2. What are free Radicals ?
Free radicals ionised particals in human body.
Free radicals are produced by normal cell metabolism or external factor
such as polution,
cigarette smocking, and
radiations etc..
They plays a major role in development of chronic and degenerative
disease such as Cancer and Neurodegenerative diseases.
3. How free radicals are formed ?
Normally , Bonds don’t split in a way that leaves a molecule with an
odd,unpaired electron, But when weak bonds split, free radicals are
formed.
Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds
Any free radical involving oxygen can be referred to as Reactive Oxygen
Species(ROS)
6. Types of Endogenous free Radicals
The most important free radicals in the body are the radical derivatives of
oxygen better known as reactive oxygen species.
Carbon-
centered
Sulfur
centered
Hydrogen
centered
Oxygen
9. Cancer and it’s Types
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth,and further it
spreads to other parts of the body.
Or
Cancer develops when normal cells in a particular part of the body begin to
grow out of control.
Blood cancer
Lung cancer
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Uterine cancer ….. And many more
10. Background of Cancer
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world after
cardiovascular diseases.
The word cancer came from a Greek words karkinos to describe
carcinoma tumors by a physician Hippocrates (460–370 B.C), but he was
not the first to discover this disease. Some of the earliest evidence of
human bone cancer was found in mummies in ancient Egypt and in ancient
manuscripts dates about 1600 B.C.
11. Some risk factors involves in Cancers
Age
Alcohol
Chronic Inflammation
Diet
Hormones
Infectious Agents
Obesity
Radiation
Sunlight
Tobacco
13. Impact of free radicals in cell
proliferation
-Inflammation begins with a
reaction to an irritant or
infection that is
characterized by
movement of
fluid and white blood cells
into extravascular tissue.
14. Conti…
This can activate a process
called lipid peroxidation and
the arachidonic-acid cascade,
with the
production of cell-
proliferation-stimulating
eicosanoids.
malondialdehyde (MDA) 4-
hydroxynonenol (4-HNE),
The free radicals can also
damage DNA and modify the
structure and function of
cancer-related proteins
directly. OH•, hydroxyl
radical; O2
–•, superoxide; NO•, nitric
oxide;
16. Role of ROS in development of Cancer
It is well known that species derived from oxygen are cytotoxic and are
involved in the etiology of cancer.
Several carcinogens during metabolism exert their effect by producing
reactive oxygen species (ROS), It plays a vital role in the process of
carcinogenesis
ROS are generated specifically to answer necessary biological functions,
whereas in other cases, they indicate byproducts of metabolic processes.
Free radical linked damage of Proteins and DNA has been suggested to
play a major role in the development of diseases such as neurodegenerative
disorders, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cancer, and others diseases
17. Role of ROS in development of Cancer
Some researches says reducing and inactivation of antioxidant system, the
oxidative stress (OS) in cancer cells is higher , Cancer cells exhibit a higher
oxidative stress level compared to normal cells.
Alterations , including rearrangement of DNA sequence,
base modification,
DNA miscoding lesions,
gene amplification, and
activation of oncogenes, could be implicated in
the initiation stage of several cancers.
18. Couses of oxydative stress involving in
Carcinogenesis
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to
detoxify their harmful effects by antioxidants.
19. Free radical damage in DNA and cause
Cancer
DNA is a major target of free radicals to damage
The types of damages includes
strand breaks (single or double strand breaks),
various forms of base damage
yielding products such as 8-hydroxyguanosine, thymine glycol
etc.
These damages can result mutations that are heritable change in the DNA
that can yield cancer in somatic cells.
20. Conti…
Cancer develops through an accumulation of genetic changes. Initiating
agents can be
Tobacco smoking and chewing,
UV rays of sunlight,
Radiation,
Viruses,
Chemical pollutants, etc.
Promoting agents include hormones
Example: Androgens for prostate cancer, estrogens for breast cancer and
ovarian cancer.
21. How to prevent cancer
Experimental as well as epidemiological data indicate that a variety of
nutritional factors can act as antioxidants and inhibit the process of cancer
development and reduce cancer risk.
Some of these include vitamins A,
vitamin C,
vitamin E,
Beta-catotene, and
micronutrients such as antioxidants and anticarcinogens.
22. Turmeric as a therapeutic agent in Cancer
Inflammation induces iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) as well as
COX and LOX. These can initiate carcinogenesis.
The active principle of Curcuma longa (Turmeric, Haldi) - curcumin,
down-regulates the expression of COX2, LOX, iNOS, MMP-9, TNF,
chemokines and other cell-surface adhesion molecules.
Human clinical trials have shown safety at doses upto 10 g/day curcumin,
which can suppress tumour initiation, promotion and metastasis
23. Vitamin C Chelation
In a study published in Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vitamin C
chelation therapy was found to be highly pro-oxidant after just one hour of
treatment. This benefit lasted more than 16 treatments in the absence of
nutrient supplementation and even provided “beneficial long-term
antioxidant effects.”
It was discovered that, “Pro-oxidant effects appear to be responsible for
destroying tumor cells. These pro-oxidant effects may also induce
endogenous antioxidant systems in normal tissues that offer protection
against carcinogenic insult
24. Curcumin as a therapeutic agent in
Cancer
Number of laboratory studies on cancer cells suggest that
curcumin does have anticancer effects. It seems to be able to
fight cancer cells and prevent more from growing. It seems to
be most effective against breast cancer, bowel
cancer, stomach cancer and skin cancer cells.
Researchers have reported that curcumin block the formation
of cancer-causing enzymes in rodents in preclinical trials.
25. REFERENCES
Phaniendra et al. Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their
Implication in Various Diseases.
D. Dreher et al. Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Cancer Development.
Pourahmad and Salimi et al. Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Cancer
Development and Treatment.
Ghaskadbi and lele et al.2004 Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Human
Health: Current Status and Future Prospects
Phaniendra and Jestadi et al’2015Free Radicals: Properties, Sources,
Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases
