distinguish valuable information from background clutter gain power'. This is present
in language where linguists are able to read a piece of information and break it down so that they are
able to pass on that information to customers, who may not speak the same language fluently. The
final advantage of multilingualism is the ability to take the viewpoint of other people. Philip Tetlock
states that 'bilingual and bicultural individuals become quite good at determining which responses
will fit with the expectations of others'. This suggests that multilingual people are able to go through
data and find the pieces of information that will fit with the expectation of their customers.
Deutscher's novel 'Through the language glass. Why the world looks different in other languages'
looks into whether language affects how you think and how you perceive things. Deutscher started
to look into this after reading Homer's Odyssey which presented the sea as 'wine–dark'. This lead
Deutscher to question whether the sea was expressed like this because there was no

Multitasking And Bilingualism Essay
Being bilingual can also allow one to multitask, and ultimately, drastically improve themselves in
other subjects. As for the same reason being bilingual prevents Alzheimer's and dementia, it also
allows bilinguals to better multitask. Judith Kroll, a distinguished professor of Psychology at
Pennsylvania State University, spoke of the connection between multitasking and bilingualism while
at the 2011 American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington D.C:
"recent research indicates that bilingual speakers can outperform monolinguals ... [in areas] such as
editing out irrelevant information and focusing on important information" (qtd. in Kroll). Being
better at prioritizing tasks and working on multiple projects at one time is what ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to time saved due to multitasking, time can be saved in other areas because of
bilingualism. Through the numerous studies of multilingualism conducted; one interesting side
effect rose to the surface: bilingualism affects areas not normally associated with language. It is a
contradicting concept that becoming fluent in another language also improves one's primary
language; however, with the plentiful number of scientists, nonetheless, their studies that support
this, it is hard to be dubious of the obvious effects of languages. A Swedish student's Degree Project
analyzes English and how it's learned (Trivat). The author, Sandra Trivat, references some study
where elementary level students were required to learn a secondary language. The main hypothesis
of the study was that "... children being frequently exposed to high–interest books in the target
language [language the students are learning] would more readily acquire the language,"

The Benefits Of A Foreign Language
Foreign languages are a must in today's world. There are many needs for a second language to be
learned by everyone. The growing need to learn more languages is becoming more apparent in the
public world today. In order to fix this problem, the school system needs to teach multiple foreign
languages in order to grow as a nation both mentally and culturally. Employers often look for
potential candidates with experience in one or more languages. They look for that due to the fact
"that employers see languages skills as a benefit for a prospective employee" (Kruschewsky).
Businesses need to account for the fact that some of their consumers may not be able to speak the
language that a majority of the workers do. The industry has an obligation to make the customer
comfortable and able to understand in order to make a bigger profit off of those who speak a
different language. A possible wage earner may even be "the only person in a 400 mile radius that
[speaks] the language they [need]" (Kruschewsky). This shows that people need to be able to speak
more languages than just english or their native language. In today's civilization people must be able
to communicate with many different groups of people in order to gain advancement in their careers.
Multilingualism would be a leap "for the financial benefits, one estimate puts the value of knowing a
second language at up to $128,000 over 40 years" (Vince). The financial edge for knowing multiple
languages is skyrocketing in recent

Difference Between Native And Non Native Speaker
In the world of English language, the notion of native and non– native speaker is very prominent.
The concept of native and non– native speaker is still important to some people especially scholars
because it shows the distinct features possessed by the speakers. However, as time passed and new
varieties emerge the distinction between these two seems to be less visible. The issue also becomes
debateable as each scholar has different opinion on the matter. Some seem to stick to their believes
that there are still differences that differentiate the two, native and non– native speakers while some
believe that the distinctions are no longer visible, thus make the two speakers equal. Nonetheless,
according to some studies carried out, there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lee (2005), humans' native language is the first language spoken by them. To illustrate, if a man is
born in United Kingdom, his native language will automatically be British English which is the
Standard English. In relevance to what have been stated, one of the criteria that define native
speaker of a language is their place or country of birth. In the case of English specifically, the native
speakers are the people who are born in the countries that belong in the Inner Circle as proposed by
Braj B. Kachru in the model called "Three– Circle Model of World Englishes" (McKay, S.L.
Homberger, N. H, 1996). Besides, age of acquiring the language is also one of the criteria that serves
in defining the native speaker. To further explain this point, the first language acquired by a person
is considered as the native language for him or her. Additionally, the process of acquiring the
language usually takes place in the early years of their life; as early as infant years until they reach
puberty. That is when the critical period of acquiring language ends. The language acquired during
the critical period will automatically become the person's first language. Hence, make him or her the
native speaker of the

Multilingualism In The United States
The United states, a Nation where more and more states are passing English only Laws. One
common language for all proceedings and government printing materials. A place where over 70
million people speak a language other than english at home. To those who speak more than one
language, like me, it is a sign of prestige. In the United States, However, multilingualism can be a
two sided knife. there are those who promote foreign language education, who are passing laws that
mandate English as the official language. Why is it necessary to make English the official language
of the United States? To address the matter, Warren J Blumenfeld published an article on the
Huffington Post called "'English Only' Laws Divide and Demean". Blumenfeld throughout his
article promotes and supports multilingual and multicultural education. In an ... Show more content
He states "we have those store rooms now, we lack those translators now. Such troves of
untranslated materials exist, and in at least one case FBI officials admitted that they destroyed store
room of documents before they where even translated" (line 3–6). I believe it can be foolishly
dangerous to leave such information untapped. In the first sentences of his article Holts said that
hundreds of hours of recorded documents might hold the clue to prevent a future terrorist attack but
very few had been translated. In a country with a multilingualism is promoted this would not be the
case. Illinois Senator Barack Obama expressed his feelings stating that "we should have every child
speaking more than one language" (line 11–12). Holt tells us this remark was seized by his
opponents however. They claimed "he was trying to force americans to learn a secondary language"
(line 13–14). This backlash emphasis with the idea that speaking more than one language is an
affliction to the person who does

Builingualism and Multibilingualism: John Edwards,
Project Objectives By writing this project I expect going deeper into the field and analyze the
importance and consequences of blingualizing world. In the near future the general dissemination of
information technology and knowledge generation technologies will claim the ability to understand
things and events beyond the particular professional niche, ability to adapt to new phenomena,
personal need of changes and cooperation at the international level. This creates a social order for
professionals, who are having a high level of bilingual competence and ability to communicate in a
complex multicultural social space. Bilingualism became an indispensable social quality of a
modern specialist, one the attributes of his image, contributing the formation of certain personality
traits, such as sociability, tolerance, self–confidence. One of the principal features of the modern
society is development of info–communicative technologies, what allows us to characterize it as
society of global communications, where communication means technological tool of interpretation
and information sharing, while the specifics of info production materializes in linguistic form.
Globalization leads to significant shifts towards direct communication, both between institutions and
individuals. As a result of integration, in Europe and in the rest of the world, takes place a formation
of a common language of research, science and education. This leads to the development of global
social

Bilingualism: My First Language Acquisition
Second Partial Exam Nowadays is important to speak more than one language for many reasons. In
one hand we have that being bilingual leads you to new cultures, new friends and new knowledge.
According to (Myers–Scotton, 2006) "Bilingualism is defined as speaking two or more languages
with native–like ability" On the other hand "Multilingualism is also an interdisciplinary
phenomenon that can be studied from both an individual and a societal perspective." (Cenoz, 2013)
Spanish was my first language acquisition when I was born. Making the reminder that language
acquisition refers to the language acquired when a child speaks it as the first language. "When a
child speaks a language as a first language in the home, we refer to language acquisition." (Myers–
Scotton, 2006) My family was the first influence in the process of the acquisition of my first
language. Starting as a passive speaker by listening to them, and then becoming an active speaker by
interaction. As I grew up, the use of this language increased. After speaking Spanish with my family
as a child I applied the little knowledge at school. Between the ages of six to twelve years old, I
learned the structure and rules ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, it was the fact that I started speaking both languages almost at the same age. "All children
easily acquire any language to which they are exposed up until about the age of puberty" (Myers–
Scotton, 2006) Another fact that influenced in my bilingualism was living in Monterrey. Living near
to a border area, Mexico and the U.S. Speakers may learn a second language because they are more
in contact with the culture, and this was exactly my case. Finally, the last factor that promoted my
bilingualism was that at a young age, I decided to become an English teacher. Nowadays and in the
future, as an English teacher, language, more than ever, is my main tool for personal, social and
professional

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Being Monolingual
disadvantages being monolingual? For example, Larry M. Lynch (Profan ELT Teacher Trainer,
English language learning expert author and university professor in Cali, Colombia.) in his work
emphasized reasons for and against having monolingual teachers. These are some key arguments:
Pro sides:
Teachers can empathize with language learners
Teachers have developed language learning skills and strategies of their own
Teachers can function locally in the L1 of the country where they live and work
Teachers can plan effective English acquisition strategies based on a knowledge of the learners' L1
Limited use of the learners' L1 can be an effective language teaching strategy
Con sides:
Teachers may not necessarily work abroad but in their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though many will agree with such a sentiment, some are not certain that this is true. The
language–learning experience can be quite different from one learner to another. The experience can
also be radically different in going from one language family to another. That is way if teacher will
know more languages the more he or she will be experienced teacher, which will be effective in
ELT. Also, I learned reasearch of Marie–Anne HANSEN–PAULY, (University of Luxembourg,
Postgraduate Secondary Teacher Education*) She claims that, multilingualism in education means
well–defined areas and functions for different languages, with clearly fixed regulations concerning
the curriculum, set books, interaction and exams; on the other hand, both teachers and learners,
constantly and spontaneously change languages in and outside school, according to situations and
expectations. In other words, to use a distinction made by the Council of Europe in the Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages (2001), educational policies are multilingual and
well regulated; the persons, however, who are involved in processes of learning and teaching. This
means, for example, most subject teachers have to teach their subjects in two languages, in German
and French, neither of which is a first language for the great majority of learners. It also means that
learners acquire subject knowledge and competences through both German and French, the two
main languages of

Simultaneous Dequisition Of Bilingualism And Multilingualism
Simultaneous acquisition of bilingualism and multilingualism means a person starts learning two or
more languages from birth. After the child is born, they start to hear the languages spoken at home.
As an example, my cousin married an Italian. Their son at home experiences a bilingual influences
as his mother speaks English to him and the father speaks Italian to him. During the weekend, the
child stays in the grandparents' house. The grandparents speak Chinese to him. In this fashion, he is
learning three languages simultaneously. So, his first languages are English, Italian and Chinese. He
knows which language is appropriate when he talks to different people. When his grandmother came
to visit from Italy, he spoke Italian to her. He is four years old and attends school. The teacher only
speaks English. Since he spends additional time learning English, therefore his fluency in English is
advanced over the other two languages he speaks. The simultaneous acquisition has wide categories
based on the family background and the languages spoken at home. There are four types of
simultaneous acquisition within early childhood bilingualism. The first type is one person – one
language. Here, the parents speak different languages. One parent speaks English and another
speaks Chinese. Then, the second type is that the home language is different from the language
outside the home. For example, when both parents speak Korean at home. The child learns English
at

The Challenges Of Multilingualism
The European Union comprises 28 countries and 24 official languages in the European Union
making multilingualism a challenge and an asset for Europe. Since most European nations have
been built on the basis of their own languages, it can be said that the European Union is solely based
on its linguistic diversity. Multilingualism has been a fundamental principle of the European
Community, which guarantees the equality of every language and a respect for linguistic and
cultural diversity. Such respect was "translated" into action from the beginnings of the community,
before being formally defined as a policy in itself: therefore, no legislation can come into force at
the European level without it being produced in the 24 official languages. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
De Swaan, for instance, contends that Europeans do not understand each other well enough even to
disagree because multilingualism is a barrier to understanding and thus impoverishes political
debate. Even political theorists like Kymlicka, who recognize the need for a normative theory of
language rights grounded in social justice and fairness, argue that "linguistic diversity is one of the
most important obstacles to building a stronger sense of European citizenship". However, lack of a
common language does not in itself prevent emergence of a public discursive space or democratic
deliberation. If democratic politics is indeed "politics in the vernacular", a truly participatory
dialogue should be carried out in as many languages as possible so that further work on the Platform
can meet its stated objectives of "putting in place an on–going process aiming to give a voice to all
those committed to promoting multilingualism in Europe" and "bringing multilingualism closer to
the citizen". Thus, multilingualism in particular is a unique and significant element to European

Persuasive Essay On Multilingual Education
Ralph Waldo Emerson once said that "language is a city to the building of which every human being
brought a stone." Language and communication are essential variables that bring people of all
religions, ethnicities, and cultures together. Now at the Nation's grasp is the opportunity to open
mental pathways for children to gain a better understanding of this quintessential aspect of life that
is communication. Now more than ever, multilingual education is being discussed and debated,
signaling a time for action. Multilingual education should be implemented into the American
education system starting at elementary school, because there would be a noticeable increase in
overall academic performance, students will have more opportunities available to them in the future,
and it would allow students to communicate and understand other cultures more efficiently.
Improvements in academic achievements, higher standardized test scores, and positive impacts on
creative thinking are all factors that contribute to the growing support of implementing multilingual
education. Representatives from the United States Department of Education agree that there is "a
growing body of research" that clearly conveys how "students who are bilingual have advantages,
not only in their literacy development, but in the development of problem–solving skills and other
areas of cognition" ("The Importance of..."). A child's mind is often compared to a sponge,
constantly absorbing new information.

Multilingualism and European Commission
About 250 million years ago, Pangæa the supercontinent was split up and eventually settled on the
current continental configuration. As civilization flourished, the inhabitants developed their own
language and culture on each continent. However, trading and getting along with the neighboring
communities forced many groups to learn more than their mother tongue. This pragmatic use of
multilingualism is especially evident in Sub–Saharan Africa. Today, the benefits of mastering more
than one language has influenced other continents such as Europe to incorporate multilingualism
into its society. Consequently, in the world's population, multilingual speakers outnumber
monolingual spealers. Despite being so close to Quebec and Mexico, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, multilingualism can unlock the full potential of the single market in terms of better
jobs and prosperity (European Commission). Given the appropriate environment, people tend to
pick up a new language easily at a young age. Multilingualism doesn't require complete fluency in
another language, or the ability to speak two unrelated languages. The benefits of multilingualism
are so stupendous that they extend outside the area of language. Children and elders learning a
foreign language have been demonstrated to be consistently better able to deal with distractions, like
holding two languages concurrently without allowing words and grammar slip from one to another
(Bialystok). Multilingual speakers also develop a greater vocabulary size over time (Kosmidis), a
markedly better language proficiency in, sensitivity to, and understanding of their mother tongue
(Johnson), and have a better ear for listening and sharper memories (Lapkin, Ratte). Furthermore,
evidence has shown that skill in several languages fosters creativity and innovation: multilingual
people are aware that problems can be tackled in different ways according to different linguistic and
cultural backgrounds (European Commission). They can use this ability to find new solutions.
Ultimately, United States needs to acknowledge that the social,

Multilingualism And Language Shift
"A language shift occurs when the people in a particular culture or sub–culture change the primary
language that they use for communication" (wiseGEEK, n.d). According to Ravindranath (2009),
language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation that is consisting of
bilingual speakers increasingly stops using one of its two languages prefers by other. Tsitsipis (n.d.)
states that when a language is shifting its structural phases do not remain together even though this
holds also true for 'normal' language change. From a purely linguistic of view, one has to find out
which particular changes are due to the influence of the dominant language and which could be
explain. Furthermore, the kind and amount of structural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bhatia (2013), states that "bilingualism and multilingualism is an interdisciplinary and complex
field". As is self–evident from the prefixes (bi– and multi–), bilingualism and multilingualism
phenomena are devoted to the study of production, processing, and comprehension of two or more
languages, respectively. Bilingualism is a specific case of multilingualism, which has no ceiling on
the number of languages a speaker may dominate. The timing and sequence in which one learns
each of the languages has led to other distinctions between kinds of multilingualism. Much of the
linguistics literature, for example, identifies native language or mother tongue as a first language,
ignoring the possibility or diminishing the value of having more than one native language or mother
tongue. Such a person is often referred to as a simultaneous bilingual, while someone who acquires
the second language after the first one is often referred to as a sequential bilingual ("early" if
between early childhood and puberty, and "late" if after puberty). The context of language
acquisition leads naturally to distinguishing between "informal" bilinguals, who acquire their
languages outside of formal settings like schools, imitating the natural processes of acquiring the
mother tongue, and "formal" bilinguals, who generally learn the language in schools or similar
settings. When these terms apply to groups, one speaks of bilingual or multilingual communities or
nations. The aggregate enumeration of the speakers in these groups (also referred to as language
diversity or demography) will often profile the number of monolingual and bilingual speakers of
each language. For example, there may be a multilingual community in which speakers are
monolingual in each of three languages. This would be rare, and the language groups would
probably be isolated from each other. More often than

What Can Multilingualism And Humans Cognitively? Essay
Patrick Lee
Mr. Ritchie
G12 English
June 6th
What Can Multilingualism Effect to Humans Cognitively?
What Can Multilingualism Effect to Humans Cognitively? The definition of being multilingual, also
known as multilingualism, is that one can use and understand multiple languages, but usually not
have to be equally well. A multilingual speaker could be able to speak two or more languages
fluently, excluding the mother tongue. Usually, there is more multilingual speakers than
monolingual speakers in the world, and those who can speak several languages are called polyglots.
The idea of multilingualism is spread by globalization and the use of the internet, as in many
countries the population of multilingual speakers is skyrocketing since in many multicultural areas
people speak different languages in different fields, such as an official language for business and
school, a local lingua franca, and a mother tongue they speak grow up with. Because of this fact,
people can be easily exposed in a multilingual environment, and that is becoming a global
phenomenon nowadays. The population of multilingual speakers are increasing each year, as we
know being multilingual is good and beneficial to individuals in the work field and is easy and
convenient to access variety of knowledge and different perspectives from multiple cultures.
However, is it really purely beneficial to us or is there any drawbacks of multilingualism? In the
following paragraphs the pros and cons of multilingualism

Essay On The Importance Of Bilingualism
The Importance of Bilingualism The room smelled of old age and use. Comfy chairs seated 47
individuals ranging from ages 15 to 60. The main organizer, Brother Yuri, stood at the head of the
oval shaped table. ¨Now that I've told you what to expect, we need to discuss interpreters. Who here
knows how to speak Spanish?" Questioned Brother Yuri at our weekly missionary meeting. 47 sets
of eyes stared blankly at him. No–one raised their hand. "Being able to speak spanish is crucial for
our trip. How are you guys going to communicate with the families? How will you get the messages
across if you cannot speak Spanish?" He constantly berated us to spend some time and try to learn
Spanish. We were, after all going to Mexico. But no–one really understood how important it was to
be able to speak more than one language. Being able to speak Spanish was an imperative aspect of
our trip, as is being bilingual in America. The use of multiple languages should be embraced and
accepted in a culture rather than be driven into the ground and quelled. In their essays on
bilingualism in the United States, both Martin Espada and Richard Rodrigues state their definitions
of bilingualism. According to Martin Espada, bilingualism is the idea that speaking another
language encompases your culture, traditions, and that it should be done freely and without
reservations. However, Richard Rodrigues stands firm in his belief, which happens to be different
from Espada's. According to Rodriguez, in order

Speech On Multilingualism

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